托福寫作經(jīng)典結(jié)構(gòu)——5段式結(jié)構(gòu)
托福寫作考試中，邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)十分的重要。從眾多的高分做文里大家也可以看出，高分作文的結(jié)構(gòu)都是5段式，俗稱5段式總分總的結(jié)構(gòu)。那么這種結(jié)構(gòu)是什么樣子呢?下面就跟小編一起來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)一下吧。
托福寫作經(jīng)典結(jié)構(gòu)——5段式結(jié)構(gòu)
常用iBT文章結(jié)構(gòu)-適用于comparison & contrast essay和argument essay.
不論是comparison & contrast essay還是argument essay，它們的文章結(jié)構(gòu)基本相同。分為3大部分和5段結(jié)構(gòu)(Point-by-Point Format), 也許有人喜歡4段(即Block Format),但就初來(lái)乍到者，我還是建議他們使用Point-by-Point Format, 并且依據(jù)我老師的經(jīng)驗(yàn)(Jeff)來(lái)看，北美人更加喜歡這種結(jié)構(gòu)(其實(shí)因?yàn)檫@些老外每天都要批閱幾十篇文章，他們已經(jīng)不閱讀文章的內(nèi)容，僅僅是審查文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯，他們沒(méi)有時(shí)間去對(duì)比Block Format結(jié)構(gòu)中的問(wèn)題或者論點(diǎn))，這令我很吃驚，這與國(guó)內(nèi)老師的意見(jiàn)相駁或者相反。
這篇經(jīng)驗(yàn)我想用一個(gè)例子(Coffee and tea)來(lái)向大家解釋，有可能我的例子不是很好，或者論點(diǎn)有些可笑，不過(guò)我想大家還是要記住，老外已經(jīng)在iBT中說(shuō)明，他們不關(guān)心你的論點(diǎn)(Issue/Top Sentences) 和論據(jù)(Details/Evidence)是否合情合理，只關(guān)心你的論據(jù)(Details/Evidence)是否可以證明你的論點(diǎn)，僅此而已。大家在稍后的文章中可以看到，我的3個(gè)論點(diǎn)中的2個(gè)比較controversial, 但是，在我的Detail中支持的好就可以了。
首先，談一談5段式結(jié)構(gòu)和Body Paragraph的結(jié)構(gòu)：
Introduction Paragraph：Say what you are going to say.
這個(gè)我想不用我多說(shuō)了，就是文章的“引子”，你的文章是否有高分，這個(gè)很重要。這樣的句子不要出現(xiàn)，例如：In my essay, I will demonstrate…。下面的句子Jeff稱之為Ok Sentence,即可以出現(xiàn)的句子，例如：Tea is the best drink in the world. 或者可以使用五星級(jí)的句子，例如：Although Coke is becoming more popular, it can not replace China's love of tea.
Background / Definition: 重新描述問(wèn)題，但是不要使用老外給你的題目原話，這里我可以說(shuō)，如果你使用了原話，不會(huì)對(duì)你的文章產(chǎn)生任何不好的影響，只是你不會(huì)在這里拿到應(yīng)該得到的分?jǐn)?shù)而已。你可以寫成為 Tea is the most popular hot drink in the world.
Thesis: 中心句，如果文章不是argument essay，請(qǐng)不要直接在句子中表達(dá)自己的意見(jiàn)或者用一種General的形式來(lái)表達(dá)大家的意見(jiàn), 例如：Tea is the world's favorite drink because it provides health benefits, it is less expensive, and it is available in many varieties.
Forecasting: 見(jiàn)關(guān)鍵詞解釋。Because后面的3個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句就是Forecasting。
Body Paragraph I:
Top Sentence: First，Tea is healthier to drink. (OK-Sentence)Jeff推薦的句子Drank by million of people, tea is… (分詞開(kāi)頭-ed)，再如：Improving your health, tea is drank…(動(dòng)名詞開(kāi)頭-ing)，又如：For thousands of years, tea is…(General 開(kāi)頭)
Detail: 這個(gè)不用多說(shuō)了，就是要把你的例子舉出來(lái)了。For example, people who drink tea, live longer, healthier lives than these who drink coffee.
Befriend:這個(gè)是重點(diǎn)了，要把拳頭收回來(lái)。例如：Although coffee is good for your health, it cause heart attacks in large amounts.
Support:這個(gè)時(shí)候需要你利用你事實(shí)作為拳頭伸出去，例如：In fact, heart attacks are one of the leading causes of death, so tea is a better drink according to doctor's suggestion.
Concluding Sentence:最后要簡(jiǎn)單扼要的總結(jié)一下，你在這段的論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)，其原理就像是簡(jiǎn)易書架，你只有兩邊都有支撐的面，你的書才不會(huì)向沒(méi)有支撐面的那邊倒去?？赡苡行┡笥颜J(rèn)為這個(gè)比較麻煩或者多余，不過(guò)我還是建議大家要包含這個(gè)部分，例如：To sum up, tea is healthier in several ways compared to coffee.
Body Paragraph II: 結(jié)構(gòu)如上述，我就不多說(shuō)了。
Body Paragraph III: 同上。
Conclusion Paragraph: 關(guān)于Conclusion我還是要多說(shuō)兩句，通常老外喜歡用Conclusion作為整篇文章的結(jié)尾用詞，而用to sum up等作為段落的總結(jié)。例如：Despite the fact that coffee consumption is increasing, it will never be as beneficial as tea. Tea is less expensive, comes in more varieties, and is healthier. In conclusion, tea will remain the best drink until humans invent something better.
順便提及一下，有的朋友會(huì)問(wèn)，是否可以變化一下Body Paragraph的結(jié)構(gòu)，我的建議是不要變化，不信的話，您可以自己嘗試一下把你的文章重新排一下，您就會(huì)知道這里面的區(qū)別了。
再談一下comparison & contrast essay 和argument essay的區(qū)別：
在我看來(lái)，它們之間的區(qū)別有兩點(diǎn)。第一點(diǎn)，作者的視角不同。何謂視角不同?即當(dāng)你寫argument essay的時(shí)候，你需要在Introduction Paragraph中的Thesis中表達(dá)作者支持哪一方面。第二點(diǎn)，對(duì)比方面在文章中所占的份額，即如果你在寫comparison & contrast essay時(shí)，比例為40%(一方面的優(yōu)點(diǎn))和60%(另一方面的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn))，雖然是comparison & contrast essay, 但是我想作為作者，你怎么也要表達(dá)一下自己的意見(jiàn)或者意圖，讓讀者明白你是雖然在作兩件事物的比較，但是還是有你的偏好在里面(喜歡Reading的朋友會(huì)有這種體會(huì))。在寫argument essay 時(shí)，比例為10%(敵對(duì)方的缺點(diǎn))和90%(支持方的優(yōu)點(diǎn)針對(duì)敵方缺點(diǎn)和無(wú)傷大雅的支持方缺點(diǎn))。
最后談一下在我們寫作是要注意的問(wèn)題。
1. 要多使用連接詞來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)換讀者的視角和給出你自己的例子。不要讓讀者自己通過(guò)文章內(nèi)容來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)換視角，這樣的文章不適用于考試，而適用于你自己的寫作中或者長(zhǎng)篇論文中。
2. 通常，我都是在寫開(kāi)頭的時(shí)候，順便把文章的結(jié)尾一并寫好，因?yàn)槲恼麻_(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾的結(jié)構(gòu)相似?？梢怨?jié)省時(shí)間。
3. 一定要花時(shí)間來(lái)檢查文章中的詞匯是否正確以及必要的時(shí)候要用更好的句型來(lái)優(yōu)化你的寫作。有很多朋友覺(jué)得時(shí)間不夠，所以不檢查自己的文章，我想既然你用鍵盤輸入你的文章，就一定有錯(cuò)誤的時(shí)候，況且那個(gè)時(shí)候比較緊張。我作為視計(jì)算機(jī)為自己一部分的人，每次給客戶，朋友和同事回信的時(shí)候，我都要檢查一下。以免讓人家笑話或者引起爭(zhēng)議。
名師解答托福寫作那些疑惑
Q1： 托福獨(dú)立寫作是否中間一定要寫三段?
不是的。不要用段落的數(shù)量去衡量一篇文章是否好。而是看你能否用你自己的論據(jù)去清楚合理地論證文章主旨。 每一段展開(kāi)一定要言之有物，切不可泛泛而談，講空洞的大道理。每個(gè)點(diǎn)展開(kāi)都應(yīng)該是specific, not general; concrete, not abstract. 也就是說(shuō)要給出有效的細(xì)節(jié)或者例子。官方指南P335 的滿分范文，也就兩個(gè)支持段。所以段落的多少和文章是否拿到高分沒(méi)有必然關(guān)系。分論點(diǎn)不是越多越好，而是每一個(gè)分論點(diǎn)能夠講的越清楚越詳細(xì)越好。單純的羅列的分論點(diǎn)是拿不到高分的。
Q2： 獨(dú)立獨(dú)立寫作字?jǐn)?shù)是否越多越好?
在官方指南中有這么一句話
“An effective response is typically about 300 words long。 If you write fewer than 300 words，you may still receive a top score，but experience has shown that shorter responses typically do not demonstrate the development of ideas needed to earn a score of 5?！币簿褪钦f(shuō)官方指南中明確表明如果字?jǐn)?shù)不達(dá)到300字不能合理的論證你的觀點(diǎn)，就不能拿到一個(gè)比較理想的分?jǐn)?shù)。在思路清晰，論證充實(shí)，且語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤沒(méi)有的情況下，字?jǐn)?shù)肯定越多越好。但是很多同學(xué)會(huì)進(jìn)入一個(gè)寫作誤區(qū)，一味的追求字?jǐn)?shù)，把本來(lái)簡(jiǎn)單的意思非要復(fù)雜化，講的特別啰嗦。這樣的同學(xué)不僅不能拿到高分，反而還會(huì)影響考官的閱卷，覺(jué)得你的文章很羅嗦累贅?？脊僮x起來(lái)也會(huì)很累。
Q3: 是否需要背誦好的模板句型?
相比較背誦好的句型，我更建議同學(xué)們準(zhǔn)備好的話題素材。根據(jù)2016年一年的獨(dú)立寫作考題分析，常考的話題教育類，政府類，科學(xué)類話，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、工作、交友等。同學(xué)們可以根據(jù)這些話題準(zhǔn)備常用的短語(yǔ)表達(dá)，考試的時(shí)候才能言之有物。
Q4：托福獨(dú)立寫作是否用越高大上的詞越好?
講的越清楚越好，越貼合語(yǔ)境越好。越是高大上的詞，通常都是低頻詞，也就是意味著他們所能搭配的語(yǔ)境是比較局限的，并不是所有的句子里面都能使用。 如果整篇文章都是比較基礎(chǔ)的詞匯，偶爾來(lái)幾個(gè)特別難詞，反而會(huì)破壞文章原來(lái)的一致性。而且考官評(píng)分的時(shí)候也不會(huì)你使用了三四個(gè)生僻詞而給你高分，肯定是從文章整體的可讀性來(lái)進(jìn)行判斷。在官方指南P287中有這么一句話：The writer does not use high-level vocabulary, but word choice is correct throughout.
Q5： 托福寫作是不是多寫寫就可以拿到高分?
很多時(shí)候?qū)W生覺(jué)得自己文章寫了挺多的了，為什么好像分?jǐn)?shù)一直上不去。 這是什么原因呢? 中國(guó)有一個(gè)成語(yǔ)叫‘閉門造車’。寫作作為一個(gè)輸出類的考試，每個(gè)同學(xué)一定要進(jìn)行輸入，去看別人寫的好文章，并且有意識(shí)的總結(jié)和歸納。 如果有時(shí)間，最好能夠進(jìn)行仿寫。寫完之后將自己的文章和原文進(jìn)行比對(duì)。如果一味的輸出，不去找自己的問(wèn)題，不去改進(jìn)，也很難得到提升?，F(xiàn)在所有的學(xué)生我都會(huì)讓他們每天堅(jiān)持仿寫一段文章，大部分同學(xué)表示堅(jiān)持半個(gè)月之后，會(huì)明顯發(fā)現(xiàn)自己有話可說(shuō)了，不會(huì)詞窮了。
Q6： 平時(shí)練習(xí)好像感覺(jué)還可以，考試的時(shí)候分?jǐn)?shù)比較差，這是為什么?
之前我也帶過(guò)幾個(gè)學(xué)生平時(shí)寫的作文內(nèi)容挺好的，講的也很清楚，上課也很認(rèn)真，但是考試的時(shí)候分?jǐn)?shù)就一直在23以下上不去。在考試之后發(fā)現(xiàn)這一些同學(xué)，平時(shí)很少限時(shí)完成作業(yè)，給自己一個(gè)小時(shí)，有的甚至跟多的時(shí)間去慢慢構(gòu)思。這是完全不可以的，實(shí)際上，這類同學(xué)一旦限時(shí)，很多問(wèn)題都會(huì)暴露出來(lái)。因此，在臨近考試前一定要計(jì)時(shí)訓(xùn)練，這樣才能找到考試的感覺(jué)。
Q7: 名人的例子是不是一定比普通的例子要好?
都一樣，問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵是你能否清楚地表明你為何要用這個(gè)例子，以及你自己對(duì)于這個(gè)例子的看法和分析。并不要求使用有名、復(fù)雜的例子，盡管這些例子可能論證力更強(qiáng)。個(gè)人經(jīng)歷就是一種很好寫的例子。閱卷人并不會(huì)按照論據(jù)的復(fù)雜性來(lái)看文章。(當(dāng)然如果你有獨(dú)特的例子肯定是更好的，如果沒(méi)有也不需要強(qiáng)求。)
Q8： 綜合寫作字?jǐn)?shù)超了會(huì)有影響嘛?
不會(huì)。只要你回答的是準(zhǔn)確切題的，就沒(méi)有任何問(wèn)題，是肯定不會(huì)扣分的。官方指南中明確說(shuō)到：‘Suggested length is between 150 and 225 words. You will not be penalized if you write more, so long as what you write answers the question.’
綜合寫作對(duì)學(xué)生的聽(tīng)力要求比較高，所以同學(xué)們課下一定要好好練習(xí)聽(tīng)力，這樣寫作才能沖高分。有些同學(xué)聽(tīng)力寫了一丟丟，但是閱讀寫了一大堆，不管你的字?jǐn)?shù)超沒(méi)超，綜合寫作分?jǐn)?shù)都會(huì)很低。
Q9: 綜合寫作部分用模板會(huì)不會(huì)很俗?
這邊和大家強(qiáng)調(diào)一遍： 一定要區(qū)分有效的模板和無(wú)效的模板。 無(wú)效的模板是指每一篇文章都能套用的，不假思索就能寫的廢話。比如the first reason I want to put forward at the very beginning should be considered as …..，還有一些同學(xué)強(qiáng)行記憶一些開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾段的模板。這種不建議想在寫作拿高分的同學(xué)去使用，因?yàn)楹翢o(wú)意義，特別啰嗦。(PS官方指南明確表明： Do not "memorize" long introductory and concluding paragraphs, just to add words to your essay.) 但是綜合寫作部分的模板，我們可以稱之為答題的框架，可以讓你的結(jié)構(gòu)更加清楚，而且考官更容易踩點(diǎn)，所以使用是沒(méi)有關(guān)系的。問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵是!!!你是否有skill去記錄所有的聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容，并且說(shuō)明聽(tīng)力在哪個(gè)點(diǎn)上反駁閱讀，這個(gè)才是重點(diǎn)。
老師說(shuō)
學(xué)習(xí)是一個(gè)循序漸進(jìn)的過(guò)程，希望每一位童鞋都能夠踏踏實(shí)實(shí)，一步一個(gè)腳印，取得自己理想的分?jǐn)?shù)哦。 No pains; no gains.
避免托福寫作五大錯(cuò)誤開(kāi)頭
一：中式英文人見(jiàn)人暈
典型失敗案例：Topic 1-The happiest moment in your life
In our life， there are always some moments which make your heart flower opened angrily……
Topic 2- The population problem
The population problem is a very big problem。 For example， in the city centers of Shanghai， we can always see people mountain people sea there。
Topic3- Is there fairness in today’s business world?
I think in today’s society， there is no fairness in the business world。 For example， I always chopped when I go out buy things……
Topic 4- The advantage of being a nice person
Being a nice person have many advantage。 I believe if a people always do bad things， he will get “baoying”。
二：廢話連篇不知所云
典型失敗案例： Topic 1-Should college students be allowed to get married?
This topic is very interesting。 I’m very interested in talking about this topic。 Because I’m also a college student and I’m not married……
修改方案：開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山 直奔主題
In my opinion， it would not be a wise decision to allow college students to get married。
Topic 2-Will modern technology， such as the Internet， ever replace the book or the writing word as the sole source of information?
Ok， this topic is a very good topic。 First， let me tell you a story： I have a friend， he likes go on the internet very much。 Every day， he uses internet to read news or play internet games。 So we can see the internet is more and more important in our daily life。
Topic 3-The importance of environmental protection
Oh， this topic is surely very important。 Isn’t it? Of course! It’s really very very important!
三：語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤慘不忍睹
典型失敗案例：Topic-If children behave badly， should their parents accept responsibility and also be punished?
About this problem， my think is if children behave badly， then parents are not right。 Because teach child is parent’s responsibility。 So we also punish parents too besides children is also should。
四：觀點(diǎn)模糊態(tài)度曖昧
典型失敗案例： Topic-Should college students be allowed to get married?
I think this topic is very hard to say。 Because I am still very little， only 17， and not married， so this topic is very difficult for me……
五：偏離主題無(wú)軌電車
典型失敗案例：Topic-It is said that nowadays one can not acquire the qualifications and quality essential to success through university education。 To what extent do you agree or disagree with the statement?
I think to success， we must have a lot of important qualities。 To have these important qualities， we must learn a lot of things， for example， English， music tools， and etc。 We can learn these qualities from our teachers， our friends and from books。 All in all， we can learn from many places。
托福寫作范文：應(yīng)該接受家人還是政府的幫助
托福獨(dú)立寫作真題：
A/D: People can solve important problems in their daily life on their own or with the help from families; The help from the government is not necessary.
題目解析
題目大意：人們可以自己或通過(guò)家人的幫助來(lái)解決生活中的重大問(wèn)題，所以政府的幫助是沒(méi)有必要的。波波建議此題目選擇不同意，即認(rèn)為政府的幫助還是很有必要的，思考分論點(diǎn)的方向使用拆分，對(duì)題目中的抽象名詞 important problems 拆分具體化為環(huán)境問(wèn)題和教育問(wèn)題，然后分別展開(kāi)。
托福獨(dú)立寫作題目：
Some teachers are just lecturing(speaking) on the class and students only take notes; some other teachers make their class time on discussion and projection and students sharing their ideas with their classmates. Which one do you prefer?
2016年11月13日托福獨(dú)立寫作題目：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People can solve important problems in daily life on their own or with the help from families, so the help from government is not necessary.
托福寫作模板及參考答案：
托福寫作范文參考一:
2016年11月13日托福獨(dú)立寫作范文：
In a society that changes as amazingly as ours, the role played by government in our daily life has been brought under the spotlight of mass media. Consequently, the general public and sociologists are wondering whether people can solve important problems individually or with the governmental support. Towards such a long running tug-of-war, I am inclined to claim that the help from government is necessary in the process of resolving important problems, especially in the aspects of protecting environment and addressing the disparity of educational resources.
In the first instance, consider the environmental issues. As is common sense, the deteriorating natural environment is so severe and complicated that the solution of such a problem is far beyond the reach of any individuals or families. The serious air pollution in China is a good case in point. Despite the fact that people can take some actions such as wearing masks or taking the public transportation to relieve the haze occurring frequently in the major cities of China in some degree, the problem cannot be radically solved. To illustrate, the major cause responsible for the smoggy weather is nothing but the emission of waste gas such as dust and smog from an appalling number of heavy-pollution factories. In this case, it is the government that can get rid of the fundamental cause by shutting down these plants and enacting laws or regulations to restrict their production, which can’t be achieved by any individuals.
In the second instance, the same logic goes to the educational problems. As is known to all, many school-age children in rural and remote areas are not able to receive education in school due to the lack of educational resources. According to a survey conducted by the Education Ministry in China in 2015, approximately 3 million kids in the Southwest of China didn’t have the chance to get educated on account of lacking in tables, textbooks and even spacious classrooms. When confronted with the issue mentioned above, what individuals or families can do is quite limited. Undoubtedly, only the government has the adequate financial resources and power to allocate educational resources to those places. For example, the government of China builds nearly 10,000 primary schools called Hope School in the distant places, which alleviates the disparity in educational resources between different regions to a large extent.
Judging from what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that although the ability of individual or families is becoming stronger and greater than before, the help from government is of great necessity in the course of solving significant problems, especially those in the areas of education and environment.
托福寫作經(jīng)典結(jié)構(gòu)——5段式結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān)文章：
托福寫作經(jīng)典結(jié)構(gòu)——5段式結(jié)構(gòu)
