托福獨(dú)立寫作工作類話題開頭段寫作技巧介紹
托福獨(dú)立寫作考試中，高頻話題有教育類話題、工作類話題和年輕人類話題。在托福獨(dú)立寫作中開頭段的寫作是十分重要的，如果你的獨(dú)立寫作開頭寫好了，后面展開就容易多了。這里小編為大家?guī)砹送懈＊?dú)立寫作工作類話題開頭段的寫作技巧介紹，希望對大家托福寫作提分有幫助。
托福獨(dú)立寫作工作類話題開頭段寫作技巧介紹
工作類話題題目：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? For success in a future job, the ability to relate well to people is more important than studying hard in school. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
思路分析：
1.話題引入：選出作文命題中的關(guān)鍵詞(一般為名詞)，進(jìn)行背景描述，引入話題
2.他人觀點(diǎn)：第二步有三種處理方法。陳述對立觀點(diǎn)、敘述雙方觀點(diǎn)或保留雙方觀點(diǎn)
3.亮明觀點(diǎn)：第三句話明確給出本文總觀點(diǎn)
4.尾句過渡：用固定句式進(jìn)行開頭段與主體段的過渡
開頭段范文：
?Everyone in the society is seeking for success in career, but what is the key factor of becoming successful? There are two choices – good networking and hardworking. ?Although someone tends to choose the first aspect, ?I definitely agree that hardworking at school should be a key factor of success. ?Without hardworking at school, success in the future cannot be guaranteed.
范文解析：
1.根據(jù)題干內(nèi)容，選取關(guān)鍵詞success, future job, relate well to people or study hard at school。開頭句作為話題引入，先描述當(dāng)前背景，即社會上的每個(gè)人都追求事業(yè)成功，但成功的關(guān)鍵因素是什么?第二句對應(yīng)題干信息，指出有兩種選擇——良好的人際關(guān)系還是努力學(xué)習(xí)。
2.該步驟采取了陳述對立觀點(diǎn)的方法，Although … 指出有人認(rèn)為良好的人際關(guān)系對于事業(yè)成功更重要。
3.I definitely agree that直接引出作者的態(tài)度，即在學(xué)校努力學(xué)習(xí)是成功的關(guān)鍵因素，亮出文章的總觀點(diǎn)。
4.最后一句，作為對整體段落內(nèi)容上的收尾，并且引出下文來支持作者觀點(diǎn)的理由。
開頭段所涉及詞匯講解(工作類)
seek for success in career 追求事業(yè)上的成功
the key factor of… …的關(guān)鍵因素
good networking 良好的人際關(guān)系
cannot be guaranteed 無法保證
托福獨(dú)立寫作開頭段寫法舉例
首先，回顧一下5分作文的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：
effectively addresses the writing task
is well organized and well developed
use clearly appropriate details to support a thesis
displays consistent facility in the use of language
demonstrates syntactic variety and appropriate word choice, thoughit may have occasional errors
這三大塊的要求(organization, development, language use)對于Introduction的意義在于：1)作文必須有一個(gè)開頭段(這樣才完整呀，就像剛認(rèn)識一個(gè)小伙伴，總要問一下“你的名字是?”) 2)好的開頭段要做到引出話題和明確表明作者的態(tài)度。(也許問“你的名字”并不是一個(gè)搭訕的好方式，那怎么辦?)
來個(gè)例子吧~ 下文是TPO10的綜合寫作閱讀文章，沒錯(cuò)!寫作雖然分為兩個(gè)tasks，但都是英語寫作呀~ 筆者一直認(rèn)為這兩篇作文可以一起提高，綜合寫作就是美國人寫的議論分析文章哇~ 接下來，帶著大家分析這個(gè)開頭段，同時(shí)解答如下幾個(gè)問題：
1) 能不能一開始就寫“I agree with the statement.”/“I think ….”?
2) 題目里的文字我就抄一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)，一丟丟……就一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)，可以嗎?
3) 多少字為宜?
The sea otter is a small mammal that lives in watersalong the western coast of North America from California to Alaska.(看了第一句，能猜出作者觀點(diǎn)嗎?當(dāng)然不能，但是我們可以知道這篇文章一定是關(guān)于 seaotter 這個(gè)話題的。)When some sea otter populations off the Alaskan coaststarted rapidly declining a few years ago, it caused much concern because seaotters play an important ecological role in the coastal ecosystem. Expertsstarted investigating the cause of the decline and quickly realized thatthere were two possible explanations:environmental pollution or attacks by predators.(兩個(gè)可能的原因，這是可以被質(zhì)疑被反駁的“觀點(diǎn)”哦) Initially, the pollution hypothesis seemed the morelikely of the two.(作者的態(tài)度明顯就是支持 pollution hypothesis)
附上sea otter的照片，挺萌的。
到了答疑時(shí)間：
1)第一句話建議大家先引入話題，不要直接簡單粗暴地寫“我覺得……”。除非，你打字速度慢到擔(dān)心后面寫不完……(這種情況下，XDF老師們也有專門幫大家提高打英文速度的方法喲)
2)背景句一般是一個(gè)現(xiàn)象，接下來就要針對這個(gè)話題提出一個(gè)爭論點(diǎn)。大多數(shù)時(shí)候，考生會在此時(shí)選擇改寫題目。問題來了，5分評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的“demonstrates syntactic variety and appropriate word choice”就需要大家做到表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確，且不能重復(fù)。
3)最后必須給出作者的觀點(diǎn)，至于用I think還是In myopinion都不重要，重要的還是這句話整體寫的如何。如果有一個(gè)短語100%比In my opinion更好，并且100%能拿高分，我想這早就不會是一個(gè)秘密了。希望寶寶們注重提高語言能力!而不是機(jī)械地背短語。
4)整篇文章字?jǐn)?shù)要求是300以上，個(gè)人建議開頭段字?jǐn)?shù)在40-60個(gè)。(個(gè)別打字狂人且腦洞太大的，你想多寫一些我也不攔著。)
最后，給大家看一個(gè)暑假班(25人上機(jī)沖刺班+1V1學(xué)員)小學(xué)霸蔡同學(xué)的開頭段修改范例。
范例1：
Do you agree ordisagree with the following statement: People benefit more from traveling intheir own country than from traveling to foreign countries.
In recent days, people who travel in othercountries is on the rise, while others, choose to travel to foreigncountriesas a result of thebooming economy.(原文的版本不太和諧，背景句只要提到核心詞“旅行/出國旅行”的背景信息即可，盡量不要涉及到人們的觀點(diǎn)。加了個(gè)原因純屬湊內(nèi)容啦~)Some people hold the opinion that they can benefit more fromtraveling in native areas, while others prefer to travel to experience adifferent life in other countries.This trend is regarded as a positive one because they are eager to experiencea different life. Some people, however, still consider travelling in one’s owncountry as more favorable.(一些人blabla，然鵝另一些人blabla，這個(gè)真的太俗了!并且非常容易重復(fù)題目中的說法哦)In my point of view, I would like to travel to foreign countries inan attempt to learn more things.
范例2：
Some people argue using a cleaner energy to protect the environment,but some people says the traditional energy sources such as coal and oil isless expensive, what is your suggestion?
…此處省略若干字…. In my point of view, I totally agree that new energies are a goodreplacement and should be encouragedto use a cleaner energy to protect the environment.
如何寫好托福寫作開頭段
我們都知道，一篇較好的托福作文需要字?jǐn)?shù)達(dá)到400-450左右，然而我們的規(guī)定時(shí)間只有短短的30分鐘，可想而知，托福寫作的字?jǐn)?shù)壓力還是比較大的。所以我們建議，開頭段不應(yīng)該占據(jù)太多時(shí)間，我們應(yīng)該多留一些時(shí)間給后面主體段的擴(kuò)展，讓文章更加充實(shí)。
通常開頭段的要求是字?jǐn)?shù)在70-100詞左右，時(shí)間控制在3-5分鐘。不排除有些學(xué)生拿到題目就能文思泉涌的敲出一篇開頭，但是對于大多數(shù)學(xué)生來說，緊張的時(shí)間再加上緊張的情緒，在開頭段就會卡殼。那么針對這大多數(shù)的情況，我們有沒有什么解決辦法呢?
那么接下來我們用一個(gè)題目來看看。
Do you agree or disagree: money is the most important aspect in a job?
首先拿到這個(gè)題目，我們可以看到要談?wù)摰氖清X對于工作的重要性，那么在開頭段我們要如何引入話題呢?我們可以這樣寫：
In contemporary society, it has become a hot issue that whether money is the most important aspect in a job. People’s opinions about it vary from person to person.
“在現(xiàn)代社會，錢到底是不是工作中最重要的部分，這個(gè)話題引起了大家的熱烈討論，大家的觀點(diǎn)各不相同”。很顯然，這是個(gè)引入主題的好方法。
接下來是正反方觀點(diǎn)，也就是一些人同意而另一些人不同意的部分了：
A number of supporters of that viewpoint claim that money is very important on account of its necessity to satisfy our daily needs, but other people who are opposite to that view hold that other factors like interest and social liability are also significant aspects in a job.
可以看到，我們在托福寫作范文中介紹各方觀點(diǎn)的時(shí)候可以適當(dāng)?shù)募由弦幌履憧梢韵氲降暮唵卫碛蓙韼臀覀兲畛溟_頭。
最后一部分是個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)，也就是表達(dá)自己看法的時(shí)候，大家對于這個(gè)應(yīng)該是非常擅長了，無非就是就我個(gè)人來說，我的看法是什么：
As for as I am concerned, I am convinced that money is not always the most important.
我們可以看到，背景爭議法的開頭寫法結(jié)構(gòu)和思路都是非常清晰的。
通過上面的介紹我們發(fā)現(xiàn)：作為托福寫作的開頭段落是至關(guān)重要的，我們不應(yīng)該只是單純的套用托福寫作范文中的句式，這樣顯得非常生硬。在時(shí)間緊迫的情況下，我們可以使用這個(gè)托福綜合寫作模板中的方法來處理開頭段落。
托福寫作三種開頭段寫法
1)追根溯源法
即從托福寫作題目給出的話題中找出這個(gè)現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因來擴(kuò)展背景句。這種方法適合大多數(shù)的話題，考生要盡量在考前做托福作文練習(xí)，這樣在考試就可以得心應(yīng)手了。
請看下面的例子：
There are social, medical and technical problems associated with the use of mobile phones. What forms do they take？ Do you agree that the problems outweigh the benefits of mobile phones？
這個(gè)題目中給出的話題是mobile phone，所以考生可以從它產(chǎn)生的原因來考慮，就是科技的繁榮，而科技的繁榮，手機(jī)的廣泛使用是在20世紀(jì)末，這樣背景句就有內(nèi)容可寫了。
這個(gè)背景句就可以寫成： The late 20th century witnessed the boom of science and technology, which gave rise to a series of technological innovations, including the mobile phone.
再看一例：
Nowadays, some universities offer students skills that assist them to find employment, but some people believe that the main function of a university should be to provide students with access to knowledge for its sake. What is your opinion？
這題要求大家討論大學(xué)是提供職業(yè)技能還是傳授知識。那從傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)來看，大學(xué)是傳授知識的地方，為什么會提出要傳授技能呢，所以這里考生也可以用追根溯源法思考下，大家肯定可以想到是由于找工作已經(jīng)成為當(dāng)今教育的目的之一了，所以很多大學(xué)就轉(zhuǎn)移到以傳授技能為主了。那當(dāng)然還是要結(jié)合句型，這里可以用as 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。
參考：As job-hunting has become one of the main purposes of university education, the majority of the universities tend to offer vocational trainings to prepare the students for their future career.
2) 重述法
即對關(guān)于這個(gè)話題的當(dāng)前現(xiàn)狀的重述。
請看一例：
Nowadays, people are facing more and more work-related stress. State the possible reasons for this phenomenon and make some recommendations about how to combat it。
本題的話題關(guān)于壓力，那考生可從當(dāng)前社會現(xiàn)象來考慮這個(gè)問題，考生不難想出當(dāng)下對壓力這一現(xiàn)象的情況，即很多人都在承受著或多或少的壓力?？捎胕t is generally believed that … 形式主語的句型。
參考：It is generally believed that white-collar as well as blue-collars workers are suffering from psychological and physical stress stemming from work.
再看一例：
Environmental problem is too big for individual countries and individual people to address. In other words, we have reached the stage where the only way to protect the environment is at an international level. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement？
本題話題為環(huán)境問題，考生也可用重述法對當(dāng)前環(huán)境問題進(jìn)行重述，這時(shí)，可以用In modern society/ At present, 等表時(shí)間的介詞短語來引導(dǎo)一個(gè)敘述句型。
參考：In modern society, environment related issues have confronted ecological scientists, government agencies and the general public. (引自雅思高分范文p16)
3)定義法
即通過對話題詞的定義的介紹，這種方法在新托福開頭寫作中有一定難度，考生需要有淵博的知識，才能做到對名詞的解釋，但對特別明顯的詞語，考生可借鑒這種方法。
請看一例：
The main purpose of public libraries is to provide books and they should not waste their limited resources and space on providing expensive hi-tech media such as computer software, videos and DVDs. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement？
本題中的話題詞為圖書館，可以解釋的詞也是圖書館比較方便容易。那么到底如何解釋呢，比如說圖書館在傳統(tǒng)意義上來看，是收藏書的地方，而現(xiàn)在因?yàn)榭萍及l(fā)展，使得圖書館的意義發(fā)生改變，從而引出話題。這里同樣可以用形式主語：
It is generally believed that public libraries are places with a large collection of books； however, the digital time has given it a new means of storing and retrieving information.
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