托福寫作主體段寫法
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托福寫作主體段常見寫法
托福寫作的主體段是作者表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)、論述觀點(diǎn)的段落。這部分一般來說是三個(gè)小的自然段，段落之間存在著邏輯關(guān)系。主體段作為托福寫作的核心內(nèi)容，需要考生學(xué)會搭建文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，從而在論觀點(diǎn)和論據(jù)的時(shí)候，能夠更加富有邏輯性。接下來，啄木鳥教育小編和大家分享托福寫作主體段常見的寫作方法。
托福寫作主體段常見寫法
1、主體段內(nèi)并列
段內(nèi)并列的特點(diǎn)是主體段內(nèi)的幾個(gè)分論點(diǎn)屬于同級并列關(guān)系。這種邏輯寫起來比較“方便”，所以也被考生們用得最多。它的標(biāo)志詞就是大家耳熟能詳?shù)腇irst,(注意在美國用Firstly比較少)/First of all,/In the first place,/To start with,/To begin with,/Second,/Also,…/…as well./.…too/Another reason is.../“one thing,…For another,.…/Third,/Lastly, / Finally以及朋友們很偏愛的Last but not least這些連詞連接段落之間的關(guān)系。
段內(nèi)并列的標(biāo)志詞最大的特色其實(shí)就是讓讀者一眼看出文章的架構(gòu)，了解主體段三個(gè)自然段落之間的關(guān)系。不過段內(nèi)并列本來就是比較直白的一種邏輯，在考生中使用的頻率相對來說較高，而且深入論證時(shí)適當(dāng)加些好句型和好詞匯調(diào)節(jié)一下就可以了。
段內(nèi)并列的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是在實(shí)戰(zhàn)中操作方便，不容易出現(xiàn)失誤。但缺陷是使用的考生較多，特色不夠明顯。而且比較適合用來寫“折中式”作文的主體段。而不太適合寫“一邊倒“作文的主體段。如果打算使用這種段內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)，那么分論點(diǎn)后面的支持句應(yīng)該盡量多用些連接詞或者好句型。
2、主體段內(nèi)遞進(jìn)
這種寫法和段內(nèi)并列并沒有本質(zhì)區(qū)別，只是分論點(diǎn)間的層次感更加清晰。段內(nèi)遞進(jìn)的標(biāo)志詞有The primary(首要的)reason is...(請注意primarily這個(gè)詞一般是用在句中，極少用在句首)/ The principal(最主要的)factor is... / The main concern is... /The chief consideration is.../Moreover .../ Furthermore, .._/ Further, ...(用Further的考生明顯要比用Furthermore的少，其實(shí)這個(gè)詞在美國大學(xué)寫作中也相當(dāng)常見)/ Apart from...,…/Aside from...,Additionally，/Besides,…/What's more,…/Plus,…/In addition,…/段內(nèi)遞進(jìn)一般也多用于折中式作文，但較少用于“一邊倒”文章的主體段。折中式的文章主要是能夠照顧正反觀點(diǎn)，這樣的話，遞進(jìn)比較會更好。
3、主體段內(nèi)因果
因果關(guān)系是人類邏輯中基礎(chǔ)的關(guān)系之一。所以，在新托福作文主體段中也一再高調(diào)亮相，即“辯證”的手法。因果關(guān)系主要是指在段落內(nèi)部進(jìn)行原因和結(jié)果的論述。我們在每一個(gè)段落開頭給出分論點(diǎn)的同時(shí)，后面緊接著的一定是針對這個(gè)分論點(diǎn)的論據(jù)內(nèi)容。這種結(jié)構(gòu)是最基本的，也是考生最常用的論述方式。最大的特點(diǎn)就是簡單，比較好表述。
4、主體段內(nèi)讓步
讓步的標(biāo)志詞：Granted,…(誠然……);Admittedly,…(我承認(rèn)……);I tend to agree that...;It's true that...;To be sure,…;Surely，…;Few can deny that...需要提醒各位的是，托福作文中主體段內(nèi)一般都是通過這些詞制造出虛假妥協(xié)氣氛，之后通常都還要用下列詞匯轉(zhuǎn)折:However,…Yet...(注意Yet后面不要加逗號)Nevertheless,…Nonetheless,…Even so,. Still,…(這里不是“仍然”“而是”“盡管如此”的意思)Despite that,…等。
以上四種托福寫作主體段的論述方式是考生比較常用，也是能夠幫助考生更好地論述文章內(nèi)容的方式。主體段之間的邏輯關(guān)系，無非是并列、遞進(jìn)、因果和讓步。考生在使用這些論述方式的時(shí)候，一定要針對每一種論述方式的特點(diǎn)，避免出現(xiàn)錯誤。
托福寫作范文:學(xué)校社團(tuán)組織活動建議
2016年托福寫作真題題目：2016年3月19日托福真題回憶及答案解析(匯總)
3月19日托福獨(dú)立寫作題目：
The club of your school plan to help one of the following group of people, 1.teach pupils reading and math
2. build houses for those who cannot afford the house
3.take care of the old
題目大意：學(xué)校社團(tuán)想要組織一下三個(gè)活動，教小學(xué)生閱讀數(shù)學(xué)，為無家可歸者建房子，照顧老人。建議選擇照顧老人，因?yàn)榭梢耘囵B(yǎng)孩子社會責(zé)任感和耐心，還可以幫助老人排遣孤獨(dú)。
Agree or disagree: the university club wants to help others, if you are a member of them, which following would you prefer to choose? help young students in nearby primary school, help people to find new houses for rent; help old people for caring them in daily life.
托福寫作模板及參考答案：
托福寫作范文參考一:
3月19日托福獨(dú)立寫作范文(新東方 周徐敏)
Life is loaded with various difficulties and hardship, especially for old people who are incapable of taking good care of themselves because of their poor physical quality. Therefore, among the three choices of helping young students in nearby primary school, helping people to find new houses for rent and assisting old people for caring them, I definitely choose the last one.
For one thing, because of being committed to their career, the middle-age can hardly take good care of their parents. To address a sequence of job assignments, city employees, the majority of whom have turned to the middle age, are required to be immersed in their career. Take ordinary citizens as examples. When it comes to businessmen, dealing with the complicated relationship with their counterparts or consumers will lead them to be shortage of time to accompany their families, given that all their time and energy are occupied. Speaking of policemen, to maintain stable social order and crack down on any happening or underlying crimes, they are supposed to be on duty at any time, making it impossible for them to care their families. And it is also an episode likely to be applied in the movie by the film maker that policemen are woking on the investigation and cannot keep promises they make for their families , impressing audiences again and again. As for the career of teachers, what they normally do is either to prepare for their presentations or remedy their students’ assignments. Apparently, the contemporary middle-age citizens cannot take good care of their parents and college students had better provide their help.
For another thing, the process of helping the old can cultivate college students’ sense of responsibility that matters in their future life and profession. Many more universities will, literally, decide whether to admit students by checking if there is any volunteering experience like taking care of the old in a nursing home in their application materials. In an era of both highly developed economy and technology, it tends to be easier for children to develop the unwanted behaviors and unhealthy values and world outlook. Nowadays, people can often hear the News about college students failing to graduate from schools because of their addiction to video games and many overseas students catching the affluenza which refers to wealthy people who like to show their richness by purchasing many unnecessary luxuries. Therefore, many young people’s ideology has been distorted seriously and it is urgent to call on their sense of responsibility. And taking good care of the old can teach them a lot. For instance, they will be conscious of the fact that there is still a vulnerable group that needs to be assisted and their contribution to the society can drive away the solitude of the old. Thus, they will increase their confidence in undertaking more social responsibilities.
Admittedly, some others may lay emphasis on the importance of helping the young since they are the future of a nation. From what I believe, it is hype since the education of young children does not count on the help from college students. As for the statement that college students should help others rent a house, that is ridiculous since there have been a wide range of choices for tenants among diverse Apps via the Internet. To conclude, helping the old can be of enormous benefits for both the old and the young.
(568 words)
托福寫作寫作參考二:
3月19日托福獨(dú)立寫作范文
With the improvement of educational system, various student associations and clubs, which are meant to equip their members with practical skills, have become a great part of the campus life. Therefore, when it comes to which kinds of activities these clubs should organize, teaching pupils maths, building houses for the homeless, or helping the old, people may tend to hold different notions. As for me, attending to the senior would be the best choice, for the following reasons.
First of all, looking after old people can help students to cultivate a sense of social responsibility and patience. As we know, one defining character of young adults is that they are generally too immature to understand what social responsibility is. It is not uncommon to observe that some teenagers are inclined to destroy the public properties on purpose, or even worse, they may tease or make jokes at the older people without any respect, all of which are irresponsible behaviours. Such conducts can be corrected once the sense of duty takes root in their mind by helping the old. Obviously, in the course of taking care of old people, students will be informed of the contribution made by the old generation to the development of the whole society, thus realizing their social obligation. Plus, the trivial things such as making meals, cleaning the room and so on are involved in the process of helping the old, which cannot be done without patience.
In the second place, accompanying the old can help them to kill the boring time and relieve their loneliness. With the aging of population becoming more serious, the number of old people has been increasing in an appalling rate. Meanwhile, the facilities and places serving as entertainment for the old is deficient now. As a result, the senior now are leading a quite lonely and monotonous life so that company from others are in desperate need for them. Recently, according to a report published by China Daily, some old people were found dying after they have passed away for a dozen of days, which can clearly reflect the acutal situation of the grey. Thus, company from students can make old people keep a good mood and live a more cheerful life.
Adimttedly, some opponents may argue that tutoring the primary students can improve the academic performance of pupils and building house for the homeless can provide them a shelter. However, this not the case in reality. As for tutoring, students are not professional enough to impart knowledge to little kids efficiently so that this practice may waste time of both sides. As for building house, there are some potential safety hazzards which may make students get hurt. Therefore, I am still convinced that helping the old is the most appropriate choice for students club.
托福寫作范文:你的工作要比你的社交生活對幸福影響更大
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:
Your job has a greater effect on one’s overall happiness than your social life does.
2016年9月24日托福獨(dú)立寫作真題
Your job has more effects on happiness than your social life does.
題目大意： 你的工作要比你的社交生活對幸福影響更大。此題目涉及到抽象詞“幸?！?，可能小伙伴們會覺得有些難度，如果大家了解馬斯洛的需求層次理論的話，本題目并不難，波波建議大家選擇，兩者對于幸福有同樣的作用，因?yàn)楣ぷ鳚M足了我們的物質(zhì)需求，而社交生活滿足了我們的社交需求。
托福寫作模板及參考答案：
托福寫作范文參考一:
2016年9月24日托福寫作 范文
There is no denying that happiness originates in the acts of meeting people's various needs. Nowadays some people claim that happiness is more affected by the job they owned than their social life. This is a popular misunderstanding. As far as I am concerned, social life and jobs have the equal role in making people feel happy, because they can respectively satisfy people's different needs.
On the one hand, a decent and well-paid job can provide us with a large amount of money, which could fulfill our material needs and improve our living standards. For example, with adequate financial resources we can live in a spacious and well-decorated house with six bedrooms and eight restrooms. We can travel around the world and visit the Forbidden City inChina, the Liberty Statue inAmericaand the Big Ben inBritain. In addition, such a good deal of money enables us to keep fit by having nutritious diet and mineral water transferred from the water source. Meanwhile, we can hire a personal doctor around the clock in case of any emergence of disease. We do not have to wait for a long time by standing in the long and crowed lines of patients in hospitals. All these things will definitely make us feel happy.
On the other hand, the important role of social life in helping us attain happiness can not be ignored. Confucius, one of the greatest philosophers and educators inChina, once remarked that it is a pleasant thing to meet with a friend from afar, which indicates that friendship is another source of happiness. Participation in social activities will enlarge our social circle and make us make acquaintance with more people. For example, if you are a bookworm, you can take part in readers' association where you will encounter a lot people who share a common interest. Chatting and talking with them will help form a deep friendship and make you have a better mood. The reason underlying the above example is that your need of communicating with others is met by participating in social life.
In conclusion, since happiness depends on the fulfillment of one's need, social life and jobs combines together to make us happy. It is an exaggeration to say that your job has more effects on happiness than your social life
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