新GRE寫(xiě)作5.5技巧和思路
許多同學(xué)想要提高自己的寫(xiě)作水平，但是卻始終不得法，原因很簡(jiǎn)單，就是懶。因?yàn)槲ㄒ徽嬲杏玫?a href='http://regraff.com/way/' target='_blank'>方法就是寫(xiě)。但是光寫(xiě)不知道方法就是傻寫(xiě)，這樣是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間不可取的!所以大家要有的放矢的寫(xiě)，不要盲目，不要做無(wú)用功!之前給大家講了很多關(guān)于寫(xiě)作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題，給了大家很多的實(shí)際的指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)和參考資料，也提到了具體的寫(xiě)作必須掌握的四大類層面問(wèn)題，這里要給大家一些實(shí)用的小技巧。
新GRE寫(xiě)作5.5技巧和思路
如果有同學(xué)可能會(huì)覺(jué)得自己對(duì)于我之前講到的這些問(wèn)題很沒(méi)有概念，那么說(shuō)明你對(duì)于寫(xiě)作還很生疏，在進(jìn)入到評(píng)分階段之前，你還需要好好練習(xí)，先把基本功練好，在開(kāi)始學(xué)花式打發(fā)。而且，建議大家就從今天開(kāi)始，不要把什么都拖到以后，不要等到最后的時(shí)間在開(kāi)始練作文。
舉個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的例子。在工作中，很多人被解雇被fire掉并不驚訝，并不突然。他們知道自己平時(shí)是偷懶了，他們也知道自己哪里做的不對(duì)。說(shuō)白了一句話，他們?cè)缇椭雷约涸缤頃?huì)被開(kāi)除。所以我也希望大家在寫(xiě)完作文以后能夠做到這樣，讀一遍自己的文章，然后就能看出哪里有問(wèn)題，或者一切都很好。
我希望我之前介紹的這個(gè)essay rubic可以幫到大家，真正的能夠給你的寫(xiě)作提供一點(diǎn)幫助。這樣你就能真正的了解自己到底哪里需要提高，到底該如何提升自己的寫(xiě)作?哪里是欠缺的，哪里又是自己的長(zhǎng)處和優(yōu)點(diǎn)需要保持。
note：這套essay rubic的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適用于GRE和GMAT，所以如果大家沒(méi)有想好自己要考什么，GRE or GMAT，也沒(méi)有關(guān)系，都可以參考哦!因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)考試在作文方面的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是類似的。
GRE寫(xiě)作必備句式的積累
1、否定句
使用否定的時(shí)候，比如：什么什么對(duì)個(gè)人不好，對(duì)社會(huì)也不好。為什么不來(lái)個(gè)倒裝?
Never/neither/nor/seldom /rarely/on no account + is…
2、虛擬倒裝
當(dāng)你想表達(dá)“如果怎么怎么樣，就是另外一種情況”—虛擬語(yǔ)氣。為什么不來(lái)個(gè)虛擬倒裝?
Were(Had) it…，something would......
3、強(qiáng)調(diào)句的使用
It is people who…/ it is something that…
4、讓步句式的使用
“無(wú)論什么樣的情況下”：However/No matter how/ whatever/no matter what …
還有一種：
Cogent as this response is, it has some minor errors. Somewhat reasonable as the issue presents, it does not experience a case-by- case examination.
還有比較常用的：
although... It should be admittedly that…，however it does not follow that
5、疑問(wèn)句
用于開(kāi)頭，來(lái)個(gè)設(shè)問(wèn)句，在自問(wèn)自答，提出自己觀點(diǎn);用于段中，比如舉設(shè)想的例子：
Can you imagine that…?/ How can one imagine…?
6、定語(yǔ)從句
這個(gè)大家一般用的比較熟練，但是注意不要太羅嗦：
…society where(in which)…，/ something on which we depend (on which…based)
7、The more…the more…句式的使用
人們?cè)叫腋＃鐣?huì)越穩(wěn)定啦 等等。
8、Not only…but also的使用
很好用的，ETS經(jīng)典的6分范文：專才VS通才不就用了兩個(gè)嘛?
9、without的使用
從反面說(shuō)，很是能夠增加字?jǐn)?shù)。還是那篇范文的結(jié)尾，就來(lái)了兩個(gè)非常妙的without。
10、還有一些比較常用的句式
There is no denying that…/ there is no doubt that…
11、還有一個(gè)句子
So powerful the scandal is that Watergate became the talk of the world.
如此..以至于..
GRE寫(xiě)作如何真正的提高水平
1. 大量閱讀
A. 讀文章
GRE寫(xiě)作范文，是最好的備考素材，同時(shí)GRE閱讀部分的文章也是我們有針對(duì)性地閱讀的一個(gè)素材庫(kù)，要扎扎實(shí)實(shí)地提高英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作水平，就必須要以扎扎實(shí)實(shí)的閱讀量為前提之一，必須體會(huì)地道的、漂亮的語(yǔ)言是怎么寫(xiě)出來(lái)的，通過(guò)對(duì)范文的語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容和邏輯的理解來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)寫(xiě)作中詞匯的使用、句型的使用。
在閱讀中，你有機(jī)會(huì)把語(yǔ)言與語(yǔ)言所包含的內(nèi)容、思維方式聯(lián)系起來(lái)。范文中的一個(gè)詞或者詞組、句式，由于處在具體的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中，你就能體會(huì)到它的確切內(nèi)涵和外延，以及用法，通過(guò)不斷的積累這些好詞好句的用法，你的寫(xiě)作用詞和煉句的能力就穩(wěn)步的提高。
因此，對(duì)于考生來(lái)說(shuō)，不要死記范文，應(yīng)該怎么利用范文呢?從宏觀角度說(shuō)：要從范文中提煉文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯層級(jí)，也就是論證體系。從微觀角度說(shuō)，要從范文中提煉語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)(詞、短語(yǔ)、句式)。
B. 儲(chǔ)備GRE寫(xiě)作必須的知識(shí)量
GRE寫(xiě)作之所以有其獨(dú)特的魅力，是因?yàn)樗嫉念}目特點(diǎn)涉及大量的哲學(xué)觀點(diǎn)、宗教、政治、藝術(shù)、社會(huì)問(wèn)題、歷史現(xiàn)象，而且要求考生要有理有據(jù)的進(jìn)行insightful分析和論證，如何做到insightful, 你就必須對(duì)一些哲學(xué)觀點(diǎn)有所了解，多讀歷史、哲學(xué)、政治等相關(guān)書(shū)籍，這樣你自然能夠分析地透徹、論證地很有說(shuō)服力，同時(shí)對(duì)相關(guān)話題在知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備上有所鋪墊，否則將無(wú)從說(shuō)起，無(wú)話可說(shuō)。
例如GRE的Issue部分有這樣一道真題："Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies or groups of people have a diminished sense of who they are." 典禮和儀式有助于確立一種文化，否則人們的社會(huì)或群體的角色歸屬感削弱。怎么去理解ritual, 西方社會(huì)都有哪些對(duì)人影響和大的rituals，rituals和歸屬感為什么有聯(lián)系，如何聯(lián)系在一起的，這個(gè)話題如果不對(duì)宗教有所了解，肯定感覺(jué)無(wú)從下手。
其次，GRE寫(xiě)作，有其是Issue寫(xiě)作對(duì)于論據(jù)的要求是非常高的，因此你的名人事例的儲(chǔ)備，相關(guān)知識(shí)量的積累是非常重要的，歷史長(zhǎng)河中的大量的事例是你最有說(shuō)服力的例證，這一環(huán)節(jié)也正是GRE考生最為頭疼的一部分，舉不出支持自己的觀點(diǎn)的例子，因此讓自己的文章顯得只有蒼白的論證，缺乏說(shuō)服力。
因此要多讀歷史，積累例子，有其關(guān)注那些重要的哲學(xué)家、科學(xué)家、藝術(shù)家、政治領(lǐng)袖、商業(yè)領(lǐng)袖他們的生平事跡、主要貢獻(xiàn)。例如Issue里的這樣一道真題："Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step with their time and their society."真正影響深遠(yuǎn)的思想家和具有高度創(chuàng)造力的藝術(shù)家們總是與他們的時(shí)代和社會(huì)步伐不一致。這個(gè)題目你如果沒(méi)有必備的那些思想家和藝術(shù)家的例子，文章必然缺乏說(shuō)服力。
因此讀歷史積累寫(xiě)作素材，具體說(shuō)就是論據(jù)素材是拿GRE作文高分的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié)。
2. 研習(xí)題庫(kù)、寫(xiě)提綱、練習(xí)
Argument部分，首先要熟悉每一個(gè)題目，因?yàn)轭}目就是從這題庫(kù)中抽取，對(duì)于每一個(gè)題目找出主要的邏輯錯(cuò)誤，也就是Argument題目的提綱，同時(shí)每一個(gè)邏輯錯(cuò)誤準(zhǔn)備一套語(yǔ)言套路去說(shuō)，本書(shū)的Argument部分對(duì)每個(gè)邏輯錯(cuò)誤都給出了詳細(xì)的解析，同時(shí)提供了詳細(xì)的攻擊框架和漂亮的論證語(yǔ)言。寫(xiě)完每一個(gè)題目的提綱后，寫(xiě)10-15篇完整的文章(語(yǔ)言能力弱的話，可以增加寫(xiě)作量)，找partner幫你改，知道錯(cuò)誤以后重寫(xiě)。
Issue部分，寫(xiě)提綱對(duì)于這一部分的備考是至關(guān)重要的，也是最占用時(shí)間、最核心的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，每一個(gè)題目的提綱力求詳細(xì)，不用去寫(xiě)開(kāi)頭段和結(jié)尾段，就寫(xiě)正文各段你的各個(gè)分支觀點(diǎn)，也就是正文部分的論證過(guò)程，除了論證以外，寫(xiě)完后想想可以用些什么論據(jù)，把支持論證的論據(jù)也寫(xiě)上。
GRE寫(xiě)作練習(xí)：教育的目的
教育的三大目的
Fundamental purposes that have been proposed for education include:
The enterprise of civil society depends on educating young people to become responsible, thoughtful and enterprising citizens. This is an intricate, challenging task requiring deep understanding of ethical principles, moral values, political theory, aesthetics, and economics, not to mention an understanding of who children are, in themselves and in society.
Progress in every practical field depends on having capacities that schooling can educate. Education is thus a means to foster the individual?s, society?s, and even humanity?s future development and prosperity. Emphasis is often put on economic success in this regard.
One?s individual development and the capacity to fulfill one?s own purposes can depend on an adequate preparation in childhood. Education can thus attempt to give a firm foundation for the achievement of personal fulfillment. The better the foundation is built, the more successful the child will be. Simple basics in education can carry a child far.
教育面臨的問(wèn)題：
知識(shí)快速更新、 全民教育的普及、 個(gè)性化教育的實(shí)施困難
We increasingly see education as a critical component of democratic society. For intelligent decisions in democratic society, we need an educated population. Furthermore, we increasingly see the need for lifelong education. Society changes faster, so what is learned when we are young is fast outdated. So this need for universal education further complicatesthe problems created by growing populations, by increasing the numbers we must consider.
One aspect of education that must be considered is that all students are different, with different backgrounds, knowledge, interests and learning styles. Each student should be treated individually. But our current modes of learning provide little individualization. Every student tends to be provided with the same learning experiences focused around a white Anglo-Saxon curriculum. This cookie-cutter approach to learning works for a few students, but many do not learn, or learn only partially. Our classes are already too large to provide individualized learning.
正規(guī)教育體系的兩大基本假設(shè)
Two fundamental assumptions that underlie formal education systems are that students (a) retain knowledge and skills they acquire at school, and (b) can apply them in situations outside the classroom. But are these assumptions accurate? Research has found that, even when students report not using the knowledge acquired at school, a considerable portion is retained for many years and long term retention is strongly dependent on the initial level of mastery. One study found that university students who took a child development course and attained high grades showed, when tested 10 years later, average retention scores of about 30%, whereas those who obtained moderate or lower grades showed average retention scores of about 20%. There is much less consensus on the crucial question of how much knowledge acquired in school transfers to tasks encountered outside formal educational settings, and how such transfer occurs. Some psychologists claim that research evidence for this type of far transfer is scarce, while others claim there is abundant evidence of far transfer in specific domains.
情商的定義及其四大內(nèi)涵
Emotional intelligence defines EQ, which stands for emotional quotient, is a fairly new concept in the scientific community, yet it has become one of the most controversial topics. For thousands of years, people have thought that IQ is destiny, but it has turned out to be not nearly as much as we thought. Daniel Goleman, a psychology professor at Harvard, wrote a ground-breaking book about the EQ factor. His book argues that our view of human intelligence is far too narrow, ignoring a crucial range of abilities that matter immensely in terms of how well we do in life. To be emotionally intelligent relies on many factors, which include knowing one?s feelings and using them to make life decisions they can live with.
1. Being able to manage one?s emotional life without being hijacked by it—not being paralyzed by depression or worry, or swept away by anger.
2. Persisting in the face of setbacks and channeling one?s impulses in order to pursue their goals.
3. Empathy—reading other people?s emotions without their having to tell you what they are feeling.
4. Handling feelings in relationships with skill and harmony—being able to articulate the unspoken pulse of a group, for example.
自尊與情商
Self-esteem, like optimism, is essential in order to maintain a healthy emotional life. People who have confidence in themselves, their ideas and views, and what they are all about tend to be more emotionally stable than people who lack self-confidence. Being self-confident gives people the impression that you are reliable and trustworthy. Studies have showed that children who lack self-esteem are more likely to have emotional problems such as depression, violent fits and suicidal tendencies. People who have high self-esteem are less likely to be affected by any negative comments; they know that it?s what they think of themselves that counts.
Teaching a child to have self-esteem is very important. Children?s expectations about their abilities begin at home. If parents show confidence in children?s behaviors and judgments, children are more likely to set a higher standard for themselves, in their social and personal life. Developing a child?s self-esteem through constant praise and reinforcement, as advocated for many years, may actually do more harm than good. Helping a child feel good about themselves works only if those feelings are attached to specific accomplishments.
情商與成功
The excitement over the concept of emotional intelligence begins with its applications for raising and educating children, but extends to its importance in the work place and virtually all human relationships. Studies show that the same EQ skills that result in your child being perceived as an enthusiastic learner by his/her teacher, or being liked by his/her friends on the playground, will also help him/her twenty years from now in his/her job or marriage. In many studies, adults do not appear to be that different from the children they once were. The extent to which EQ skills can affect the workplace is still surprising. A study found out why scientists were performing poorly at their jobs in spite of intellectual and academic intelligence equal to their high-achieving colleagues. The researchers studied the E-mail patterns of all the scientists and found that the employees who were disliked because of poor emotional and social skills were being left out by their colleagues, much the same way as the nerd was left out of games on the playground. EQ is as important as IQ when it comes to success.
網(wǎng)絡(luò)審查的必要性
The Internet offers a huge wealth of information both good and bad. Unfortunately, the very nature of the Internet makes policing this new domain practically impossible. The Internet began as a small university network in the United States and has blossomed into a vast telecommunications network spanning the globe. Today the Internet is ruled by no governing body and it is an open society for ideas to be developed and shared in. Unfortunately every society has its seedy underside and the Internet is no exception.
11 信息時(shí)代帶來(lái)的變化
In the Information Age, it?s easy to forget that just 10 years ago, the Information Age was stuck on its launching pad. The Internet was unknown to nearly everyone except university researchers; TV was still patting itself on the back over cable success; films were searching for the next big thing; music was sold at record stores. Now, television and computers are colliding and millions of channels are on the horizon; films are bigger, clearer and cheaper to make; and music, more than any other industry, is using the Internet to market itself. HDTV will soon be rolling into homes, delivering a wider screen and digital picture. Television is on the brink of major changes that may forever alter the way we live. It should all happen with the inevitable switch from analog to digital technology. The world of television and entertainment is poised for explosion, and that explosion comes about because television becomes digital. It?s one of the premiere technology think tanks in the world.
17 技術(shù)對(duì)社會(huì)和環(huán)境的影響
Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including today?s global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the earth and its environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and new technology often raises new ethical questions. Examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, a term originally applied only to machines, and the challenge of traditional norms
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