3個(gè)方法教你正確使用托福獨(dú)立寫作中的舉例論證
新托福獨(dú)立作文寫作學(xué)會(huì)技巧，拿到高分也不是那么困難了。而在其中最為重要的就是確定好寫作的思路。下面我們就為大家介紹托福獨(dú)立寫作如何正確使用舉例論證。
3個(gè)方法教你正確使用托福獨(dú)立寫作中的舉例論證
在托福寫作過程中，舉例論證的使用是一個(gè)非常重要的過程，沒有舉例，托福作文就無從延展。但是實(shí)際考生在考試和練習(xí)的過程中，對(duì)于舉例的方式用得相當(dāng)?shù)投撕蜔o效。一部分考生舉例和主題無關(guān)，而還有一些考生舉例過于繁瑣并且添加了相當(dāng)一部分的無用內(nèi)容。因IBT考試評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)里規(guī)定了“the essay should be well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details”的內(nèi)容，這就要求考生們?cè)跇?gòu)文的過程中必須要給出適當(dāng)?shù)睦雍偷氐赖闹蝺?nèi)容。
一、舉例的選擇
舉例的內(nèi)容選擇在IBT相對(duì)是自由的，因?yàn)榭忌瓤梢赃x擇名人、事件和社會(huì)事實(shí)，也可以選擇自己身邊的例子，諸如朋友、家庭成員、同學(xué)、老師等。
首先，名人名事需要考生在考試之前積累大量的信息，包括名人的名字、事件名稱、發(fā)生的時(shí)間地點(diǎn)人物情節(jié)，包括一些名著的情節(jié)等。這里并不需要考生完全記憶，故事梗概能對(duì)topic sentence進(jìn)行足量的支撐即可。例：Beethoven, the German Composer, began to lose his hearing in 1801 and was entirely deaf by 1819. However, this obstacle could not keep him from becoming one of the most famous and prolific composers in art history. His music, including 9 symphonies, 5 piano concertos, several senates and so on, forms a transition from classical to romantic composition. 貝多芬的例子可以用于勵(lì)志類型的題目(如Should people stick to their dream even though it's difficult to become true or a practical one?)。這樣，在寫文的過程中加入作品數(shù)量和內(nèi)容，容易增加學(xué)術(shù)性和說服力。
其次，社會(huì)事實(shí)的內(nèi)容一樣能夠提供大量的例證支持，社會(huì)事件的說服力更直接有力。這里特別要注意的是，在描述時(shí)間的過程中，注意排除事件的無關(guān)背景信息，保留能夠?yàn)橹С终撟C服務(wù)的內(nèi)容。例：For example, students might attempt to paraphrase to convey information obtained from research but fail to cite their sources. Or they might fail to identify passages as quotations when they are conducting research for a writing project and later treat the passage as though it were a paraphrase. In still other cases, students will knowingly attempt to pass off the work of other writers as their own. 剽竊的例子可以用在誠信或者是信息技術(shù)的題目中，凸顯內(nèi)容高度。
當(dāng)然，考生也可以選擇自己和身邊親朋好友的例子?？忌Ｒ娮龇榫幵靷€(gè)人經(jīng)歷，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)馬上造出一個(gè)新鮮的例子。只要舉例內(nèi)容到位，是不會(huì)影響得分的。所以在個(gè)人經(jīng)歷描寫中，考生一定要把握列舉事件的人事物地以及情節(jié)還有因果，最好加上由此事得出的最終結(jié)論。例如：When my grandparents were children, the only transportations for the majorities are animal labored or human labored vents. Once my grandfather tries to go to Beijing to take the big exam, it took him half a month to ride his horse there. However, as air plane is becoming an affordable transportation for most of modern people, it will only take me 1 hour to get there. Not to mention the comfortable environment on an air plane or a train comparing with the vans in the past. 這樣的例子要求考生還要注意一點(diǎn)的就是，國際化考試不要給出過多的local概念。很多考生背了很多中國特色短語(像四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化，社會(huì)主義等)，認(rèn)為用在文章能體現(xiàn)詞匯量，這點(diǎn)不是英文考試地道語言內(nèi)容的體現(xiàn)。
二、舉例中的邏輯運(yùn)用
舉例中同樣包括了推理論證的方法。舉例雖然容易寫，但其論證力度如果沒有推理，則會(huì)顯得混亂。因?yàn)榕e例是在特定情景下，適當(dāng)運(yùn)用推理能夠符合一般的情形。推理舉例的一個(gè)重要原則是具體化，設(shè)置具體的場(chǎng)景。我們可以用5W1H作為工具展開。提醒考生注意的是：用詞的部分盡可能要與選擇的場(chǎng)景相匹配，像一些比較專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的詞匯則可以避開。這樣就使得場(chǎng)景更加逼真;不宜用那些泛泛而談的詞諸如：beautiful, great, important, good等。其實(shí)，舉例和設(shè)置場(chǎng)景的推理有共通之處，就是把你想到的一個(gè)具體例子變得更加普遍化，過去時(shí)變成一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。比如，舉例的話我們會(huì)說，我叔叔丟了工作，但是他沒有放棄，積極學(xué)習(xí)，最后他成了CEO。這是一個(gè)遞推的過程，非常容易。
三、舉例的格式
應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的是，引出例子不再僅僅只有for example、for instance, 其實(shí)針對(duì)不同的例子都有不同的巧妙而又自然的引入。比如上述例子中的句式，此外還有：a case in point、after all、as a proof、as an illustration(使用時(shí)放于句首，后加逗號(hào))、as an example、for example、for instance、in particular、just as、namely、such、specifically、that is、to illustrate、to demonstrate。舉例的位置既可以放在主題句后，也可放段尾。
托福寫作如何做到善用例子
如動(dòng)物→鳥類，現(xiàn)代交通方式→飛機(jī)，上面的舉例是最簡(jiǎn)單的形式，即對(duì)單個(gè)詞/短語，或說單個(gè)對(duì)象舉例。我們?cè)讵?dú)立寫作中會(huì)遇到對(duì)單個(gè)對(duì)象的舉例，這也是大家都能做好的;但我們更常遇到的是需要對(duì)一個(gè)句子，或說多個(gè)對(duì)象互相聯(lián)系而串成的觀點(diǎn)舉例的情況，這時(shí)我們就需要留意我們所舉的例子的有效性了。
托福寫作舉例的基本原則：
a. 細(xì)節(jié)性原則----細(xì)于被舉例者。
b. 一致性原則----良好體現(xiàn)與要用舉例證明的觀點(diǎn)的一致對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，觀點(diǎn)中的重點(diǎn)信息應(yīng)在例子中不多不少地體現(xiàn)。
新托福寫作真經(jīng)介紹的舉例的具體操作方法：
粗舉，細(xì)舉，引調(diào)查，列數(shù)字。
(1)粗例----粗獷的例子
“粗例”即一類人、物或事，或一個(gè)公認(rèn)事實(shí)的例子，說白了就是多數(shù)人都能認(rèn)可的信息。尋找這類例子的時(shí)候比較輕松，只要在觀點(diǎn)中找出可以繼續(xù)細(xì)化的重點(diǎn)信息然后"narrow down"就可以了。
觀點(diǎn)1： Employers are willing to pay a premium for highly qualified applicants.
粗例1： International companies desire bilingual employees and offer higher salaries to attract them.
“粗例”可以建立“面”對(duì)“線”的關(guān)系，但需要注意不能太空洞，同時(shí)也要控制使用的量;粗例子需要搭配因果分析、比較論證來使用，才能使整個(gè)段落更有血肉。
(2)細(xì)例----細(xì)致的例子
“細(xì)例”就是具體到一個(gè)人、一個(gè)物，或一件事，可以是實(shí)際存在的，也可以無中生有。這類例子使托福寫作更加鮮活，更有說服力，通常也能占據(jù)更長一些的篇幅，平時(shí)有意識(shí)地積累并靈活聯(lián)系，寫起這類例子來才會(huì)更加得心應(yīng)手。
a. 實(shí)際存在的，一方面，這類例子可以是身邊，家人、朋友、自己和身邊發(fā)生的一些事情;另一方面就是名人和一些被報(bào)道出來的“名事”了
觀點(diǎn)2： Mistakes serve as vivid, sometimes painful deterrents from certain action.
細(xì)例2： A friend of mine suffering from smoking-induced lung disease would remember the emotional and physical pain associated with the side-effects of tobacco usage. Not only does he recall the smell of hospitals, the imprint of pain on the face of someone who died from smoking, but he would also link these memories immediately with cigarettes.
觀點(diǎn)3： You cannot judge a person only by his or her appearance.
細(xì)例3： Susan Boyle is one of those. Such an appearance has long been rumored, but her incredible voice and stunning performance on BGT has won her great popularity.
b. 此外，"細(xì)例"的無中生有就是假設(shè)論證，常用if，supposing等開頭。
觀點(diǎn)4： Individuals play a significant role in alleviating traffic congestion.
細(xì)例4： If 30 people get on a public bus instead of 30 individual cars, there will be far fewer automobiles on the road, greatly easing the traffic burden.
通過上面新托福寫作真經(jīng)的介紹相信大家對(duì)于如何使用例子都有了解了，新托福寫作中例子不是一擺就完事的，大家還需要簡(jiǎn)化提煉，這樣才能讓自己的托福寫作文章顯得有檔次。 接下來是一篇例證的范文：
Some people like to keep records or experiences by exposing photos on social networking sites. Others do not like to create such records. Which way do you prefer?
If there is one word that best describes the modern world, that word would undoubtedly be “ technology “. The world technology is creeping into everybody’s daily life unconsciously. One of the greatest innovations in this century is Facebook launched by Mark Zuckerburg, providing a convenient platform on which people could freely exchange ideas and share their pictures. However, due to the large volume of data collected about users, the service’s privacy has faced doubt and suspicion among critics. As far as I am concerned, the drawbacks of this sharing method outweigh its counterparts.
To begin with, those pictures could exert negative influences on adolescents. Adolescence is a transitional and immature stage of physical and psychological development, a stage that could be readily and deeply affected by outside world. For example; many Facebook users, especially adolescents, displays references to alcohol and substance use on their Facebook profiles. One study of alcohol displays on underage college Facebook users found that 35 percent participant profiles displayed alcohol. This trend continues to increase dramatically. One of critics claimed that sometimes, those teenagers posted such pictures just to look cool, but in fact it led to imitation and even frenzy among friends. In addition, a piece of striking news made on the front page is that a girl from Taiwan posted her Porsche car, hundreds of luxury shoes, and even a private jet plane on her homepage. Then, after a week, thousands of photos about luxury brands, private boats, and decent villas appear on the Instagram. Form these examples we see photos shape false values for teenagers.
In addition, exposed phones might bring unintended consequence. By statistic, most of network profiles are set ‘‘ visible to public’’ meaning anyone can access the profiles that users have updated. Once those pictures and photos are targeted by harming users, these would put people at a higher risk of being stalked and then raped or even killed. The RANN ( the rape , Abuse and Incest National Network ) has released a report that there are millions stalking each year in America. Of course, one in four reported experiencing cyber stalking. What’ worse, due to safety holes，some sex offenders always find a way to access to picture of young children; stalk them by hints photos left and then committed crimes at last. Thus, it is parent’s responsibility that stops uploading life pictures about children’s for their protection.
Assuming above, although keeping records might leave an unforgettable memory, posting photos with geographic information would not only definitely make strangers aware of their location, and thus leads to unpredictable risks for users, but also mold false values among teenagers.
托福獨(dú)立寫作范文：人們更關(guān)心公眾的認(rèn)可勝過錢
托福獨(dú)立寫作范文之人們更關(guān)心公眾的認(rèn)可勝過錢，英文題目People care more about public recognition than about money. Even if no more money is given, public recognition can still make people work harder.
托福寫作題目：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People care more about public recognition than about money. Even if no more money is given, public recognition can still make people work harder.【相對(duì)于錢，人們更關(guān)心公眾的認(rèn)可】
托福寫作參考范文：
In modern society, books or TV programs about successful businessman are becoming increasingly prevalent since people want to learn something about how to achieve success from them. When it comes to which is the original purpose of earning money, some people hold the view that people care more about public recognition than about money, even if no more money is given, public recognition can still make people work harder. As far as I am concerned, this statement works only when people already have enough money.
To begin with, money is absolutely the fundamental demand of our daily lives. In this contemporary society, most of the stuffs we need require money, without which life can hardly operate. In addition, as mature individuals, we own the responsibility to take care of our families and provide them with a high quality life. During the period of inflation, more money is required to ensure the children’s education and families’ medical insurance. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, individuals are not willing to pursue some high level requirement such as recognition until their basic requirement, such as money, has been satisfied.
Consequently, for most people, money is the foremost thing to be considered.
What is more, money can be utilized to broaden social circle or improve oneself. As we know, no one can achieve success without others’ help, that is to say, sometimes whether you will succeed depends on how many friends you have. Friends can give us plenty of useful suggestions and precious opportunities, which may help us a lot during the process of the pursuit of happiness. Therefore, sometimes money can be used to consort successful people or join in some meets among the upper class, in which you need to wear decent clothes. Additionally, in order to achieve success, we need to improve our knowledge and experience. Therefore, taking some courses or training and buying helpful books are essential to improve ourselves. In a word, during the process of achieving success, money is indispensible if you want to go further.
Admittedly, social recognition would be taken into consideration if people already have enough money. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs mentioned above, social recognition is a higher level requirement, when the basic necessities of life has been satisfied with money, individual start to regard things like recognition as their life pursuit. As the case stands, even there’s no money paid, they will be still willing to work hard to pursue respect, realize their personal value or even change the world like Steve Jobs.
Based on the analysis from all the evidence provided above, I can reasonably reaffirm that money is the fundamental requirement when people work hard, while public recognition would be taken into account only when they have enough money. (464)
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