托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作怎么審題
托福寫(xiě)作時(shí)審題是非常重要的，對(duì)分?jǐn)?shù)影響很大，下面小編就來(lái)和大家分享一下怎么審題。
新托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作審題方法及寫(xiě)作布局
一、審題的“精確性”
根據(jù)專(zhuān)家對(duì)于過(guò)去2年獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作考題的分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)有90%以上的題目屬于“支持/反對(duì)”型：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Because the change of the society is so rapidly， people are less happy or less satisfied with their life than people did in the past time.
而剩下的則是由“對(duì)比論述型”構(gòu)成的：
2011.03.13
Some people think children should spend most of their time in studying and playing while others think they should help their parents with the household chores. What’s your opinion?
在審題時(shí)，考生必須首先把題目通讀1-3遍，徹底把握題目主旨后，方可進(jìn)行段落布局。在這里，筆者結(jié)合自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)給考生們一些建議：首先，判斷題目是否包含“絕對(duì)”含義的詞，若有，則按照上篇講過(guò)的建議布局，若沒(méi)有，則對(duì)于同意或者反對(duì)的理由進(jìn)行快速的brain storming， 然后根據(jù)分論點(diǎn)的數(shù)量及論點(diǎn)的可延展性來(lái)敲定立場(chǎng)：
Some people think that human needs for farmland， housing， and industry are more important than saving land for endangered animals. Do you agree or disagree with this point of view? Why or why not? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
Disagree：
1) Endangered animals are valuable because of their limited quantities
2) Environment balance
3) Endangered animals sometimes stand for the country， so they are more valuable than farmlands
Agree：
1) life quality is the top priority
2) endangered animals can be raised in the zoos
經(jīng)過(guò)一番考量，假如考生得出了上述的一些分論點(diǎn)及想法，這時(shí)候，主體段的布局基本就可以敲定大方向了。第一種就是完全反對(duì)題目的說(shuō)法，采用五段式結(jié)構(gòu)布局，每個(gè)主體段論證上述三個(gè)分論點(diǎn)中的一個(gè);第二種也是反對(duì)題目的說(shuō)法，采用五段式結(jié)構(gòu)布局，但是前2個(gè)主體段從三個(gè)分論點(diǎn)中選二個(gè)去論證，而第三個(gè)主體段從“同意”的二個(gè)分論點(diǎn)里去選一個(gè)，最后的結(jié)論還是傾向于反對(duì)的。
第三種是采用四段式結(jié)構(gòu)布局，即第一個(gè)主體段從三個(gè)反對(duì)意見(jiàn)中選擇二到三個(gè)分論點(diǎn)去寫(xiě)，而第二個(gè)主體段則從贊同的分論點(diǎn)里去選擇，數(shù)量上比前一段少一個(gè)即可，最后結(jié)論還是傾向于反對(duì)多一點(diǎn)。這樣說(shuō)是不是有些同學(xué)看了會(huì)有點(diǎn)“暈”呢?那下面筆者就再舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單點(diǎn)的例子吧：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television， newspapers， magazines， and other media pay too much attention to the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and celebrities. Use specific reasons and details to explain your opinion.
Disagree：
1) Most people are common， so they want to know something about famous ones
2) Famous people stand for some fashion
3) Constrain the public figures
4) Celebrities can improve the national cohesion and unity
又經(jīng)過(guò)了幾分鐘思考，我們得出了上述的四個(gè)分論點(diǎn)，但是一時(shí)半會(huì)贊同的理由實(shí)在是想不出。若考試的時(shí)候遇到這種情況，千萬(wàn)別猶豫不決，馬上從已經(jīng)想好的觀點(diǎn)里面進(jìn)行挑選。于是，這個(gè)題目我們就采用完全反對(duì)的立場(chǎng)，以五段式結(jié)構(gòu)布局全文，主體段的分論點(diǎn)從上述四點(diǎn)中挑選三個(gè)展開(kāi)論述即可。這樣一來(lái)，大家是不是明白一點(diǎn)了呢?
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents or other adult relatives should make important decisions for their older (15 to 18 year-old) teenage children. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
Agree： Parents make decision for children.
1) Parents have more experience
2) 15-18 years old children are not adults， so they can't take responsibility
還有一種情況就是我們只能想出兩個(gè)分論點(diǎn)，這時(shí)候考生應(yīng)該果斷采用四段式布局，而這一次，兩個(gè)主體段都分別論述一個(gè)同意的理由，而在結(jié)尾時(shí)，可以順便提一些反對(duì)的理由，這樣也不失為一種靈活的方法，希望考生們可以借鑒。
二、分論點(diǎn)的排列原則
專(zhuān)家提醒考生們，在布局的時(shí)候我們不是隨意編排分論點(diǎn)的先后順序，而是需要有一定的邏輯性和合理性。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，五段式的三個(gè)主體段，若都是同意或者都是反對(duì)的理由的話(huà)，一般這些分論點(diǎn)有兩種邏輯順序，即第一種按照“重要性”來(lái)排，將你認(rèn)為最主要的理由放在第一個(gè)主體段中詳細(xì)論證;第二種是按照“小到大”的原則，即個(gè)人方面的理由先寫(xiě)，然后再是家庭，公司，最后再是社會(huì)，國(guó)家等。
倘若所有的論點(diǎn)都是在一個(gè)范圍內(nèi)的，比如都是屬于個(gè)人的論點(diǎn)，則這個(gè)時(shí)候要看這些分論點(diǎn)后續(xù)的論證內(nèi)容的多少，比如某一個(gè)分論點(diǎn)你既舉得出例子，又可以進(jìn)行對(duì)比或者因果論述的話(huà)那肯定應(yīng)該先寫(xiě)這個(gè)分論點(diǎn)，若某一個(gè)分論點(diǎn)后續(xù)能夠闡述的理由只有一句話(huà)的時(shí)候那就應(yīng)該果斷地將其排在后面寫(xiě)。若文章是四段式的結(jié)構(gòu)，則在一個(gè)主體段中的排列順序和前面講的原則是一致的。
托?？荚嚕和懈＊?dú)立寫(xiě)作審題問(wèn)題詳解
案例1：誤解原意思
Do you agree or disagree: Because people are busy with doing so many things, they can do few things well?
Original：
Some people may hold the view that they are able to do things well even if they are busy with doing so many things simultaneously or during a given period. Although plausible at the first glance, I disagree with the statement. Depending on my own personal experience and personality, I firmly maintain that people can do few things well when they are busy with doing so many things. My arguments of this opinion are listed as follows.
解析：
文章第一句話(huà)不是對(duì)原題目意思進(jìn)行解釋?zhuān)遣捎貌扇×撕驮馑枷喾吹淖龇▉?lái)進(jìn)行題目詮釋;第二句表明自己對(duì)誤解題目的觀點(diǎn);第三句話(huà)對(duì)自己的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行近一步的解釋;第四句一個(gè)過(guò)渡性的句子。開(kāi)篇內(nèi)容安排倒是很好，但是作者犯了誤解原題目意思的錯(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致后面整個(gè)文字都做了無(wú)用功。
Revised：
When people are engaged in a large extent of work simultaneously, they will not be able to perform all of them perfectly. Just imagine how terrible it will be: too many jobs need to be done by the same person in a given time. Once such a picture appears in my mind, I feel dizzy. To me, it is impossible to do everything well with the limited energy and many others factors .Therefore , I agree with the statement too many things to be done at the same time cause few to be well done . The reasons are as follow.
Revised：
第一句話(huà)對(duì)原題目意思進(jìn)行了很好的詮釋;第二、三句話(huà)進(jìn)一步解釋原題目;第四句話(huà)提出自己的觀點(diǎn);第五句話(huà)過(guò)渡性句子引起下文。
案例2 ：語(yǔ)言羅嗦，繞彎子給出自己觀點(diǎn)，浪費(fèi)時(shí)間
Some young adults want independence from their parents as soon as possible. Other young adults prefer to live with their families for a longer time. Which of these situations do you think is better? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
original：
With the development of science and technology, people’s living standard has been improving day by day. According to the family plan, one couple could have only one child. So child becomes the center of the whole family. Some of them are even spoiled. Therefore, I think it is better if the young adult could live independent from their parents as soon as possible.
解析：
這個(gè)開(kāi)頭看似沒(méi)有任何問(wèn)題，但是仔細(xì)分析就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)很多問(wèn)題。首先，作者繞了個(gè)大彎才給出自己的觀點(diǎn)。其次，觀點(diǎn)是對(duì)原題目的抄寫(xiě)，改動(dòng)的比較少。最后，開(kāi)篇缺少引起下文的過(guò)渡句。更大的錯(cuò)誤是這個(gè)開(kāi)頭更像是一個(gè)全文主要觀點(diǎn)的一個(gè)分論點(diǎn)。
Revised:
As we all know, some young adults have the sense of independence in a special period so that they want to choose to live apart from their family, while others still choose to stay with parents in the family. Family can provide young adults a warm bay where he or she could turn to whenever any problems arise. However, considering the sound development of the young adult both mentally and physically, I think to live independently the earlier, the better. Independence is a lesson that each of us must face one day. The detailed reasons are listed below.
解析：
第一句話(huà)詮釋原題目意思;第二句話(huà)進(jìn)一步解釋第一句話(huà);第三句話(huà)提出自己的觀點(diǎn);第四句話(huà)解釋自己的觀點(diǎn)，引出下文。
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作開(kāi)篇第一段是整個(gè)文章的主機(jī)調(diào)，這個(gè)部分如果出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題整個(gè)文章就會(huì)黯然失色。
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作常見(jiàn)的審題誤區(qū)
審題，是寫(xiě)作的第一步，卻經(jīng)常被大家所忽略。有太多考生只著眼于如何寫(xiě)出漂亮的句子和高級(jí)的詞匯，而沒(méi)有搞清寫(xiě)作的本質(zhì)--考察學(xué)生針對(duì)某一話(huà)題進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確連貫表述的能力。這也是為什么很多同學(xué)雖然英語(yǔ)不弱，在托福考試的獨(dú)立部分中卻只能拿到 fai r或 good 當(dāng)中較低的4分。那么到底怎樣才能更加容易地拿到獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作的滿(mǎn)分呢? 筆者今天將通過(guò)列舉以往考過(guò)的真題進(jìn)行解析，告訴大家如何審題，換句話(huà)說(shuō)，如何使高分變得更加achievable。
同學(xué)們考寫(xiě)作考了這么多年，大多數(shù)出題的形式都已爛熟于心，看到題目之后覺(jué)得熟悉于是興沖沖提筆就寫(xiě)，其實(shí)，這種看似"熟練"的表象下藏著巨大的隱患--同學(xué)們很有可能因?yàn)榭吹锰於雎阅硞€(gè)決定題目意思的關(guān)鍵詞。例如：
例1：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising is the only main cause for people's unhealthy eating habits.
看到這個(gè)題目，同學(xué)們立刻會(huì)開(kāi)始想，有沒(méi)有other reasons for unhealthy habits，想出三條如：1. People's tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours; 2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on "endless diets"; 3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever. 綜上所述，advertising is not the only cause.
這個(gè)寫(xiě)法看起來(lái)非常完備，但其實(shí)犯了一個(gè)不起眼卻嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤--題目不是要我們證明it is not the only cause，而是要我們?nèi)プC明it is not the only main cause。多一個(gè)"main"，意思是很不一樣的。如果我們只需要證明it is not the only cause，那么找出other causes即可即例1中的寫(xiě)法。但是，如果我們要證明it is not the only main cause，就需要證明other causes that we mentioned are also main causes，這就需要在每一段中加上一些專(zhuān)門(mén)的說(shuō)明。或者，更簡(jiǎn)單的辦法是去證明advertising is not even a cause, 直接在每段的末尾加上advertising與該段所論述的unhealthy eating habit無(wú)關(guān)的論述即可。If it is not a cause, how can it be the onlymain cause? 這樣一來(lái)，就不用通過(guò)證明還有其他main cause來(lái)反駁了，事實(shí)上，證明某種cause是main cause還是挺有難度的，因此筆者推薦同學(xué)們用后一種方式進(jìn)行論述。因此，文章還是disagree，而三段的主題句分別應(yīng)該是：1、1. People's tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours, and it is obvious that they are too busy to be influenced by advertising; 2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on "endless diets", and this is more like a result of human nature, the pursuit of beauty, but not advertising; 3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever, and it is quite clear that no advertising encourages them to do so.
例2：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges and universities should offer more preparation for student before they start working.
看到這個(gè)題目，很多同學(xué)會(huì)可能會(huì)這樣寫(xiě)：Agree. 1. Students should take morespecializedcourses(專(zhuān)業(yè)課)in order to be knowledgeable and skillful enough for their future careers(接著開(kāi)始論述being knowledgeable and skillful的重要性); 2.Participating in internships helps students to have a clearer picture of their vocational development in the future(接著開(kāi)始論述，如果沒(méi)有實(shí)過(guò)習(xí)，在工作的時(shí)候是多么地feel so unprepared); 3. Attending more club activities is an effective way to improve social skills, which are crucial for success both in life and at work(接著開(kāi)始論述good social skills對(duì)職業(yè)和生活的幫助).如果不看括號(hào)里的內(nèi)容，僅看主題句，這篇文章是沒(méi)有任何問(wèn)題的。然而，括號(hào)中的論述從嚴(yán)格意義上來(lái)講，是不能支持"more"這個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞的。舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子："我們需要錢(qián)"和"我們需要更多錢(qián)"在證明的時(shí)候重點(diǎn)是不一樣的。如果證明"我們需要錢(qián)"，應(yīng)該詳細(xì)
闡述錢(qián)的"不可或缺性"，比如生活、學(xué)習(xí)、教育都需要錢(qián);但是如果證明"我們需要更多錢(qián)"，重點(diǎn)則應(yīng)該放在"錢(qián)不夠"的論述上，證明在學(xué)習(xí)、生活、教育方面的預(yù)算都很緊張。同樣地，上面的題目中僅僅證明Knowledge for careers, field experience and social skills are important是不夠的，事實(shí)上，這些根本不需要證明，需要證明的事情是graduates today are not well prepared in the three aspects. 因此這篇文章應(yīng)該是一篇"抱怨型"的文章，詳細(xì)地去論述學(xué)校工作的不足。參考思路如下：Agree. 1. Many students today complain that they cannot learn practical skills and up-to-date information, for some of their teachers are not qualified enough to teach specialized courses; 2. Since many students are not allowed enough time to participate in internship programs before graduation, they know very little about what their future jobs like; 3. Joining clubs is possible for every college student, yet not every club provide is capable of offering enough opportunities for students to practice their social skills.
同學(xué)們?cè)趯?xiě)文章的時(shí)候一定要注意，學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作不是句型和辭藻的堆砌，整篇文章一定是一個(gè)well-organized system，這個(gè)system中很重要的原則之二就是--
1、每個(gè)中間段的topic sentence是用來(lái)支持main idea的;
2、topic sentence后面的每句話(huà)都是用來(lái)支持該topic sentence的。在上面的兩個(gè)例子中，大家會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)例1的錯(cuò)誤主要是main idea沒(méi)有很好地被topic sentence支持;而例2的錯(cuò)誤在于topic sentence雖然看起來(lái)是支持main idea的，但是論述的內(nèi)容可能跟關(guān)鍵詞"more"無(wú)關(guān)，從而不能有力地支持topic sentences。這些錯(cuò)誤的起因，則是對(duì)題干中關(guān)鍵詞的忽略。
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托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作怎么審題
