托福寫作備考：托福寫作參考書
就新托福寫作而言，哪些參考書是值得我們花時間研讀的呢?我們又該怎樣合理地搭配使用它們呢?下面，我為同學(xué)們推薦新托福寫作參考書，并詳細(xì)為同學(xué)們講解它們“混搭”的妙用。
托福寫作備考：托福寫作參考書
《新托福寫作金牌教程(基礎(chǔ)版)》——夯實基礎(chǔ)
我給大家推薦的第一本書是高等教育出版社近期出版的《新托福寫作金牌教程(基礎(chǔ)版)》。此書是新航道學(xué)校新托?；A(chǔ)班的指定培訓(xùn)教材。它制定了詳細(xì)的17天新托福寫作學(xué)習(xí)計劃，其中6天時間是針對綜合作文部分的訓(xùn)練，8天是針對獨立作文的訓(xùn)練，另外，還有1天的診斷測試及2天的復(fù)習(xí)測試。按照書中給出的17天學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)度表來學(xué)習(xí)，考生們可以對新托福?？荚掝}有深入的了解。本書總結(jié)了綜合作文和獨立作文的?？荚掝}所涉及的詞匯、詞組、句式等等。因此，考生可以通過閱讀此書積累很多非常有用的寫作常用表達(dá)。此外，還能積累許多關(guān)于新托福寫作的技巧。比如，考生可以通過訓(xùn)練熟練掌握新托福綜合作文常用的四個技巧，即速讀、記筆記、同義轉(zhuǎn)換及總結(jié)。
非常值得一提的是，本書的綜合作文訓(xùn)練部分給出了相當(dāng)多的練習(xí)材料，這些練習(xí)材料都與新托?？荚嚨恼骖}密切相關(guān)。書中還給出了?？嫉娜N綜合作文題(優(yōu)缺點型、假說反論型、問題解決型)的模板，對于基礎(chǔ)較為薄弱的同學(xué)來說，這些模板是很有幫助的，練習(xí)多了，便可信手拈來。而對于基礎(chǔ)較好的同學(xué)，我的建議是：第一，借鑒模板，并且可以結(jié)合自身的知識儲備靈活運用模板，爭取展現(xiàn)更好的詞匯或句式;第二，精聽綜合作文講座文本 —— 我強(qiáng)烈建議同學(xué)們做聽抄，即把聽到的東西完整寫下來，再一字一句地對照講座原文，看看自己哪里漏聽或者誤記了。本書的綜合作文講座部分的語速比新托福考試稍快，正是這個原因，它是一份很適合做精聽的材料。我們需要通過精聽來鍛煉自己辨音的能力、使自己適應(yīng)講座的時間長度及西方人說話的語速、語調(diào)。如果在精聽訓(xùn)練中我們用的講座聽力材料難度與考試一致，那么到考場上我們可能因為緊張而不能在聽一遍的情況下抓住講座大意和關(guān)鍵細(xì)節(jié)。因此，為了適應(yīng)考場上綜合寫作部分的講座只聽一遍的這個規(guī)則，我建議同學(xué)們在考前用難度比真題稍高的材料來做大量的精聽練習(xí)。本書就提供了很好的素材。
《新托福寫作高分策略》——蓄勢待發(fā)
《新托福寫作高分策略》同樣也是由高等教育出版社出版。如果說《新托福寫作金牌教程(基礎(chǔ)版)》側(cè)重各個常考話題的素材積累和分話題訓(xùn)練，《高分策略》則側(cè)重于要點的總結(jié)和例文的剖析。本書內(nèi)容豐富、語言精辟、技巧實用，讀來常有醍醐灌頂之感。
綜合作文方面，最值得一提的是，本書的第二章《轉(zhuǎn)述語言》里總結(jié)了寫作常用單詞、詞組和句式，第四章《高分模板與填空式作文》里提供了七個表示反駁的模板，一個表示支持的模板(因為表示支持的類型至今沒有考到過，這個模板只是用來以防萬一的)。有了這些總結(jié)的表達(dá)和模板，在寫綜合作文時，考生們再也不會為怎樣設(shè)計文章框架、怎樣換用句式而苦惱了!
獨立作文方面，本書的技巧總結(jié)也是非常有用的。從首末段的寫法總結(jié)，到萬能理由的講解，到段落展開的實例，到修改校對和專家點評，再到拼寫詞匯表、寫作素材庫及常用學(xué)術(shù)詞匯表的展示，本書淋漓盡致地體現(xiàn)了作者深厚的英文寫作及教學(xué)功底。在第五章《185題庫與提綱》，作者甚至給出了每道題的詳細(xì)英文提綱，這些提綱可以幫助考生們開拓思路，極具參考價值。相信考生們讀到此書后，會覺得與它真是相見恨晚。
《新托福寫作真經(jīng)》——見證飛躍
巧了，《新托福寫作真經(jīng)》還是由高等教育出版社出版，本書搜集了近年新托福考試寫作真題。建議考生在有了上兩本書的積淀之后，把本書搜集的近16套真題挑選5-10套模擬一遍(使用計算機(jī)輸入習(xí)作)，再對照書里附上的專家寫作指導(dǎo)意見修改自己的作文。值得提醒考生們注意的是，在模擬階段一定要嚴(yán)格控制好時間，20分鐘內(nèi)完成一篇綜合作文，30分鐘內(nèi)完成一篇獨立作文，全程從綜合作文的閱讀開始至獨立作文完成結(jié)束，一共不得超過1個小時。通過貼近真實考試情況的模擬，考生們能更好地適應(yīng)考試規(guī)則，也降低了因為緊張、疏于打字練習(xí)、常用詞拼寫錯誤等原因而造成失誤的幾率。
本書的第三章《托福作文的語篇要素》總結(jié)了遣詞造句方面的一些技巧，也例舉了常見的失誤。通過對比本章里列出的修改前和修改后的100個句子，考生們逐漸學(xué)會發(fā)現(xiàn)并修正用詞不準(zhǔn)、語言貧乏、句式單調(diào)、漢語思維等問題。我強(qiáng)烈建議同學(xué)們反復(fù)閱讀此章節(jié)，并將學(xué)到的句子修改技巧運用到自己的習(xí)作里，以此學(xué)以致用，一定收效甚豐。
總 結(jié)
簡而言之，選錯了參考書，不僅是金錢上的損失，更重要的是寶貴的時間和精力上損失，決不能掉以輕心;也不要置參考書于不顧，舍小錢而失高分，得不償失。有了好書，考生就如虎添翼。在選擇新托福寫作參考書的時候，不僅要注意挑選可信賴的出版社和有實力的作者，而且要注意各書的特點和優(yōu)勢。在條件允許的情況下，合理地搭配使用參考書，才能起到事半功倍的效果。本文推薦的三本書都是由國內(nèi)頂尖學(xué)術(shù)出版社出版的托福培訓(xùn)專家的心血，讀者們可根據(jù)自己的需要挑選、鑒賞。最后，?？忌鷤兡芴舻胶脮?、獲得高分，并祝前程似錦!
托福寫作字?jǐn)?shù)和時間如何安排 快來看官方發(fā)布的備考攻略
總分達(dá)到了目標(biāo)院校要求，但寫作部分小分還差一分才達(dá)標(biāo)?閱讀聽力都 25+，寫作卻遲遲沒有起色?別擔(dān)心!托?？荚噷懽鞴ヂ栽诖顺噬?
首先，讓我們來了解一下托?？荚噷懽鞑糠值目荚噧?nèi)容：
托福寫作部分考查考生在學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域中的英文寫作能力。通?？忌枰谜n上學(xué)到的知識寫論文和作文。這要求考生能夠?qū)⒄n堂，講座內(nèi)容與閱讀教材和其他材料相結(jié)合，這種類型的寫作被稱為綜合寫作。在這種寫作題型中，考生必須:
? 對聽到和看到的材料做筆記，在寫作前利用筆記組織信? 準(zhǔn)確地從原文材料中總結(jié)、釋義和引用信息
? 寫出聽到的信息與讀到的信息之間是如何聯(lián)系的
考生還必須會寫表達(dá)并支持自己觀點的論文，這種類型被稱為獨立寫作。在這種寫作題型中，考生需要依據(jù)自身的知識和經(jīng)歷表達(dá)并支持一種觀點。
無論是綜合寫作還是獨立寫作，都需要遵循一定的寫作規(guī)則。眾所周知，一篇文章有三個基本組成部分：引言、主體和結(jié)論。那么如何將這三個部分完美地銜接在一起，寫出一篇語句通順，邏輯清晰的文章呢?遵循下面五個步驟，讓你的文章改頭換面，更上一層樓!
1 理清文章思路
在開始寫作之前，先在草稿紙上寫一個簡短的概要或提取一些關(guān)鍵點，來幫助自己整理思路。這將有助于文章條理清晰。你也可以直接在電腦的答題區(qū)打出提綱或筆記，然后從這些點出發(fā)，擴(kuò)充寫更多句子和段落使行文豐滿。
2 確定主要論點
論點是引導(dǎo)文章的主要思想或觀點，讀者可以從文章論點中了解你想要表達(dá)的關(guān)鍵信息。無需贅言，你只需用一句話闡明論點，簡明扼要地表達(dá)論述思路即可。
3 注重寫作質(zhì)量
不知道你在寫作文時有沒有過這樣的經(jīng)歷：寫著寫著就剎不住筆，文章越來越長而且偏離初衷。實際上，相較于冗長的文章而言，寫一篇結(jié)構(gòu)清楚、邏輯通順的文章來展現(xiàn)自身的語言掌握程度，往往得分會更高。
你也可以學(xué)習(xí)優(yōu)秀文章、段落的組織方式。一個好的段落通常會在第一句(即主題句)提出論點，且整段均圍繞這一要點展開論述，論點不同的各個段落組織在一起即強(qiáng)化文章的中心觀點。
試著盡可能使用短句，不同段落表達(dá)不同的觀點，注意段落之間的過渡銜接。
4 認(rèn)真仔細(xì)校對
帶上“火眼金睛”，要預(yù)留充足的時間來仔細(xì)閱讀寫好的文章，盡可能找出你可能會犯的任何拼寫錯誤或語法錯誤。
5 不斷計時練習(xí)
考試前，你可以用托福官網(wǎng)提供的免費樣題來訓(xùn)練自己限時寫作的能力。適當(dāng)練習(xí)后，相信在考試當(dāng)天你就不會因時間限制而感到緊張了。
為了確?？荚嚱^對公平，托福寫作采用 eRater 自動化評分技術(shù)輔助人工評分的方式，以全面準(zhǔn)確地反映應(yīng)試者的英語寫作能力。將評分員對作文內(nèi)容和意義的理解及自動化評分系統(tǒng)對語言表達(dá)的評分結(jié)合在一起，確保了分?jǐn)?shù)的質(zhì)量和高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
正因如此，托?？荚嚹軒椭阍谏暾堈咧忻摲f而出，向?qū)W校展示你身上額外獨具的閃光點。大學(xué)招生官會注意到這一點。
托福寫作模板：選擇哪一類人合作更有效
題目：
Your teacher assigns a project to you, and you can select the members to work with.
--choose the members who think and work in similar ways
--choose the members who have totally different ideas
Which would you think is more effective to work with?
參考范文
It is more effective to complete a project with people who think and work in similar ways than to struggle to finish a task with people who have totally different ideas. Knowing each other and having similar interests facilitates the successful completion of a project.
Members who know each other well can divide the task and set up a reasonable working plan to ensure that the project will be completed on time. If members know the others’ strengths and weaknesses, they can decide which part to assign to which person to best get the task done. I specifically remember being in a team of three students who had to complete an assignment that included a written essay and a power point presentation. I was a good speaker but terrible at using the computer, so I gave the presentation. However, the power point slides were all generated by our friend who was shy but very capable with the computer. The third person was very detail-oriented, so she was the natural choice to organize the information into an essay.
Not only are team members who have similar ideas able to divide tasks effectively, but they also can create a solid common goal. If people are too different, it is hard to decide on a good thesis or theme, and the result might be a compromise that everyone is dissatisfied with. By contrast, people who think in similar ways can agree on a topic and develop it out, and it becomes very strong. In the assignment mentioned above, the three members quickly agreed on a common theme. We invested our working time into researching the theme rather than debating what to write about. Since we all were interested in the topic, we all invested our best efforts rather than just trying to get it over with, and the result was an A grade.
People with similar ideas and interests make the best team to solve a problem or complete a task because they know each other’s abilities, so canallot tasks accordingly. Even more important, they can select a topic that they are all interested in, so everyone wants to participate rather than do only the minimum to get the task done.
詞句積累
strengths and weaknesses 優(yōu)勢與劣勢
assign to 指派給
be very detail-oriented 非常注重細(xì)節(jié)
create a solid common goal 建立一個堅固的共同目標(biāo)
invest our best efforts 投入我們最大的努力
get it over with 趕緊把事情做完
allot tasks accordingly 相應(yīng)地分配任務(wù)
托福寫作模板：小學(xué)生學(xué)技術(shù)還是藝術(shù)
題目：An elementary school wants to increase the time on educating students technology (such as computers), which means that students will have less time for the study of music and art.
When it comes to spending the time on studying arts and music and the time on studying technology, which one do you think is better for elementary students?
范文1：Argument 1 (for)
I think it is important for elementary students to get a solid grounding in technology. Technology can help students learn to solve everyday problems, to interact with others, and to prepare for the working world.
First, technology is part of our everyday life, and becoming increasingly more so. If students do not know how to use computers, smart phones, and tablets, they cannot function adequately in this changing world. However, there is more to understanding technology than just typing in a question and reading the answer. Students must know how to escape from a frozen screen, remove and reset a jammed printer, and install new programs. Students who learn about technology gain the mental flexibility to solve basic problems like these. Instead of being stopped by a challenge, a technologically-aware student tries different ways to work around it. In other words, technology helps prepare a student to solve problems and face events that do not run exactly as planned.
Second, technology offers students a chance to interact with other students around the world. Through the internet, students in different countries can see each other and talk, or even collaborate on projects. This experience can bring other subjects such as geology to life because the students can talk with people their own age who are living in the place. Interaction can increase interest in skills such as learning a second language or increase awareness about history or art. Working with friends from around the world, the students gain a wider perspective and are less likely to succumb to prejudice and hatred based on race or nationality. Technology is the key to communication with others around the world.
Third, technology provides useful skills that are in demand by employers. Companies need employees who can manipulate data and operate machinery. Students who have these skills and are ready to work are more likely to be hired than students who do not. Therefore, elementary schools should help prepare students from an early age so that when they reach high school, they can operate spreadsheets, word processing programs, and specialized equipment. Students who go beyond the basics and learn to program, design, or assemble technological devices will be even more prepared to compete in the fast-paced working world.
It is essential for students to learn about technology so that they can capably solve problems, interact with others, and start preparing for the working world.
to get a solid grounding in technology 在技術(shù)方面打下堅實的基礎(chǔ)
become increasingly more so 變得越來越是如此
the mental flexibility 思維靈活性
a technologically-aware student 一個有技術(shù)意識的學(xué)生
gain a wider perspective 獲得更為廣闊的視角
succumb to 屈服于,屈從于
go beyond 超出,超越
范文2：Argument 2 (against)
Children need to have a well-rounded education that includes art and music. Art and music provide many skills that are foundational for further growth and development, physically, mentally, and emotionally, so they should be considered an essential part of any elementary school program.
Young children’s bodies are developing and changing very quickly. Arts can help children learn to use and control their bodies so that they can master more complex tasks in the future. For example, drawing, painting, and calligraphy require manual dexterity to control the pencil, brush, or pen. Children studying these things can learn to use their hands to complete precise tasks. Music offers another example of how children can learn to use their bodies: instruments such as flutes and woodwinds require careful control of breathing combined with fingering of keys. Arts are fun rather than repetitious, so these physical skills are acquired in an enjoyable way.
Arts can also help children improve their memory and concentration. Completing an artwork takes time, sometimes days or weeks, so children must concentrate to finish rather than justrushing on to a new activity . Scientific studies show that if you practice memorizing things such as the process of knitting or weaving, or the notes to perform a song, you can get better at memorization in the future. If children learn to focus on one project and memorize the steps needed to complete it, they will be better able to concentrate for long periods and complete difficult tasks in the future.
Finally, arts can help children develop emotionally. Arts do not have a “right” and “wrong” answer, so children can explore personal creativity. They can feel pride at accomplishing a project that is uniquely theirs. This self-esteem can give them confidence to try new activities without fear of “failing” because they made a mistake. Especially considering the pressures of the modern world, arts can be an essential outlet to try making something beautiful or fun. Arts provide a balance to the rigid programming of other elementary school classes such as math and spelling where it is essential to give the one correct answer.
Arts help children develop physically, mentally, and emotionally. Therefore, arts such as music, drawing, and painting are an essential part of elementary education.
a well-rounded education 全面的教育
manual dexterity 手部靈巧性
rush on to a new activity 匆忙地投入到一項新的活動
arts can help children develop emotionally 藝術(shù)可以幫助孩子發(fā)展情感
self-esteem 自尊
arts can be an essential outlet to try making something beautiful or fun 藝術(shù)可以成為創(chuàng)造美 好或有趣事物的重要途徑
provide a balance to X 為X提供了平衡
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