風(fēng)險的分類
風(fēng)險的分類
小編為大家介紹了風(fēng)險的分類，希望對你有幫助哦!
We now turn our attention to the classes into which risk can be placed. This is different from scrutinizing the actual idea of risk, we are now looking at the whole concept of risk and grouping together similar classes of risk. Of the many classes, we will look at three.
Financial and non-financial risks
A financial risk is one where the outcome can be measure() in monetary terms. This is easy to see in the case of material damage to property, theft of property or lost business profit following a fire. In cases of personal injury, it can also be possible to measure financial loss in terms of a court award of damages, or as a result of negotiation between lawyers and insurers. In any of these cases, the outcome of the risky situation can be measured financially.
There are other situations where this kind of measurement is not possible. Take the case of the choice of a new car, or the selection of an item from a restaurant menu. These could be construed as risky situations, not because the outcome will cause financial loss, but because the outcome could be uncomfortable or disliked in some other way. There may or may not be financial implications but in the main the outcome is not measurable financially but by other, more human, criteria.
Pure and speculative risks
Pure risks involve a loss or, at best, a break-even situation. The outcome can only be unfavourable to us, or leave us in the same position as we enjoyed before the event occurred. The risk of a motor accident, fire at a factory, theft of goods from a store, or injury at work are all pure risks with no element of gain:
The alternative to this is speculative risk, where there is the chance of gain. Investing money in share is a good example. The investment may result in a loss or possibly a break-even position, but the reason it was made was the prospect of gain.
Fundamental and particular risks
Fundamental risks are those which arise from causes outside tile control of any one individual or even a group of individuals. In addition, the effect of fundamental risks is felt by large numbers of people. This classification would include earthquakes, floods, famine, volcanoes and other natural "disasters". However it would not be accurate to limit fundamental risk to naturally occurring perils. Social change, political intervention and war are all capable of being interpreted as fundamental risks.
In contrast to this form of risk, which is impersonal in origin and widespread in effect, we have particular risks. Particular risks are much more personal both in their cause and effect. This would include many of the risks we have already mentioned such as fire, theft, work related injury and motor accidents. All of these risks arise from individual causes and 'affect individuals in their consequences.
我們現(xiàn)在來看風(fēng)險可以分成哪些類別。這跟審查風(fēng)險的真實(shí)含義不同，我們現(xiàn)在看到的是風(fēng)險的整體概念并且是把相似的風(fēng)險匯集起來。在這許多種類中，我們將看到三類。
財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險和非財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險
財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險是指后果可以用金錢來估量的風(fēng)險。如果財(cái)產(chǎn)遭到實(shí)質(zhì)上的損壞或是遭到偷竊，或是火災(zāi)后商業(yè)利益遭到損失，那是很容易看到的。如果個人受傷，也可能用金錢來估量法定的受傷賠償，或者由律師和保險人進(jìn)行協(xié)商得出一個賠償金額。無論是哪種情況，風(fēng)險的后果都可以用金錢來估量。
還有其他一些情況是不可能進(jìn)行這種估量的。比如選擇一輛新車，或者從餐館菜單中點(diǎn)菜。這些可以被認(rèn)為是有風(fēng)險的情況，不是因?yàn)槠浜蠊麜?dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)損失，而是因?yàn)槠浜蠊赡茉谄渌矫孀屓擞X得不舒服或者是不喜歡。這可能會牽涉到聲錢，也可能不會，但總的來說，后果不是用金錢而是用其他更具人情味的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來估量的。
純粹風(fēng)險和投機(jī)風(fēng)險
純粹風(fēng)險包括損失或者充其量是收支相抵的情況。其后果只能對我們不利，或者讓我們處于跟事件發(fā)生前一樣的情況下。車禍、工廠的火災(zāi)、商場貨物的偷竊、或者是工傷，這些風(fēng)險都是不能獲利的純粹風(fēng)險。
與之相對的是投機(jī)風(fēng)險，這種風(fēng)險是有可能獲利的。股票投資就是一個很好的例子。這種投資可能有損失或者可能收支相抵，但是投資的目的是為了獲利。
基本風(fēng)險和特定風(fēng)險
基本風(fēng)險是指那些由超出個人甚至是群體的原因引起的風(fēng)險。而且很多人都能感受到基本風(fēng)險的影響。這類風(fēng)險包括地震、水災(zāi)、饑荒、火山及其他自然災(zāi)難。然而，把基本風(fēng)險局限于自然危險是不準(zhǔn)確的。社會變革，政治干涉和戰(zhàn)爭都可以被認(rèn)為是基本風(fēng)險。
與這種非人為而有廣泛影響的風(fēng)險相對的，我們說是特定風(fēng)險。特定風(fēng)險在起因和影響兩方面都更加與人相關(guān)。它包括我們已經(jīng)提到過的很多風(fēng)險，例如火災(zāi)、偷竊、工傷以及車禍。所以這些風(fēng)險由個人引起并且最終影響到個人。