初中英語(yǔ)常用知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)
英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)是英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中一個(gè)重要的組成部分，初中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)最難的是語(yǔ)法，因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法跟漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法有很大的不同。下面是小編為大家整理的關(guān)于初中英語(yǔ)常用知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)，希望對(duì)您有所幫助。歡迎大家閱讀參考學(xué)習(xí)!
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
初中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)最難的是語(yǔ)法，因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法跟漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法有很大的不同。其中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)
態(tài)是初中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)特點(diǎn)和用法。
一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式
1.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本時(shí)態(tài)變化
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)通常為十種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)形式,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由be+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，be隨時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化。
以do為例，各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式為:
1) am/is/are +done (過(guò)去分詞)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
例：Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.
2) has /have been done現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
例：All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.
3) am/is /are being done現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
例：A new cinema is being built here.
4) was/were done一般過(guò)去時(shí)
例：| was given ten minutes to decide whether | should reject the offer.
5) had been done過(guò)去完成時(shí)
例：By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in
Beijing.
6) was/were being done過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
例：A meeting was being held when I was there.
7) shall/will be done一般將來(lái)時(shí)
例:Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.
8) should/would be done過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
例:The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.
9) shall/will have been done將來(lái)完成時(shí)(少用)
例:The project will have been completed before July.
2.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式
1)帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be+過(guò)去分詞。
例:The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
2)有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，在用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另一賓語(yǔ)仍然保留在謂語(yǔ)后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)的是間接賓語(yǔ)。
例:His mother gave him a present for his birthday.可改為He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
3)當(dāng)“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主
語(yǔ)，其余不動(dòng)。
例:Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改為T(mén)he boy was caught
smoking a cigarette.
4)在使役動(dòng)詞have, make, get以及感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要加to。
例：Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.可改為A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
5)有些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞詞組，如“動(dòng)詞+介詞”，“動(dòng)詞+ 副詞”等，也可以用
于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，但要把它們看作一個(gè)整體, 不能分開(kāi)。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。
例：The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
3.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
v+ing形式及不定式to do也有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài))。
如何使用
1)如何使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);
學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不僅要知道被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，還要知道在哪些情況中使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
1.講話者不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或不必說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者(這時(shí)可省by短語(yǔ))。
例：My bike was stolen last night.
2.借助被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作突出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。
例：| was given ten minutes to decide whether | should accept the offer.
3.為了更好地安排句子。
例：The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. (一個(gè)主語(yǔ)就夠了)
2)It is said that+從句及其他類似句型
一些表示”據(jù)說(shuō)”或"相信”的動(dòng)詞如believe, consider, expect, report, say,suppose, think等可以用于句型"It+ be+過(guò)去分詞+that從句”或“主語(yǔ)+ be+過(guò)去分詞+to do sth."。
有:It is said that... 據(jù)說(shuō),It is reported that.. .據(jù)報(bào)道，
It is believed that...大家相信，It ishoped that..大家希望，
It is well known th...眾所周知，It is thought that...大家認(rèn)為,
It is suggested that.. .據(jù)建議。
例：lt is said that the boy has passed the national exam.
(=The boy is said to have passed the national exam. )
3)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義
1.英語(yǔ)中有很多動(dòng)詞如break, catch， clean， drive， lock， open， sell, read ,write, wash等，當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動(dòng)詞來(lái)描述主語(yǔ)特征時(shí)，常用其主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義，主語(yǔ)通常是物。
例：This kind of cloth washes well.
注意:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語(yǔ)的特征，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。
試比較: The door won't lock. (指i ]本身有毛病)
The door won't be locked. (指不會(huì)有人來(lái)鎖門(mén),指“I ]沒(méi)有鎖”是人的原因)
2.表示“發(fā)生、進(jìn)行”的不及物動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)，如: happen, last, take place, break
out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
例：How do the newspapers come out?這些報(bào)紙是如何引出來(lái)的呢?
3.系動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)形式,但有些表示感受、感官的連系動(dòng)詞feel, sound, taste, book，feel等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
例：Your reason sounds reasonable
4)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義
在某些句型中可用動(dòng)名詞和不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。
1.在need, want, require, bear等詞的后面，動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，其含
義相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。
例：The house needs repairing(to be repaired).這房子需要修理。
2.形容詞worth后面跟動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義,但不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式;而worthy后面跟動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。
例：The picture-book is well worth reading.(=The picture-book is very worthy tobe read.)
3.動(dòng)詞不定式在名詞后面作定語(yǔ)，不定式和名詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系,不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。
例：I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. (to do與things是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，與I是主謂關(guān)系。)
試比較: I' II go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? (此處用不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)作定語(yǔ)表明you不是post動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。)
4.在某些"形容詞+不定式”做表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)中，句子的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)又是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，這時(shí)常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。這些形容詞有nice,easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting等。
例：This problem is difficult to work out .(可看作to work out省略了for me).
5.在too... to.. .結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式前面可加邏輯主語(yǔ)，所以應(yīng)用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
例：This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.
6.在there be...句型中，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)式作定語(yǔ)，重點(diǎn)在人，用被動(dòng)形式作定語(yǔ)，重點(diǎn)在物。
例：There is no time to lose(to be lost).(用to lose可看成for us to lose;用to be lost，誰(shuí)lost time不明確。)
7.在be to do結(jié)構(gòu)中的一些不定式通常應(yīng)用主動(dòng)表主動(dòng),被動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。然而,由于古英語(yǔ)的影響，下列動(dòng)詞rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
例：Who is to blame for starting the fire?
秋風(fēng)，唱給田野動(dòng)聽(tīng)的歌
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)：句型結(jié)構(gòu) 初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中，有很多特殊句型結(jié)構(gòu)，牢記這些句型結(jié)構(gòu)，以后再運(yùn)用上就可以得心應(yīng)手。下面是初中英語(yǔ)重點(diǎn)句型結(jié)構(gòu)總結(jié)，希望能幫助到大家。
1、see，hear，notice，find，feel，listen to，look at (感官動(dòng)詞)+ do eg: I like watching monkeys jump.2、 (比較級(jí) and 比較級(jí)) 表示越來(lái)越……3 、a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟(容易) 補(bǔ)：a place of interest 名勝4、 agree with sb. 贊成某人5、 all kinds of 各種各樣 a kind of 一種/樣6、 all over the world = the whole world 整個(gè) 世界
7 、along with 同……一道，伴隨…… eg : I will go along with you 我將和你一起去The students planted trees along with their teachers. 學(xué)生同老師們一起種樹(shù)。
8、 As soon as 一……就……
9 、as you can see 你是知道的
10、 ask for ……求助 向……要……(直接接想要的東西) eg: ask you for my book
11 、ask sb. for sth. 向某人什么12、 ask sb. to do sth. 詢問(wèn)某人某事ask sb. not to do sth. 叫某人不要做某事
13、 at the age of 在……歲時(shí)eg：I am sixteen. I am at the age of sixteen.14 、at the beginning of … ……的起初;……的開(kāi)始15、 at the end of +地點(diǎn)/+時(shí)間 最后;盡頭;末尾eg : At the end of the day16、 at this time of year 在每年的這個(gè)時(shí)候 補(bǔ)：at least 至少
17、 be /feel confident of sth. /that clause + 從句 感覺(jué)/對(duì)什么有信心，自信 eg: I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test
18 、be + doing 表：1 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 2 將來(lái)時(shí)
19 、be able to (+ v.原) = can (+ v.原) 能夠……eg: She is able to sing. She can sing. 補(bǔ)：base on 以……(為)根據(jù)
20、 be able to do sth. 能夠干什么 eg: She is able to sing.
21、 be afraid to do (of sth. 恐懼，害怕……eg: I'm afraed to go out at night. I'm afraid of dog.22 、be allowed to do 被允許做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV. 我被允許看電視。I should be allowed to watch TV. 我應(yīng)該被允許看電視。
23 、be angry with sb. 生某人的氣 eg: Don't be angry with me.
24、 be angry with (at) sb. for doing sth. 為什么而生某人的氣
25、 be as … 原級(jí) … as 和什么一樣 eg: She is as tall as me. 她和我一樣高。
26 、be ashamed to
27 、be away from 遠(yuǎn)離
28、 be away from 從……離開(kāi)
29 、be bad for 對(duì)什么有害eg: Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes. 在太陽(yáng)下看書(shū)對(duì)你的眼睛不好。30、 be born 出生于
31、 be busy doing sth. 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth. 忙于……
32、 be careful 當(dāng)心;小心 be close to … 離……很近
33、 be different from … 和……不一樣
34、 be famous for 以……著名
35 、be friendly to sb 對(duì)某人友好
36 、be from = come from 來(lái)自eg：He is from Bejing. He comes from Bejing.Is he from Bejing? Does he come from Bejing?37 、be full of 裝滿……的 be filled with 充滿eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water38 、be glad + to do/從句 做某事很高興
39 、be going to + v.(原) 打算，計(jì)劃，準(zhǔn)備……40 、be good at(+ doing) = do well in 在某方面善長(zhǎng), 善于……
41、 be good for 對(duì)什么有好處eg: Reading aloud is good for your English.42、 be happy to do 很高興做某事43、 be helpful to sb. 對(duì)某人有好處eg: Reading aloud is helpful to you. 大聲朗讀對(duì)你有好處。Exercising is helpful to your bady. 鍛煉對(duì)你的身體有好處。
44、 be in good health 身體健康
45、 be in trouble 處于困難中eg : She is in trouble They are in tronble
46、 be interested in 對(duì)某方面感興趣
47、 be late for = come late to 遲到 eg: Be late for class 上課遲到
48 、be like 像…… eg: I'm like my mother.
49 、be mad at 生某人的氣
50、 be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不見(jiàn)原材料) 補(bǔ)：be made in 在……生產(chǎn)或制造
51、 be made of 由……制成(制成以后還看得見(jiàn)原材料)52、 be not sure 表不確定
53、be on a visit to 參觀
54、 be popular with sb. 受某人歡迎 補(bǔ)：be please with 對(duì)…感到滿意
55、 be quiet 安靜
56、be short for 表……的縮寫(xiě) eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰
57、be sick in bed 生病在床
58、be sorry to do sth. be sorry for sb. eg: I am sorry for you.
59、 be sorry to hear that
60、be sorry to trouble sb.eg: I am sorry to trouble you.
61、be strict in doing sth. 嚴(yán)于做某事 eg: He's strict in obeying noles
62、be strict with sb. 對(duì)某人要求嚴(yán)格eg: Some students are not strict with them selves. 這些學(xué)生對(duì)自己不嚴(yán)格。
63、be strict with sb in sth. 某方面對(duì)某人嚴(yán)格
64、 be supposed to do 被要求干什么65、 be sure 表確定66、be sure of doing sth. 對(duì)做某事有信心eg: He is sure of winning I am sure of learning English well67、 be sure of sth. 對(duì)做某事有信心eg: I'm sure of my head (my teacher). 我相信我的大腦(老師)。
68、be sure that sth. 對(duì)做某事有信心eg: I'm suer that he can pass the test. 我相信他能通過(guò)考試。69、be sure to do sth. 一定會(huì)做某事eg: We are sure to pass the test. 我們一定會(huì)通過(guò)這次考試We are sure to learn English well. 我們一定能學(xué)好英語(yǔ)。
70、be terrified of + 名/動(dòng) doing 害怕……
71、 be terrified to do sth. 害怕做某事
72、be the same as … 和什么一樣
73、be used to doing sth. 習(xí)慣做某事 eg: My father is used to getting up early. 我爸爸習(xí)慣早起。He is used to sleeping in class. 他習(xí)慣上課睡覺(jué).He is used to working hard.He is used to hard work. 他習(xí)慣努力工作
74、be worth doing 值得做什么
75、be (feel) afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事be afraid of sth. 害怕某物be afraid that 叢句76、because + 句子 because of + 短語(yǔ)
eg: He was late because he had a headache.
He was late because of his headache.
77、begin to do = start to do 開(kāi)始做某事start … with … = begin … with … 以……開(kāi)始……eg: Let's begin the game with the song. I begin to go home.
78、between … and … 兩者之間
79、borrow sth. from sb. 向……借……
lend sth. to sb. lend sb. sth. 借給……什么東西
eg: I borrowed a pen from him. He lent a pen to me (he lent me a pen).
80、both = the same (as) = not different (from) 表相同
81 bother 打擾 bother sb. to do sth. 補(bǔ)：both … and … ……和……都
eg : I'm sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the station我十分道歉打擾你，但是你能告訴我怎么去車站。The problem has been bothering me for weeks. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題困擾了我?guī)讉€(gè)周了。
He's bothering me to lend him money.
82、by the end of 到……為止
83、call sb. sth. eg: We call him old wang.
84、care 關(guān)心
eg: Don't you care about this country's future? 你為什么不關(guān)心國(guó)家的未來(lái)。
85、catch up with sb. 趕上某人
86、chat with sb. 和某人閑談 take sb. to + 地點(diǎn) 帶某人去某地
87、come in 進(jìn)來(lái)
88、come over to 過(guò)來(lái)
89、come up with 提出 eg: Can you come up with a good idea? 你能想出一個(gè)好辦法嗎?
90、communicate with sb. 和某人交流
91、consider + doing 考慮做……eg: Why not consider going to lu zhou? 為什么不考慮去瀘州?
92 dance to 隨著……跳舞 eg: She likes dancing to the music. 她喜歡隨著音樂(lè)跳舞。
93、decide to do sth. 決定做某事
94、do a survey of 做某方面的調(diào)查
95、do better in 在……方面做得更好
補(bǔ)：do well in 在……方面干的好96、do wrong 做錯(cuò)補(bǔ)：droup off 放下(某物)97 Don't forget to do sth. 不要忘了做某事。98 Don't mind +doing /從句 /名詞. 不要介意……。99、each + 名(單)每一個(gè)……100、end up + doing
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