英語語法易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
英語語法易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
語法可以說是不少同學(xué)的心頭痛,今天小編就為大家整理了英語語法易錯(cuò)點(diǎn),內(nèi)容較長,小編在這里整理了相關(guān)資料,希望能幫助到您。
一、定語從句
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有that,which,who(賓格whom),所有格whose)和關(guān)系副詞 where when why 等,關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分,關(guān)系代詞that,which,who,whom等在從句中分別作主語或賓語,whose在從句中作定語,而關(guān)系副詞when,where,why等在從句中作狀語。 如:
①I will never forget the days when/in which we worked together.
?、贗 will never forget the days which/that we spent together.
解析:在句①中,表示時(shí)間的名詞the days在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)氖菭钫Z,所以用關(guān)系副詞when來代指,引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾先行詞the days;
而在句②中,表示時(shí)間的名詞the days在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)氖莿?dòng)詞spent的賓語,所以用關(guān)系代詞that或which來代指。
同樣,表示地點(diǎn)或原因的名詞如果在從句中作狀語,則用關(guān)系副詞where 或why來代指;如果在從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語,則用which或that來代替。 如:
?、賂his is the factory where/in which I worked.(作狀語)
②This is the factory that/which I visited years ago.(作賓語)
注:當(dāng)先行詞為time,reason, place時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞可以省略。如:
?、賂his was the first (when/what) I had serious trouble with my boss.
?、赥hat is the reason (why) I did it.
③This is the place (where) we met yesterday.
另外,定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞的數(shù)相一致。如:
?、費(fèi)r. Jackson is the only foreigner that is present at the party.
②He is one of the students who were praised by the teacher.
解析:在句①中,先行詞foreigner被only修飾,強(qiáng)調(diào)只有一個(gè),所以從句中謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式,而在句②中,who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞the students,為復(fù)數(shù),所以從句謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為復(fù)數(shù)。
二 名詞性從句中的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
(一)that引導(dǎo)的定語從句與同位語從句
定語從句與前面的的名詞是修飾與被修飾的關(guān)系,“……的名詞”,而同位語從句是用來說明前面名詞的內(nèi)容。與that從句同位的名詞必須是一些表示事實(shí)或概念的抽象名詞,如:
fact,news,belief,truth,reply等。
That在定語從句中必須作成分,可用which或who/whom代替,而that在同位語從句中不充當(dāng)任何句子成分,只起連接作用。如:
?、貯long with the letter was his promise that he would visit me this coming Christmas.
?、贒o you still remember the chicken farm that we visited three months ago.
解析:在句①中,that引導(dǎo)同位語從句解釋說明promise的內(nèi)容,that不充當(dāng)任何句子成分,只起連接作用,而在句②中,that在其引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作動(dòng)詞visited的賓語,對(duì)先行詞the chicken farm起修飾作用。
(二)名詞性從句中,關(guān)于it作形式主語和形式賓語的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
1) 名詞性從句作主語或賓語時(shí),為保持句子平衡,常用it作形式主語或形式賓語。如:
It’s a pity that he don’t come to give a speech.(形式主語)
We think it possible that you can finish the job today.(形式賓語)
2)謂語動(dòng)詞 appreciate, dislike, hate, like, love,
make等接由if或when 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句時(shí)往往在從句前加上形式賓語it. 例如:
I would appreciate it if you could come to my birthday party.
3)動(dòng)詞hare, take, hide, punish, put等,后接由that 引導(dǎo)的病因從句式,往往在從句前加形式賓語it. 例如:
?、?ensp;I take it that you will be leaving Shanghai soon.
?、?ensp;we punished it that we had finished the project ahead of time.
4)短語動(dòng)詞answer for, count on depend on, insist on,
see to等后接有that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句時(shí),必須冠以形式賓語it. 例如:① I’m counting on it that you will come. ② She’ll see to it that he goes ahead. 注:作形式主語和形式賓語時(shí)只能用it.
三、代詞it、one、that的用法與區(qū)別
One泛指,指代前面提到的那類人或物,用于指代可數(shù)名詞,相當(dāng)于a+名詞單數(shù),其復(fù)數(shù)形式ones前一般要有定語,否則就要用some.
That(those復(fù)數(shù))即可指代不可數(shù)名詞,表特指,相當(dāng)于the+名詞,后面經(jīng)常與介詞修飾語連用。 It指代上文出現(xiàn)的名詞,表示同類同物,另外還可表示時(shí)間、距離、天氣、還可指代人稱代詞,表示性別身份不明,可作形式主語,形式賓語,引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句式以及一些固定搭配,如:get it, catch it, make it.
例如:① I have lost my watch. I think I must buy one.我丟了只表,我想我必須再買一只。(代指上文指到的同類事物,但不指同一個(gè))
?、?ensp;Where is my pen? Have you seen it?
我的鋼筆不知弄到哪去了,你見了嗎?(代指上文提到的同一事物) ③ The land of China is larger than that of America.
?、?ensp;Tome has a red pen and a blue one (或two blue ones)
?、?ensp;He has no child, and he wants toadopt one (或 some)
四、虛擬語氣
I 虛擬語氣在if 引導(dǎo)的條件句中的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)。
?、?ensp;if my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.
?、?ensp;if you had studied hard at school, you would be a college student now.
句子①②都是虛擬語氣在條件句中的使用,從句中都是假設(shè)過去的情況,所以用過去完成時(shí),但在主句中,句①依然指代過去的情況,謂語動(dòng)詞是would have done,而②中含有一個(gè)表示現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間狀語now, 這樣就必須將其理解為假設(shè)現(xiàn)在的情況,所以謂語動(dòng)詞必須為would/should/might+動(dòng)詞原形,學(xué)生在這一點(diǎn)上經(jīng)常會(huì)忽略now的存在,從而按句①的形式填寫答案。
?、蛱摂M語氣在名詞性從句中的用法
1.在it is important (strange, natural, necessary……)+that 句子或者It is decided (ordered,suggested, demanded, advised……)+that句子中,主語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞常用(should)+動(dòng)詞原形結(jié)構(gòu),表示某事“重要”、“必要”、“被決定”等
例如:① it is important that everyone (should ) obey the rules all day and all night.
② it is decided that the meeting (should) be held tomorrow afternoon.
2. suggest, insist 后面指賓語從句時(shí)需注意的地方
1)①suggest 當(dāng)“建議”“提出”講時(shí),其后賓語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞常用“should+動(dòng)詞原形” 例如:He suggested that the work (should) be started at once 他建議立即動(dòng)工。
類似的動(dòng)詞還有insist堅(jiān)持,demand要求,desire要求、請(qǐng)求,request請(qǐng)求,require要求、需要,order命令,propose建議,command命令,ask要求,advise建議,prefer寧愿等。 這些動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)語態(tài)(如:It is suggested + that主語從句)形式后,主語從句謂語動(dòng)詞仍用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形” 這些動(dòng)詞變名詞(如suggestion)后,其后的表語從句和同位語從句中的謂語部分仍用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”
?、趕uggest 當(dāng)“提出(某看法),暗示,啟發(fā)”講時(shí),其后賓語從句的動(dòng)詞不用虛擬語氣。 例如:(1)The police suggested that the thief might be one of the family member
警察局提出竊賊可能是一名家庭成員。
(2)Her yawns suggests that she is sleepy. 她打哈欠表明她困了。
(3)Although he didn’t suggest that we __ the decision to swim across the river, but his look suggested that our decision __wrong.雖然他沒提出我們應(yīng)該終止游過這條河的決定,但他的表情表明我們的決定是錯(cuò)誤的。
A:stop; wasB: should stop; be
C: stopped ;wasD: stopped; should be
在這個(gè)句子中,前一個(gè)suggest當(dāng)“建議”“提出”講,而后一個(gè)作“表明”講,所以答案為“A”
2)①insist作“堅(jiān)決要求…該…;堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為…定要…”講時(shí),其后賓語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”
例如:I insisted that you (should) be there on time.我堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為你應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)時(shí)到那里去
?、趇nsist 作“堅(jiān)持(意見,看法);堅(jiān)持說,確信”講時(shí),其后從句不用虛擬語氣。
例如:He suggested (that) he heard someone in the next room. 他堅(jiān)持說他聽到隔壁屋子里有人。
五.反意疑問句中的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
1.在一般疑問句中,無論肯定的問或是否定的問,如果回答為肯定則用yes,反之則用no.特別注意如果出現(xiàn)省略則看下文所暗示的意義。
?、?mdash;Are you a new comer?
—Yes, I came here only yesterday.
②—Isn’t Tom a good student?
—Yes, he is excellent.
?、?mdash;Don’t you think the composition good?
—No, It can’t be any worse.
注意:在②③句中,當(dāng)回答的意思與問句相一致時(shí),則用No,譯為“是的”,當(dāng)回答的意思與問句相反時(shí),則用Yes,譯為“不”
2.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must
① I must leave now, mustn’t I ?
?、?ensp;He must be in the classroom, isn’t ?(表推測(cè))
?、?ensp;He must have finished his homework, hasn’t he ? (表現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果)
?、?ensp;He must have finished his homework yesterday afternoon,didn’t he? (表過去)
當(dāng)句子中有表示猜測(cè)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),其反意疑問句的構(gòu)成不能再用原句中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,而應(yīng)根據(jù)原句在去掉情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的情況下的主謂關(guān)系來確定其反問形式。
六、非謂語動(dòng)詞中的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
非謂語與其邏輯主語(即動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或承受者)之間有三種關(guān)系,如為主謂關(guān)系,則用現(xiàn)在分詞或不定式的主動(dòng)式;如為被動(dòng)關(guān)系則用過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行)或不定式的被動(dòng)式(動(dòng)作將進(jìn)行);如既無主動(dòng)也無被動(dòng)關(guān)系則只能用狀語從句或獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)(即非謂語加上自己的邏輯主語)
Judging/considering/genrally speaking/supposing 指說話者的動(dòng)作,故只用主動(dòng)式。如:
Having been ill in bed for nearly a month , he had a hard time passing the exam.
解析:從這個(gè)句子可以看出,句詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語he一致,并且是主謂關(guān)系,所以用了現(xiàn)在的分詞作狀語,同時(shí),分詞的動(dòng)作明顯地發(fā)生在句子的謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前,故采用了現(xiàn)代分詞的完成式。
In order to improve English , ________.
A. Jenny’s father bought her a lot of tapes.
B. Jenny’s father bought a lot of tapes for herself.
C. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny.
D. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny father.
解析:根據(jù)不定式短語我們可以推知,句子的邏輯主語應(yīng)該是人而不是物,所以,應(yīng)該排除CD,再就是應(yīng)該是Jenny提高自己的英語,而不是她爸爸,故答案先B.
———,we decided to go out for a walk.
A. It is fine B. It fine
C. Being fine D.It being fine
解析:主句主語we與動(dòng)詞短語be fine之間既無主動(dòng)關(guān)系與無被動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以要加上自己的邏輯主語It,由于不存在主、被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故不能選C項(xiàng),而應(yīng)該選D 項(xiàng)。
————more attention, the trees could have grown better. A. Given B.To give C.Giving D. Having giving
解析:give與主句的主語之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故選A.如為主動(dòng)關(guān)系則選C.
英語16種時(shí)態(tài)用法詳解
1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) (do/does; is/am/are)
?、?表示現(xiàn)在的情況、狀態(tài)或特征。
例:He is a student.
他是一個(gè)學(xué)生。
?、?表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。
例:He always helps others.
他總是幫助別人。
?、?客觀事實(shí)和普遍真理。
例:The earth moves the sun.
地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。
?、?表示一個(gè)按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
僅限于某些表示“來、去、動(dòng) 、停、開始、結(jié)束、繼續(xù)”等的動(dòng)詞,可以與表示未來時(shí)間的狀語搭配使用 。
常見的用法是:飛機(jī)、火車、輪船、汽車等定期定點(diǎn)運(yùn)行的交通方式。
例:The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.
下一趟火車今天下午3點(diǎn)開車。
?、?在時(shí)間、條件和讓步狀語從句中經(jīng)常用一般現(xiàn)在(有時(shí)也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))表示將的來事情。(即:主將從現(xiàn)原則)
例:I will call you as soon as I arrive at the airport.
我一到機(jī)場(chǎng)就會(huì)給你打電話。
When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.
等你完成這份報(bào)告的時(shí)候,我就已經(jīng)等了將近3個(gè)小時(shí)了。
2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(am/is/are doing)
?、?表示此時(shí)此刻正在發(fā)生的事情。
例:He is listning to the music now.
他現(xiàn)在正在聽音樂。
② 表示目前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直在做的事情,但不一定此時(shí)此刻正在做。
例:I am studying computer this term.
這個(gè)學(xué)期我一直在學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)算機(jī)。
③ 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來的含義。
a. 瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行一定表將來。
例: I am leaving.
我要離開了。
b. 持續(xù)動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行只有有將來的時(shí)間狀語或有將來語境中才表將來。
例: I am travelling next month.
下個(gè)月我要去旅行。
?、?現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與頻度副詞連用,表示說話者或褒義或貶義的感情色彩。
例: He is always helping others.
他總是幫助別人。(褒義)
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have/has done)
?、?表示動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成或剛剛完成,強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響。
例:I bought a new house, but I haven't sold my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.
我買了一所新房子,但是還沒有賣掉舊的,所以現(xiàn)在我又兩所房子。
② 表示從過去某時(shí)刻開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或情況,并且有可能會(huì)繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。此時(shí)經(jīng)常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。
時(shí)間狀語常用since加一個(gè)過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn),或for加一段時(shí)間,或by加一個(gè)現(xiàn)在時(shí)間。
例:Great as Newton was, many of his ideas have been challenged today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.
雖然牛頓是個(gè)偉大的人物,但他的許多見解直到今天還在受到挑戰(zhàn),并且被現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家的工作所修正
4. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(have/has been doing)
表示某一動(dòng)作開始于過去某一時(shí)間,延續(xù)或重復(fù)地出現(xiàn)至今,或?qū)⒗^續(xù)延續(xù)至將來。
例:We have been working on this project for over a month now.
到目前為止,我們一直在處理那個(gè)項(xiàng)目,已經(jīng)花了一個(gè)多月時(shí)間了。
5. 一般過去時(shí) (did; was/were)
?、?表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。
例:I bought some fruits yesterday.
我昨天買了一些水果。
② 表示過去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。
例:When I was a boy,I often swam in that river.
would/used to do:表示過去常常......
例:The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.
老人過去常常坐在寧靜的公園里的一條長椅上,看著其他的人,一坐就是數(shù)個(gè)小時(shí),什么也不干,也不和任何人交談。
He used to visit his mother once a week.
他以前總是每周看望一次他的母親。
6. 過去完成時(shí)(had done)
表示在過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài)。就是我們常說的"過去的過去"。
Until then, his family hadn't heard from him for six months.
到那時(shí)為止,他家里已經(jīng)有六個(gè)月沒得到他的消息了。
7. 過去將來時(shí)(would do)
表示從過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的事。
例:I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.
我星期四說我將于第二天拜訪我的朋友。
8. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/ were doing)
?、?表示在過去具體的時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
例:Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.
10分鐘前,瑪麗正在聽輕音樂。
?、?表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間段內(nèi)一直在發(fā)生的事情。
例:I was travelling in London last summer vacation.
去年暑假我在倫敦旅行。
?、?過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示過去將來的含義。
a. 瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)一定表示過去將來的含義。
例:Then she said she was leaving.
然后她說她要離開了。
b. 持續(xù)動(dòng)詞的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)只有在有過去將來的時(shí)間狀語或過去將來的語境下才能表示過去將來。
例:She said that she was travelling the next day.
她說她第二天要去旅行。
?、?過去進(jìn)行時(shí)和頻度副詞連用可以表示說話者或褒義或貶義的感情色彩。
9. 一般將來時(shí)
(1)will do
① 表示主語主觀意愿的將來。
例:I will send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.
我將送給她一個(gè)玻璃的手工制品,作為給她的生日禮物。
② 表示客觀將來。
例:Fish will die without water.
離開水,魚會(huì)死。
?、?表示臨時(shí)決定。
例:——Mary has been ill for a week.
——Oh,I didn't know. I will go and see her.
(2)am/is/are going to do
?、?表示計(jì)劃、打算做某事。
例:This is just what I am going to say.
這正是我想說的。
?、?表示根據(jù)某種跡象看,很可能或即將發(fā)生的事情,表推測(cè)。
例:Look at the dark clouds in the sky. It's going to rain.
看天上的烏云,要下雨了。
(3)am/is/are about to do
表示“即將、正要”時(shí),可用。強(qiáng)調(diào)近期內(nèi)或馬上要做的事。
例:Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.
別擔(dān)心,我馬上就給你做一次仔細(xì)的檢查。
(4)be to do
① 表示“按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生某事或打算做某事”。
例:She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.
星期一你準(zhǔn)會(huì)在實(shí)驗(yàn)室見到她。
② 該做或不該做的事情(語氣上接近于should, must, ought to, have to),表示一種命令、規(guī)勸性語氣。
例:You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.
孩子們,你們必須 上床睡覺,不準(zhǔn)吵鬧。我們的客人5分鐘之內(nèi)就要到了。
10. 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)(will be doing)
表示在將來的某個(gè)具體時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事情。
例:Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.
別擔(dān)心,你不會(huì)認(rèn)不出她的。她到時(shí)會(huì)穿一件紅色的T恤衫和一條白色的短裙。
11. 將來完成時(shí)(will have done)
表示從將來的某一時(shí)間開始、延續(xù)到另一個(gè)將來時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),或是在某個(gè)將來時(shí)間完成,但對(duì)其后的另一個(gè)將來時(shí)間有影響的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。就好象把現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)平移到時(shí)間軸的將來時(shí)時(shí)段一樣。
例:The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends.
會(huì)議從開始到結(jié)束將持續(xù)整整一個(gè)星期。
12. 將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí):(will have been doing)
表示動(dòng)作從某一時(shí)間開始一直延續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)間,是否繼續(xù)下去,應(yīng)視上下文而定。
例:By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years.
到下個(gè)月底為止,這項(xiàng)工程就已經(jīng)不停地進(jìn)行了3年了。
13. 過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí):had been doing
表示某一動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到過去某一時(shí)間,是否繼續(xù)下去,應(yīng)視上下文而定。
例:The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.
我回到家之前,我10歲大的兒子已經(jīng)把這個(gè)舊鐘表拆卸并重新組裝了好幾回了。
14. 過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí):( would be doing )
表示就過去某一時(shí)間而言,將來某一時(shí)間或時(shí)間段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,主要用于從句中。
例:The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.
政府承諾說第二年7月將有一條新的高速公路正在修建。
15. 過去將來完成時(shí):(would have done)
表示就過去某一時(shí)間而言,將來某一時(shí)間之前所完成的動(dòng)作。常用在虛擬語氣中,表示與過去事實(shí)相反。
例:I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.
我堅(jiān)信到那年年底為止,那個(gè)軟件的新版本將被開發(fā)出來。但是我錯(cuò)了。
16. 過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí):(would have been doing)
表示就過去某一時(shí)間而言,將來某一時(shí)刻之前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,是否繼續(xù)下去,應(yīng)視上下文而定。
例:They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years.
他們說到第二個(gè)月底為止,這項(xiàng)工程就已經(jīng)不停地進(jìn)行了3年了。
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