英語必修四語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)
英語必修四語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)
語言是文化交流的一種重要交際工具。語言的系統(tǒng)性反映了它具有極強(qiáng)的規(guī)則性,因此,英語語法學(xué)習(xí)是英語語法教學(xué)的重要組成部分,下面學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給你分享英語必修四語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)，歡迎閱讀。
英語必修四語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)一 主謂一致
主謂一致(Subject- Verb Agreement)，指”人稱”和”數(shù)方面的一致關(guān)系.如: He is going abroad.
They are playing football.
可分為:語法一致, 內(nèi)容一致, 就近一致.
(一) 語法一致原則: 即主語為單數(shù),謂語用單數(shù),主語為復(fù)數(shù),謂語也用復(fù)數(shù). 以下為注意事項(xiàng):
1. 單數(shù)主語即使后面帶有with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引導(dǎo)的短語, 謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù).
如: Air as well as water is matter. 空氣和水都是物質(zhì).
No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了兩個(gè)仆人外, 沒有一個(gè)人遲來用餐。
2. 用and連接的并列主語,如果主語是同一個(gè)人,同一事,同一概念, 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù), 否則用復(fù)數(shù). 如:
The poet and writer has come.那位詩人兼作家來了.(一個(gè)人)
A hammer and a saw are useful tools.錘子和鋸都是有用的工具. (兩樣物)
用and連接的成對名詞習(xí)慣上被看成是一個(gè)整體, 如:bread and butter(黃油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
3. 不定式(短語), 動(dòng)名詞(短語), 或從句作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù). 如: Serving the people is my great happiness.
為人民服務(wù)是我最大的幸福.
When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.
我們什么時(shí)候出去郊游已決定了。
4. 用連接的并列主語被each, every 或no修飾時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).
Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每個(gè)男孩和每個(gè)女孩都喜歡去游泳.
No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 沒有老師也沒有學(xué)生開會(huì)缺席.
Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每個(gè)男人和每個(gè)女人都被請去幫忙。
5. each of + 復(fù)數(shù)代詞, 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù). 復(fù)數(shù)代詞+each, 謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).如: Each of us has something to say. 我們每個(gè)人都有話要說。
6. 若主語中有more than one 或many a/an , 盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù), 但它的謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。 但more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one做主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞仍用復(fù)數(shù). 如: Many a boy likes playing basketball. 許多男生都喜歡打籃球.
More than one student was late. 不只一個(gè)學(xué)生遲到
More persons than one come to help us. 不止一個(gè)人來幫助我們。
7. none 做主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù), 也可用復(fù)數(shù); 但在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù),因而謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù). 如:
None of us are (is) perfect. 人無完人。
None of this worries me. 這事一點(diǎn)不使我著急。
8. 名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù). 如:
His clothes are good. 但這些名詞前若出現(xiàn) a pair of , 謂語一般用單數(shù).如:
A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼鏡。
9. 形復(fù)意單名詞如:news ; 以ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱如: physics, mathematics, economics; 國名如: the United States; 報(bào)紙名如: the New Times; 書名如: Arabian Nights <天方夜談>; 以及The United Nations<聯(lián)合國> 等作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
10. “a +名詞+and a half “, “one and a half + 名詞”, “the number of + 名詞” 等作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù). 如:
Only one and a half apples is left on the table.
注意: one or two + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語, 謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式, 如:
One or two places have been visited. 參觀了一兩個(gè)地點(diǎn)。
(二) 內(nèi)容一致原則:
1.主語中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”做主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于連用的名詞.如:
The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行車， 今天出售。
60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 這個(gè)蘋果的60%都被這個(gè)小男孩吃了。 Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的蘋果都是爛的。
Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 這個(gè)蘋果的大部分被老鼠吃了。
2. 不定數(shù)量的詞組, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于量詞后面名詞的數(shù).如:
A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科書已運(yùn)到。
A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 這個(gè)蘋果的一部分被豬吃光了。
3. 加減乘除用單數(shù).如:
Fifteen minus five is ten . 15減去5等于10。
4. 表示時(shí)間, 金錢, 距離, 度量等的名詞做主語時(shí), 盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式, 它們作為一個(gè)單一的概念時(shí), 其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如:
Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一個(gè)相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x。
5. (1) 通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞. 包括police , people, cattle 等, 這些集體名詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù).如:
The British police have only very limited powers.
(2) 通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞. 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.
(3) 可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞. 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:
The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委員會(huì)決定解雇他。
6. the +形容詞/過去分詞形式”表示一類人或事物, 作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).如: The injured were saved after the fire.
(三) 就近原則
1. 由here, there, where 等引導(dǎo)的倒裝句中, (有時(shí)主語不止一個(gè)時(shí))謂語動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語在數(shù)上一致.如:
2. 用連詞or, either.... or, neither….nor, not only….but also 等連接的并列主語, 謂語動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語在數(shù)上一致。
注意: one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句中, 定語從句的動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)。The only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ who/that./which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，定語從句的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為單數(shù)。
英語必修四語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)二 v-ing 的用法
定義：動(dòng)名詞是動(dòng)詞的一種非限定形式，兼有動(dòng)詞和名詞的特征，它可以帶賓語，也能被狀語修飾。動(dòng)名詞接賓語或狀語構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語。動(dòng)名詞有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。
基本形式：由動(dòng)詞原形家詞尾-ing構(gòu)成，與現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同。動(dòng)名詞已經(jīng)名詞化了，而現(xiàn)在分詞常表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：a sleeping chair 躺/睡椅(動(dòng)名詞，表用途) a sleeping child 正在睡覺的孩子(現(xiàn)在分詞，表狀態(tài))
一、動(dòng)名詞的句法功能
動(dòng)名詞具有名詞的性質(zhì)，因此在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語等。
1、 作主語
1) 直接位于句首做主語。
Reading is an art. 讀書是一種藝術(shù)。
Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山真是有趣。
Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffering. 在這種工作條件下工作不是一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。
注意：動(dòng)名詞做主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)
2)用 it 作形式主語，把動(dòng)名詞(真實(shí)主語)置于句尾作后置主語。
It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 覆水難收
It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 勸說這樣的人加入真是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上這種擁擠的車真難。
It is fun playing with children. 和孩子們一起玩真好。
這種用法在習(xí)慣句型中常用，常用句型：
It is + no use/no good/useless/senseless/fun/enjoyable/tiring/interesting/foolish/nice/a waste of time/a plessure… + v.ing
注意：important，essential，necessary 等形容詞后面不用動(dòng)名詞(常用不定式)。
3) 用于“There be”結(jié)構(gòu)中。
There is no saying when he'll come.很難說他何時(shí)回來。
There is no joking about such matters. 對這種事情不是開玩笑。
There is no holding back the wheel of history. 歷史的車輪不可阻擋。
常用句型：There is no + v.ing = It is impossible to do …
注意：在“There be”句型中，只能用動(dòng)名詞，而不能用不定式作主語。
4) 用于布告形式的省略結(jié)構(gòu)中。
No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). 禁止吸煙。
No parking. 禁止停車。
5) 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語
當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞有自己的邏輯主語時(shí)，?？梢栽谇懊婕由弦粋€(gè)物主代詞或名詞所有格，構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)也可以在句中作主語。例如： Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. 他們前來幫忙對我們來說是極大的鼓舞。
Lao Li’s going there won’t be of much help. 老李去不會(huì)有多大幫助。
2、作賓語
(1)作動(dòng)詞的賓語
*某些動(dòng)詞后出現(xiàn)非限定性動(dòng)詞時(shí)只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語，不能用不定式。常見的此類動(dòng)詞有：advise, suggest, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, delay, practise, resist, postpone(推遲)，deny(否認(rèn)), appreciate (欣賞，感激), escape, excuse, pardon, can’t stand, put off, give up等。如：
Would you mind opening the window?吧窗戶打開好嗎?
She suggested going to the Great Wall for the spring outing. 她建議去長城春游。 Seeing the picture, he couldn’t help laughing. 看了這幅畫，他禁不住大笑起來。 Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations. 每當(dāng)馬克違反交通規(guī)則時(shí)，他常常企圖逃避罰款的處分。
*在下面這種結(jié)構(gòu)中也可以用動(dòng)名詞(短語)做賓語：find/think/consider… + it(形式賓語) + no use/no good/useless… + v.ing(真正賓語).
I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海灘上走真是樂事。
Do you consider it any good trying again? 你認(rèn)為再試一次有好處嗎?
*形容詞worth后也可接動(dòng)名詞，作為復(fù)合謂語的賓語。
The music is well worth listening to more than once. 這種曲子很值得多聽幾遍。
(2)作介詞的賓語
*能接動(dòng)名詞的短語有：think of/about, dream of/about, hear of, prevent/keep/stop…from…, depend on, set about, succeed (in), worry about, burst out, insist on, be/get used to, devote…to…, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to, be good at, do well in, be fond of, be interested in, be tired of, be afraid of, spend…(in), feel like, prefer…to…, instead of, in case of等等。
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我們正考慮為下學(xué)期制定新的計(jì)劃。
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我們休息呢還是開始干活? Ann has been looking forward to coming to China for a long time. 安好久以來就盼望著來中國。
*在下面的結(jié)構(gòu)中，介詞in?？墒÷裕?/p>
(1)S + have + trouble/difficulty/problems/fun/a struggle/ a good time/a hard time + (in) +v.ing
(2)S + speng time/money + (in) +V.ing
(3)S + be busy + (in) +V.ing
(4)S + lose no time + (in) +V.ing (立即… …)
We are busy (in) preparing for the coming sports meet. 我們正為馬上到來的運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)忙著做準(zhǔn)備。
Do you have any difficulty (in) understanding spoken English? 要聽懂英語口語你有困難嗎?
3、作表語
動(dòng)名詞作表語時(shí)句子主語常是表示無生命的事物的名詞或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。表語動(dòng)名詞與主語通常是對等的關(guān)系，表示主語的內(nèi)容，主語、表語可互換位置。
Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任務(wù)就是擦窗戶。(Cleaning the windows is your task.)
What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被別人嘲笑。 (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)
4、作定語
動(dòng)名詞作定語往往表示被修飾詞的某種用途。如：
a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading
sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping
二、動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
帶有邏輯主語的動(dòng)名詞稱為動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時(shí)，要在動(dòng)名詞之前加上物主代詞或名詞所有格，這便構(gòu)成了動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。其中物主代詞(名詞所有格)是邏輯上的主語，動(dòng)名詞是邏輯上的謂語。動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語、賓語、表語等，分別相當(dāng)于一個(gè)主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句。如：
Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 他來幫忙鼓舞了我們所有人。 (=That she came to help encouraged all of us.)
Jane’s being careless caused so much trouble. 簡的粗心惹來了不少麻煩。 (=That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.)
What’s troubling them is their not having enough food. 煩擾他們的是食物不足。 (=What’s troubling them is that they have not enough food.)
在口語中，如果動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語，其中的物主代詞常用人稱代詞賓格，名詞所有格常用名詞普通格來代替，但在句首作主語時(shí)不能這樣來代替。如： Would you mind my/me using your computer? 用下你的電腦介意嗎?
The father insisted on his son’s/his son going to college. 爸爸堅(jiān)決要求兒子上大學(xué)。 Mary’s (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset. 瑪麗病了，使她媽媽很著急。
His (不可用Him)smoking made his family angry. 他抽煙使他一家人非常生氣。 例：I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon.
A.you to call B.you call C.you calling D.you’re calling
(Key：C;換成your calling也對)
在下列情況下動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語必須用名詞的普通格或人稱代詞賓語： a.無命名詞
The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 這個(gè)嬰兒被猛烈的關(guān)門聲吵醒。
b. 有生命名詞但表示泛指意義
Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你聽說過婦女練拳擊嗎? c. 兩個(gè)以上的有生命名詞并列
Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 你記得你父母和我都告訴過你這事嗎?
三、動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)如下：
主動(dòng)語態(tài)、 被動(dòng)語態(tài)、
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
(一)時(shí)態(tài)
1、動(dòng)名詞一般式：表示的動(dòng)作通常是一般性動(dòng)作，即不是明確地發(fā)生在過去、現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼膭?dòng)作，或是與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 I hate talking with such people. 我討厭與這樣的人說話。
Being careless is not a good habit. 粗心不是一個(gè)好習(xí)慣。
2、動(dòng)名詞的完成式：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前。
I don’t remember having met him before. 我記不得以前見過他。
Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help. 謝謝你費(fèi)力幫忙。
He denied having taken any money from the cash register. 他否認(rèn)從現(xiàn)金出納機(jī)里拿了錢。
(二)語態(tài)
動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語同時(shí)也是動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的承受者，動(dòng)名詞用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
(1)它的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或在其后發(fā)生。如： I don’t like being laughed at in public. 在公共場合下，我不喜歡被別人嘲笑。 He came in without being asked. 沒有誰請他進(jìn)來他自己進(jìn)來了。
(2)它的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前。如：
I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 我很高興你能獲得這樣的獎(jiǎng)牌。
(3)在某些動(dòng)詞，我們常用動(dòng)名詞的一般式表示完成式，盡管動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前，這似乎是一種強(qiáng)大的習(xí)慣。如：
Excuse me for being late. 我來晚了請你原諒。
I don’t remember ever meeting somewhere. 我記不得原來在什么地方見過。 Thank you for giving us so much help. 謝謝給我們這么大的幫助。
(4)在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子顯得累贅，尤其是在口語中。如：
I forget once being taken (having been taken ) to the city zoo. 我曾被帶到過這個(gè)動(dòng)物園，可我忘了。
四、動(dòng)名詞的否定式：not + V.ing
I regret not being able to help you. 我很抱歉不能幫助你。
I apologize for not having waited for you. 沒有等你，我向你表示歉意。
五、動(dòng)名詞與動(dòng)詞不定式的區(qū)別：
1. 作主語或表語時(shí)：
動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞都可以用作主語，在意義上相近，但動(dòng)名詞多用來表示泛指的抽象的動(dòng)作或經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作;不定式多用來表示特指或具體的動(dòng)作，特別是將來的動(dòng)作。比較：
Smoking is not good for health.
It is not good for you to smoke so much.
My job is teaching English.
Our task now is to increase food production. 我們現(xiàn)在的任務(wù)是增加糧食產(chǎn)量。
2. 在like, hate, prefer等動(dòng)詞后：
如果表示一般傾向，多用動(dòng)名詞做賓語;如指特定的或具體的某次行為，用不定式更多一些。
I like reading books in my spare time.
I like to read that book.
They prefer walking to cycling.
He prefers to stay at home today.
3. 有些動(dòng)詞后即可用動(dòng)名詞也可以不定式做賓語(如like, love, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, want, need, stop, remember, forget, try, attempt等)。 有時(shí)區(qū)別不大，如：
Let’s continue working/to work.
When did you begin learning/to learn English?
但有時(shí)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)之間含義不同，如remember, forget, regret, try, stop, mean, go on等。
He tried speaking English to us. 他試著用英語和我們講話。
Please try to do it better next time. 下次請?jiān)O(shè)法做得更好些。
This means setting out at once. 這意味著立即出發(fā)。
He really meant to come. 他確實(shí)打算來的。
4. 在表示“需要”意思的want, need, require, deserve等動(dòng)詞后：當(dāng)主語表事物時(shí)，其后既可用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式也可用不定式的被動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)含義。
My watch needs repairing/to be repaired.
The house wants cleaning/to be cleaned.
The way deserves mentioning/to be mentioned.
These young trees will require looking after/to be looked after carefully.
5. 在allow, permit, advise, recommend, consider, forbid等詞后，常用動(dòng)名詞做賓語，用不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語。
We don’t allow smoking here.
Her mother doesn’t allow her to stay up late.
注意：
Seeing is believing. / To see is to believe. 眼見為實(shí)。
六、動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的區(qū)別
1､動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用于系動(dòng)詞之后作表語,區(qū)別方法是:
?、僮鞅碚Z的動(dòng)名詞與主語指的是同一件事, 此時(shí)系動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于“是”, 通常把主語和表語的位置互換,語法和意思不變, 例如:
My hobby is swimming.可改為Swimming is my hobby.(可將原句中的主語與表語位置互換)
②現(xiàn)在分詞作表語主要用以說明主語的性質(zhì), 不能與主語互換位置, 但可加very, quite等副詞修飾，例如:
The story is (very) interesting. ( 不可改為:Interesting is the story )
③動(dòng)名詞作表語時(shí)，不可與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)相混淆，如：
Her job is washing clothes. (動(dòng)名詞做表語)
She is washing clothes now. (現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí))
2､動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用作定語來修飾名詞,兩者的區(qū)別在于:
動(dòng)名詞修飾名詞時(shí)主要表示該名詞的用途,而現(xiàn)在分詞修飾名詞時(shí)性質(zhì)､狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作等｡試比較: a swimming boy和a swimming suit
前者的意思是“一個(gè)正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming ,現(xiàn)在分詞swimming 表示被修飾名詞boy的動(dòng)作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming , 動(dòng)名詞swimming表示suit 的用途｡
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