高中英語名詞性從句的知識點(diǎn)分析(2)
高中英語名詞性從句的知識點(diǎn)分析
高中英語的直接引語和間接引語的知識點(diǎn)
一. 直接引語和間接引語
(一)直接引述別人的原話,叫做直接引語;用自己話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話,叫做間接引語。間接引語一般構(gòu)成賓語從句。直接引語必須放在引號內(nèi),間接引語則不用引號。直接引語改為間接引語時,除將引語部分變成賓語從句外,還必須對直接引語中的人稱、時態(tài)、指示代詞、時間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語等進(jìn)行改變。
1. 時態(tài)的變化:直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時,通常受轉(zhuǎn)述動詞said, asked等的影響而使用過去化的時態(tài),即把原來的時態(tài)向過去推,也就是一般現(xiàn)在時變?yōu)橐话氵^去時,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時變?yōu)檫^去進(jìn)行時,等等。例如:
Tom said to me,“My brother is doing his homework.”
→Tom said to me that his brother was doing his homework.
2. 人稱代詞、指示代詞、時間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語等等的變化: 根據(jù)意義進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的變化,例如:
She asked Jack,“Where have you been?”
→She asked Jack where he had been.
He said,“These books are mine.”
→He said that those books were his.
(二)直接引語改為間接引語時,都使用陳述語序,但是因?yàn)樵涞木涫讲煌?,所以變成間接引語時所用的連詞會有所不同。直接引語如果是一般疑問句,用連接詞whether或if;如果是特殊疑問句,則用疑問詞引導(dǎo)間接引語。轉(zhuǎn)述的動詞一般用asked,可以在其后加上一個間接賓語me, him, her, us等。如:
She said,“Is your father at home?”
→She asked me if/whether my father was at home.
“What do you do every Sunday?”My friend asked me.
→My friend asked me what I did every Sunday.
直接引語如果是祈使句,改為間接引語時,要將祈使句的動詞原形變?yōu)閹o的不定式,并在不定式的前面根據(jù)原句的語氣(即請求或命令)加上ask, tell, order等動詞,如果祈使句為否定式,則在不定式前加not。其句型為:ask / tell / order someone (not) to do something. 例如:
She said to us,“Please sit down.”
→She asked us to sit down.
He said to him,“Go away!”
→He ordered him to go away.
He said, “Don’t make so much noise, boys.”
→He told the boys not to make so much noise.
二. 各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)
被動語態(tài)概述
被動語態(tài)的概念:它是動詞的一種形式,表示主語與謂語之間的執(zhí)行或被執(zhí)行關(guān)系。主動語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動作的執(zhí)行者,例如:They saw the little boy crying by the river. 被動語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動作的承受者,例如:The little boy was seen crying by the river.
被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動語態(tài)的形式是由“助動詞be+動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動詞be隨著主語的人稱、數(shù)、時態(tài)等的不同而變化。幾種常見時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形式如下:
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時 am/is/are + 過去分詞
例如:Rice is planted in the south of China.
2. 一般過去時 was/were + 過去分詞
例如:These trees were planted the year before last.
3. 一般將來時 will/shall + be + 過去分詞
例如:A sports meeting will be held next week in our school.
4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 am/is/are + being + 過去分詞
例如:Your radio is being repaired now.
5. 過去進(jìn)行時 was/were + being + 過去分詞
When he got there, the problem was being discussed.
6. 現(xiàn)在完成時 have/has + been + 過去分詞
His work has been finished.
Has his work been finished? Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t.
7. 過去完成時 had + been + 過去分詞
注意:
1.除了be之外的其它系動詞如get, stay等也可以和過去分詞構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。例如:Their questions haven’t got answered.
2. 含有情態(tài)動詞的謂語變成被動語態(tài)使用“情態(tài)動詞+ be + 過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
More attention should be paid to the old in this country.
This work can’t be done until Mr. Black comes.
3. 含有“be going to”, “be to”等結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語,其被動語態(tài)分別用“be going to + be + 過去分詞”和“be to + be + 過去分詞”。例如:
The problem is going to be discussed at the next meeting.
All these books are to be taken to the library.
4. 被動語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別:“連系動詞+用作表語的過去分詞”構(gòu)成的系表結(jié)構(gòu),與被動語態(tài)的形式完全一樣,所以應(yīng)注意它們的區(qū)別。被動語態(tài)中的過去分詞是動詞,多強(qiáng)調(diào)動作;系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞,多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)。前者通常可用by 引出動作的執(zhí)行者,而后者則不可以。例如:
The map was changed by someone.(被動結(jié)構(gòu))
That custom remained unchanged for many centuries.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞通??杀籿ery修飾,被動語態(tài)中的過去分詞往往要用much修飾。
例如:
He was very excited.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
He was much excited by her words.(被動結(jié)構(gòu))
5. 主動形式表被動意義。有些動詞的主動形式有被動意味,如 open, read, sell, shut, wash, wear, write等。此時句子的主語一般是物。例如:
These books sell well. 這些書很暢銷。
The door won’t shut. 這門關(guān)不上。
The clothes wash well. 這些衣服很好洗。
猜你感興趣: