托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間如何拿高分
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作最考察學(xué)生們的語(yǔ)言輸出能力。在托?？荚嚠?dāng)中，我們應(yīng)該如何分配獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作的時(shí)間？下面就是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理的托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作時(shí)間分配建議，希望對(duì)你有用!
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作時(shí)間分配建議
小作文(綜合寫(xiě)作)20min，150～225words;大作文(獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作)30min，30words以上。
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作得分兩大法寶
1. 同義詞替換和簡(jiǎn)單詞的高級(jí)使用技巧
首先從同義詞替換開(kāi)始說(shuō)起。這牽扯到我們平時(shí)背單詞時(shí)，是不是像連成線(xiàn)一樣記憶還是僅僅把單詞像小孤山一樣全都割裂開(kāi)來(lái)。我們常說(shuō)聯(lián)想記憶，便是此處用法之一。比如考到一些年輕人追求名牌，生活很奢侈的時(shí)候，我們要表達(dá)“奢侈”這個(gè)詞，可以用哪些詞呢?除了luxury, extravagant這兩個(gè)常用詞匯，還有chic / silk-stocking這兩個(gè)詞作為替換。chic是個(gè)小眾的詞，來(lái)源于CNN中的旅游相關(guān)的文章里，當(dāng)時(shí)提到了洛杉磯當(dāng)?shù)匾患液苡刑厣纳萑A酒店，用的就是這個(gè)詞。而silk-stocking原意是指穿著長(zhǎng)筒襪的人，在古代西歐社會(huì)，很多電影橋段中，我們都會(huì)看到西歐的一些貴族們無(wú)論男女都喜歡穿著長(zhǎng)筒襪。這也在告訴我們，穿絲襪在那個(gè)時(shí)候是一種奢華和身份的象征。
簡(jiǎn)單詞的高級(jí)使用就是我們撇去單詞書(shū)里常出現(xiàn)的固定詞性的詞，活用在寫(xiě)作中，轉(zhuǎn)化了常見(jiàn)的詞性。比如：feature這個(gè)詞，很多同學(xué)第一反應(yīng)就是名詞，表示特點(diǎn)。但是這個(gè)詞作動(dòng)詞表達(dá)“以……為特征”的時(shí)候，就是一個(gè)很好的用法。在英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中，應(yīng)盡量避免主系表的方式，因?yàn)檫@樣的句子往往比較平面化，而多使用實(shí)義動(dòng)詞造出來(lái)的句子，會(huì)給人立體感。比如：There are five people in this hotel.和 This hotel houses five people.這兩個(gè)句子就是個(gè)很好的對(duì)比。
2. 地道表達(dá)的積累
地道表達(dá)就是指符合西方人的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。幾個(gè)拆開(kāi)來(lái)都容易懂的單詞湊在一起可能就會(huì)表達(dá)另外一種含義。比如我上課會(huì)和學(xué)生說(shuō)，我最近真的很窮，要吃土了，在英文里就用feel the pinch來(lái)表達(dá)，字面意思就是“感覺(jué)自己卡在了緊要關(guān)頭”。當(dāng)我感覺(jué)貧困時(shí)，那我就要勒緊褲腰帶過(guò)日子，這個(gè)時(shí)候英文也會(huì)對(duì)應(yīng)tighten one’s belt 。當(dāng)然，我們要懂得開(kāi)源節(jié)流啊，不能光省錢(qián)，總得去賺點(diǎn)零花錢(qián)吧，這時(shí)候“找工作”在英文里就會(huì)表達(dá)成pound the pavement，同學(xué)們可以想象一個(gè)寂寥的背影在馬路牙子邊晃蕩的畫(huà)面。
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作中的常見(jiàn)審題誤區(qū)
審題誤區(qū)NO.1 忽略關(guān)鍵詞
同學(xué)們考寫(xiě)作考了這么多年，大多數(shù)出題的形式都已爛熟于心，看到題目之后覺(jué)得熟悉于是興沖沖提筆就寫(xiě)，其實(shí)，這種看似“熟練”的表象下藏著巨大的隱患——同學(xué)們很有可能因?yàn)榭吹锰於雎阅硞€(gè)決定題目意思的關(guān)鍵詞。
例1：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising is the only main cause for people’s unhealthy eating habits.
看到這個(gè)題目，同學(xué)們立刻會(huì)開(kāi)始想，有沒(méi)有other reasons for unhealthy habits，想出三條:1. People’s tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours; 2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on “endless diets”; 3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever. 綜上所述，advertising is not the only cause.
這個(gè)寫(xiě)法看起來(lái)非常完備，但其實(shí)犯了一個(gè)不起眼卻嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤——題目不是要我們證明it is not the only cause，而是要我們?nèi)プC明it is not the only main cause。多一個(gè)“main”，意思是很不一樣的。如果我們只需要證明it is not the only cause，那么找出other causes即可即例1中的寫(xiě)法。但是，如果我們要證明it is not the only main cause，就需要證明other causes that we mentioned are also main causes，這就需要在每一段中加上一些專(zhuān)門(mén)的說(shuō)明?；蛘撸?jiǎn)單的辦法是去證明advertising is not even a cause, 直接在每段的末尾加上advertising與該段所論述的unhealthy eating habit無(wú)關(guān)的論述即可。If it is not a cause, how can it be the only main cause? 這樣一來(lái)，就不用通過(guò)證明還有其他main cause來(lái)反駁了，事實(shí)上，證明某種cause是main cause還是挺有難度的，因此筆者推薦同學(xué)們用后一種方式進(jìn)行論述。因此，文章還是disagree，而三段的主題句分別應(yīng)該是：1. People’s tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours, and it is obvious that they are too busy to be influenced by advertising; 2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on“endless diets”, and this is more like a result of human nature, the pursuit of beauty, but not advertising; 3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever, and it is quite clear that no advertising encourages them to do so.
例2：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges and universities should offer more preparation for student before they start working.
看到這個(gè)題目，很多同學(xué)會(huì)可能會(huì)這樣寫(xiě)：Agree. 1. Students should take more specialized courses (專(zhuān)業(yè)課)in order to be knowledgeable and skillful enough for their future careers(接著開(kāi)始論述being knowledgeable and skillful的重要性); 2. Participating in internships helps students to have a clearer picture of their vocational development in the future(接著開(kāi)始論述如果沒(méi)有實(shí)過(guò)習(xí)，在工作的時(shí)候是多么地feel so unprepared); 3. Attending more club activities is an effective way to improve social skills, which are crucial for success both in life and at work(接著開(kāi)始論述good social skills對(duì)職業(yè)和生活的幫助). 如果不看括號(hào)里的內(nèi)容，僅看主題句，這篇文章是沒(méi)有任何問(wèn)題的。然而，括號(hào)中的論述從嚴(yán)格意義上來(lái)講，是不能支持“more”這個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞的。舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子：“我們需要錢(qián)”和“我們需要更多錢(qián)”在證明的時(shí)候重點(diǎn)是不一樣的。如果證明“我們需要錢(qián)”，應(yīng)該詳細(xì)闡述錢(qián)的“不可或缺性”，比如生活、學(xué)習(xí)、教育都需要錢(qián);但是如果證明“我們需要更多錢(qián)”，重點(diǎn)則應(yīng)該放在“錢(qián)不夠”的論述上，證明在學(xué)習(xí)、生活、教育方面的預(yù)算都很緊張。同樣地，上面的題目中僅僅證明Knowledge for careers, field experience and social skills are important是不夠的，事實(shí)上，這些根本不需要證明，需要證明的事情是graduates today are not well prepared in the three aspects. 因此這篇文章應(yīng)該是一篇“抱怨型”的文章，詳細(xì)地去論述學(xué)校工作的不足。參考思路如下：Agree. 1. Many students today complain that they cannot learn practical skills and up-to-date information, for some of their teachers are not qualified enough to teach specialized courses; 2. Since many students are not allowed enough time to participate in internship programs before graduation, they know very little about what their future jobs like; 3. Joining clubs is possible for every college student, yet not every club provide is capable of offering enough opportunities for students to practice their social skills.
同學(xué)們?cè)趯?xiě)文章的時(shí)候一定要注意，學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作不是句型和辭藻的堆砌，整篇文章一定是一個(gè)well-organized system，這個(gè)system中很重要的原則之二就是——1、每個(gè)中間段的topic sentence是用來(lái)支持main idea的;2、topic sentence后面的每句話(huà)都是用來(lái)支持該topic sentence的。在上面的兩個(gè)例子中，大家會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)例1的錯(cuò)誤主要是main idea沒(méi)有很好地被topic sentence支持;而例2的錯(cuò)誤在于topic sentence雖然看起來(lái)是支持main idea的，但是論述的內(nèi)容可能跟關(guān)鍵詞“more”無(wú)關(guān)，從而不能有力地支持topic sentences。這些錯(cuò)誤的起因，則是對(duì)題干中關(guān)鍵詞的忽略。
審題誤區(qū)NO.2 誤解關(guān)鍵詞
與忽略關(guān)鍵詞的人不同，有些同學(xué)過(guò)于執(zhí)著于關(guān)鍵詞的字面意思，而沒(méi)能看出其背后的implication，從而被關(guān)鍵詞限制住思路，無(wú)法下筆。比起忽略關(guān)鍵詞，這種錯(cuò)誤更常發(fā)生在細(xì)心且實(shí)力不錯(cuò)的同學(xué)身上，也很值得大家注意。筆者建議，在寫(xiě)文章的時(shí)候要靈活，不要拘泥于關(guān)鍵詞的字面意思，否則理由很不好想，就算想出來(lái)也很難用英文表達(dá)。例3：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The government should spend more money on elementary school education than on university education.
題目的意思是說(shuō)，比起投資大學(xué)教育，政府應(yīng)該在小學(xué)教育上投入更多的資金。看到這個(gè)題，同學(xué)們會(huì)有不同的看法，大體來(lái)講無(wú)非是兩種——認(rèn)為university education應(yīng)該花更多的錢(qián)或反之。但是，大家很快會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)證明任何一種觀(guān)點(diǎn)都是不容易的。比如說(shuō)，有些同學(xué)可能會(huì)這樣寫(xiě)：Agree. 1. Elementary school education involves more students than university education and it requires more money; 2. Colleges and universities have more sponsors than elementary schools so that the government should offer more financial support for the latter. 3. Since elementary school education is the cornerstone of university education, it deserves more money from the government.
上面的主題句看起來(lái)是沒(méi)有問(wèn)題的，然而在展開(kāi)的時(shí)候困難重重——第一個(gè)點(diǎn)里說(shuō)Pupils的數(shù)量多所以花錢(qián)多，這的確是事實(shí)，可是pupil人均所需要的經(jīng)費(fèi)卻肯定比university students少，最關(guān)鍵的是，我們并沒(méi)有數(shù)據(jù)作為支撐;第二點(diǎn)里說(shuō)校友或社會(huì)人士的支持使得大學(xué)在財(cái)政方便面比小學(xué)要寬裕的多，然而，這還是一個(gè)沒(méi)有數(shù)據(jù)就無(wú)法證明的觀(guān)點(diǎn);第三點(diǎn)里說(shuō)elementary school education是university education的基礎(chǔ)所以前者就應(yīng)當(dāng)比后者得到更多的預(yù)算，這是一個(gè)典型的邏輯錯(cuò)誤，因此在段落展開(kāi)的時(shí)候?qū)?huì)十分困難。A是B的基礎(chǔ)并不意味著要為A花更多的錢(qián)?？傊?，錢(qián)本身就是一個(gè)可以量化的東西，如果真的以錢(qián)的多少來(lái)寫(xiě)這道題，在沒(méi)有數(shù)據(jù)支持的情況下是很難成文的。許多同學(xué)之所以在寫(xiě)的時(shí)候覺(jué)得自己的文章很牽強(qiáng)，就是因?yàn)榘言撐漠?dāng)成了論述題，而大家要知道，論述題都是要會(huì)給出數(shù)據(jù)讓我們來(lái)分析的。那么，在沒(méi)有數(shù)據(jù)的情況下，這種題目該怎么寫(xiě)呢?找到money后面的implication很重要。其實(shí)，題目并不是要我們?nèi)ビ懻撃姆N教育應(yīng)該花更多的錢(qián)，而是讓我們?nèi)?duì)比兩種教育的重要性，自然地，更加重要的教育就應(yīng)該花更多的錢(qián)。所以我們可以有以下論述：
(Main idea) I cannot agree that the government should spend more money on elementary school education than on university education, because they are equally important.
(Topic sentence) 1. Elementary school education prepares children for college education by teaching them how to learn and what they are supposed to learn.
2. University education helps students to be ready for the competitive job market by equip them with excellent knowledge for jobs and good communication skills.
(Conclusion) Since elementary school education and university education are both indispensable and irreplaceable parts of our lifelong education and they complete each other, it would be rigid to say that anyone of them deserves more money than the other.
其實(shí)，審題僅僅是寫(xiě)作考試的第一步，在這之后還有構(gòu)思、尋找素材、語(yǔ)言表達(dá)等一系列步驟。在以后的文章中，筆者將會(huì)對(duì)這些內(nèi)容進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的論述，告訴大家如何寫(xiě)出符合滿(mǎn)分要求又achievable的文章。最后，附上筆者所作范文一篇(例2)，供大家參考。
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges and universities should offer more preparation for student before they start working.
Colleges and universities are the very places where students prepare themselves for the competitive job market. They take specialized courses, participate in internships and also attend club activities. Although universities and colleges have done much for their students’ graduation, there is still more they can do.
Many students today complain that their specialized courses cannot satisfy their need for practical skills and knowledge for specific careers. The enrollment of colleges and universities in my country has been increased considerably over the past decades, but the quality and the numbers of teachers and professors did not improve that much. Many newly graduated students without any field experience joined faculties due to the lack of teachers, and students find it hard to learn anything more than what their text books contain from these inexperienced teachers. Colleges and universities really should spend more money on hiring experienced and qualified teachers to teach specialized courses, providing students with what they really desire.
Internships and club activities provide students with chances to practice their social skills, but internships are usually too short and club activities are not always available to all students. My sister is now a junior in university and she only had a two months’ internship during her summer vacation. She complained that since the internship was too short, the company did not take it seriously and she was required to do nothing but buying coffee or ordering meals on the phone and she seldom had chances to communicate with colleagues or clients. Club activities are only available to active students who attend “active clubs” like Student Union, and members of other clubs seldom have opportunities to organized activities due to their shortage of money, resources, and even authorization. Universities and colleges should allow students more time for internships and pay equal attention to all clubs instead of supporting the “active clubs” exclusively.
University students today have already known much more about what life is like after graduation, but they are still not fully prepared. Measures that I mentioned above should be taken if colleges and universities aim to have them ready for the fierce competition ahead.
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