托福寫作中正確使用語法得高分

　　托福寫作語法是大家在備考過程中不可輕視的一項功課，在托福寫作中，選擇合適的語法結(jié)構(gòu)可以使句子意思的表達(dá)更為精確和簡練。下面小編給大家?guī)硗懈懽髦姓_使用語法得高分。

　　托福寫作中正確使用語法得高分

　　1. 一個句子的主語和謂語動詞應(yīng)該能夠反映句子中的最重要的意思。例如：.

　　The situation that resulted in my grandfather’s not being able to study engineering was that his father needed help on the farm.

　　從意思上來分析，上面這句話需要表達(dá)的重要的概念是“grandfather’s not being able to study”，而在表達(dá)這個概念時，原句用的主語是situation，謂語動詞是was，不能強(qiáng)調(diào)需要表達(dá)的重點(diǎn)概念，可以改為下面這句話：

　　My grandfather couldn’t study engineering because his father needed help on the farm.

　　2. 避免頻繁使用“there be”結(jié)構(gòu)，例如下面的句子：

　　There were 25 cows on the farm that my grandfather had to milk every day. It was hard work for my grandfather.

　　可以改為：My grandfather worked hard. He had to milk 25 cows on the farm every day.

　　更簡潔的句式為：

　　My grandfather worked hard milking 25 cows daily.

　　3. 把從句改為短語或單詞。例如：

　　Dairy cows were raised on the farm, which was located100 kilometers from the nearest university and was in an area that was remote.

　　簡介的表達(dá)方式為：

　　The dairy farm was located in a remote area, 100 kilometers to the nearest university.

　　4. 僅在需要強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語而不是主語的時候，才使用被動語態(tài)。例如：

　　In the fall, not only did the cows have to be milked, but also the hay was mowed and stacked by my grandfather’s family.

　　本句不夠簡潔的原因是本句的重心應(yīng)該是“忙碌的家庭-my grandfather’s family”，而使用了被動語態(tài)后，仿佛重心變成了cows和hay。下面的表達(dá)方式是主動語態(tài)，相對來說更簡潔一些：

　　In the fall, my grandfather’s family not only milked the cow but also mowed and stacked the hay.

　　5. 用更為精確的一個動詞來代替動詞短語，例如下面這句話：

　　My grandfather didn’t have time to stand around doing nothing with his school friends.

　　Stand around doing nothing其實(shí)可以用一個動詞來表達(dá)，即loiter：

　　My grandfather didn’t have time to loiter with his school friends.

　　6. 有時兩句話的信息經(jīng)過組合完全可以用一句話來簡練地表達(dá)，例如：

　　Profits from the farm were not large. Sometimes they were too small to meet the expenses of running a farm. They were not sufficient to pay for a university degree.

　　兩句話的信息可以合并為下面這句更為簡潔的句子：

　　Profits from the farm were sometimes too small to meet operational expenses, let alone pay for a university degree.

　　托福寫作解析:假設(shè)條件句怎么寫

　　It is essential for young people to have the ability to plan and organize.

　　If a high school student is about to leave school soon, it is necessary for him to have a most suitable plan before the graduation ceremony begins.

　　Teachers should give students homework everyday.

　　If teacher had been checking the students' progress with daily homework assignments, they might not have failed the test.

　　過去的虛擬，把反面的例子變成正面的評論

　　if sb had done, sb might/would have done

　　Traveling alone is better than travelling with a companion.

　　But for the assistance from a companion, travelers would be exposed to more dangers on the way.

　　現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r：but for sb/sth, sb would do sth

　　過去的情況： but for sb/sth, sb would have done

　　托福寫作解析：寫作段落要如何布局

　　托福寫作解析之段落要如何布局——開頭段

　　托福寫作綜合部分的開頭段一般來說是首先提出聽力部分的觀點(diǎn)以及相應(yīng)的論據(jù)內(nèi)容。然后緊接著用連詞“in addition”、”meanwhile”或者是“moreover”引出閱讀部分相反或者是相同的觀點(diǎn)以及對應(yīng)的論據(jù)。托福綜合寫作的開頭段起著交代文章主旨以及概括文章主要內(nèi)容的作用。開篇交代出閱讀和聽力部分的關(guān)系以及相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容，給讀者直觀表達(dá)，從而方便接下來中間段的論述。因此，托福綜合寫作開頭段的寫作框架是固定不變的，考生只要根據(jù)題目內(nèi)容不同，填入相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容即可。

　　托福寫作解析之段落要如何布局——中間部分

　　在托福寫作開頭段做好鋪墊之后，中間段落的主要內(nèi)容就是論述聽力和閱讀之間的關(guān)系。一般來說，托福綜合寫作的中間段落分為3段，每一段的框架和結(jié)構(gòu)是一致的，主要是提出聽力部分的論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)，然后用一個轉(zhuǎn)折連詞或者遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的詞匯，引出閱讀部分的論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)內(nèi)容。這里要注意的是三個段落之間的關(guān)系是并列的，考生可以用表示序列的“first、second、third”來連接三個段落之間的關(guān)系。

　　托福寫作解析之段落要如何布局——結(jié)尾段

　　托福綜合寫作的結(jié)尾段和所有英語寫作形式差不多，都是起到總結(jié)和概括文章內(nèi)容的作用。但是，在這里，一般來說就是再次申述一下閱讀和聽力之間的關(guān)系即可。在這部分，標(biāo)志性的連接詞就是“in all、to sum up、in summary”等。雖然，結(jié)尾段看似和開頭段落的內(nèi)容差不多，但是，結(jié)尾段更側(cè)重于表達(dá)聽力或者閱讀部分的不足，從而確定文章的一個中心。此外，還要注意的一點(diǎn)就是，托福綜合寫作部分的結(jié)尾段可以省略。

　　托福寫作解析 得高分必須遵循的10個準(zhǔn)則

　　1、Place the emphatic words of a sentence at the end

　　欲擒故縱的圓周句(periodic sentence)中，強(qiáng)調(diào)信息后置。

　　Eg: Four centuries ago, Christopher Columbus, one of the Italian mariners whom the decline of their own republics had put at the service of the world and of adventure, seeking for Spain a westward passage to the Indies as setoff against the achievements of Portuguese discoverers, lighted on America.

　　Eg: With these hopes and in this belief I would urge you, laying aside all hindrance, thrusting away all private aims, to devote yourselves unswervingly and unflinchingly to the vigorous and successful prosecution of this war.

　　2、In summaries, keep to one tense

　　總結(jié)通常使用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，如果使用過去時，請保持時態(tài)一致。

　　3、Make the paragraph the unit of composition: one paragraph to each topic

　　不同的段落構(gòu)成文章，每個段落僅傳遞一個觀點(diǎn)

　　4、As a rule, begin each paragraph with a topic sentence; end it in conformity with the beginning

　　規(guī)則：每個段落均以主題句開頭，并且首尾呼應(yīng)。

　　A. the topic sentence comes at or near the beginning;

　　主題句前置

　　B. the succeeding sentences explain or establish or develop the statement made in the topic sentence;

　　段落圍繞主題句展開，后面的句子對主題句進(jìn)行展開解釋

　　C. the final sentence either emphasizes the thought of the topic sentence or states some important consequence.

　　末尾句或者對主題句進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，或者闡述主題句帶來的結(jié)果。

　　5、Use the active voice

　　主動句永遠(yuǎn)比被動句直接有力

　　Eg: There were a great number of dead leaves lying on the ground

　　= Dead leaves covered the ground. (清晰生動)

　　Eg: The reason that he left college was that his health became impaired.

　　= Failing health compelled him to leave college. (簡潔有力)

　　Eg: It was not long before he was very sorry that he had said what he had.

　　= He soon repented his words. (簡潔有力)

　　6、Put statements in positive form

　　以肯定的形式表達(dá)否定的意思, 避免使用平淡、毫無色彩，猶豫不決和含糊其辭的語言。

　　Eg：He was not very often on time.

　　= He usually came late.

　　Eg: He did not think that studying Latin was much use.

　　= He thought the study of Latin useless.

　　Eg: The taming of the Shrew is rather weak in spots. Shakespeare does not portray Katharine as a very admirable character, nor does Bianca remain long in memory as an important character in Shakespeare’s works.

　　= The women in The Taming of the Shrew are unattractive. Katharine is disagreeable, Bianca insignificant.

　　7、Omit needless words

　　刪除冗詞

　　Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all his sentences short, or that he avoid all detail and treat his subjects only in outline, but that every word tell.

　　有力的寫作一定簡潔。

　　Owing to the fact that

　　=Since (because)

　　In spite of the fact that

　　=Though (although)

　　Call your attention to the fact that

　　=Remind you (notify you)

　　The fact that he had not succeeded

　　=His failure

　　8、Avoid a succession of loose sentences

　　別寫流水賬，找找語言的邏輯關(guān)系，通過who, which, when, where, and while 這些詞把句子串起來。

　　9、Express co-ordinate ideas in similar form

　　Parallel structure 平行結(jié)構(gòu)講究對稱美：內(nèi)容對等，結(jié)構(gòu)一致。

　　Eg: Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory method is employed.

　　Parallel structure: Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method; now it is taught by the laboratory method.

　　10、Keep related words together

　　詞的位置決定詞的關(guān)系，所以遵循‘物以類聚’，意思關(guān)聯(lián)緊密的詞放在一塊。

　　A: 主謂之間不分割，補(bǔ)充信息需前置

　　Eg: Wordsworth, in the fifth book of The Excursion, gives a minute description of this church.

　　Eg: In the fifth book of the Excursion, Wordsworth gives a minute description of this church. (狀語前置，主謂毗鄰)

　　B：關(guān)系代詞緊隨先行詞出現(xiàn)

　　Eg: There was a look in his eye that boded mischief.

　　Eg: In his eye was a look that boded mischief. (名詞look先行，關(guān)系詞that緊隨)

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