解讀GRE閱讀句子作用題
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解讀GRE閱讀句子作用題
Human impacts on the natural environment during the later part of the Holocene (beginning about 4,000 years ago) complicate investigations into environmental change during that period because the signals produced by human- and climate-induced change are sometimes difficult to separate. For example, in the later Holocene, one indicator of increased aridity due to climate change is an increase in pollen from grasses, as forest vegetation gives way to grassland. Such a change in vegetation could alternatively be attributed to human impact in the form of agricultural development. Examples of such human impact from 4,000 years ago would be small-scale, however, since the broad ecosystem changes brought about by the widespread adoption of agricultural technologies occurred later.
Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted sentence in the context of the passage as a whole?
A. It provides an example of the kind of problems that often complicate investigations into environmental change.
B. It call into question the reliability of the established dates for later Holocene agricultural development.
C. It describes the nature of localized agricultural developments during the later Holocene.
D. It outlines a hypothesis that draws on evidence discussed earlier in the passage.
E. It limits the scope of a particular complication mentioned earlier in the passage.
題目形式非常固定，高亮文中的某一個句子，詢問在文章中整體充當什么功能或者作用;
我們理一下這篇短文章：
? 第一句：作者提出自己觀點：人類影響因素使得對4000年前開始，環(huán)境變化的調查研究復雜化(complicate into)，因為人類和氣候誘發(fā)的環(huán)境變化的signal經(jīng)常難以區(qū)分開
? 第二句：作者舉例支持自己觀點：森林植被變成草地，使得植物花粉增加，既可以理解為自然氣候越來越干燥，也可以歸因于人類農業(yè)發(fā)展的影響
? 第三句：然而，這種4000年前人類影響的例子是比較少的哦(small-scale),因為廣泛采用農業(yè)技術導致的環(huán)境變化后來才大規(guī)模的發(fā)生(changes occurred later)
雖然有However這個詞，但是作者并不是在否定自己的觀點和例子，而是想表達：他所指出的人類因素和氣候因素難以區(qū)分的例子，在4000年前比較少，并不是他的觀點有誤，而是那時候農業(yè)技術還不普遍，所以人類因素complicates調查研究的例子少。
A選項，應該是第二句話的作用!
B選項，call into question，表示反駁，錯!
C選項，描述農業(yè)發(fā)展的特點，無關選項
D選項，概述一個假說，這不是一個假說
E選項，正確!!!限定了文章第二句指出的一個particular complication的scope;即small-scale.為什么要用particular complication這個詞呢?particular表示具體的，因為第一句話是綜述觀點，第二句話是例子，所以是一個具體的complication
大家做對了嗎?再看一道新鮮雞精：
When studying shrimp feeding from hydro-thermal vents at the bottom of the ocean, biologists were surprised that the shrimps’ reproductive cycles followed seasonal patterns. Far beyond the reach of sunlight, and with food abundant around the vents all year round, why should such animals reproduce seasonally? The answer might involve their offspring, which in their larval form drift in the currents to colonize new vents. The larvae must feed during their trip, and their spring time release coincides with a peak in algae raining down from surface waters. So far,
researchers have found no evidence of seasonal breeding among vent-dwelling species that provide their offspring with yolk to sustain them or among vent-dwelling species found in areas of the ocean with not seasonal algae blooms.
Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted sentence?
A. It casts doubt on the accuracy of earlier observations of seasonal breeding among shrimp species living near hydro-thermal vents.
B. It undermines the explanation proposed for seasonal breeding among some shrimp species living near hydro-thermal vents.
C. It suggests that alternative theories are needed to explain seasonal breeding among shrimp species living near hydro-thermal vents.
D. It describes the survival benefits to shrimp of mating in parts of the ocean where algae blooms rain down abundantly.
E. It supports the explanation proffered for the seasonal breeding observed among some shrimp species living near hydro-thermal vents.
這題答案是最后一個~大家選對了嗎~
GRE閱讀和新托福閱讀中的句子作用題
GRE閱讀中的句子作用題解題思路分析：首先通過題干中定位詞找到句子所在位置，比如上文題目中提到的兩個人名就是定位詞，然后我們要做的就是分析所問對象指向的邏輯上一層主題，也就是這句話在文章當中的作用或者說功能，如問到例子的作用，答案往前找論點，答案常有 illustrate 或 give an example of。按一般規(guī)律來說，答案多往前找，偶爾也在后文。
技巧
邏輯上一層
句子成分 → 句子主干
句子 → 論
觀點 → 主題
結論 → 主題
Although passenger pigeons, now extinct, were abundant in eighteenth-and nineteenth-century America, archaeological studies at twelfth-century Cahokian sites in the present-day United States examined household food trash and found that traces of passenger pigeon were quite rare. Given that the sites were close to a huge passenger pigeon roost documented by John James Audubon in the nineteenth century and that Cahokians consumed almost every other animal protein source available, the archaeologist conducting the studies concluded the passenger pigeon population had once been very limited before increasing dramatically in post-Columbian America. Other archaeologists have criticized those conclusions on the grounds that passenger pigeon bones would not be likely to be preserved. But all the archaeological projects found plenty of bird bones–and even some tiny bones from fish. (來自網(wǎng)絡提供的真題回憶05年3月15日考題)
1. The author of the passage mentions tiny bones from fish primarily in order to
A. Explain why traces of passenger pigeon are rare at Cahokian sites
B. Support a claim about the wide variety of animal proteins in the Cahokian diet
C. Provide evidence that confirms a theory about the extinction of the passenger pigeon
D. Cast doubt on the conclusion reached by the archaeologists who conducted the studies discussed in the passage
E. Counter an objection to an interpretation of the data obtained from Cahokian sites
解題思路：首先通過題干tiny bones from fish 定位到文章中最后一句話，通過對整體文章結構的分析，我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)作者提出這個信息點是為了對前一句Other archaeologists所提出的觀點進行否定，通過but也可以明確這個點，而Other archaeologists所說的結論是否定前面提到the archaeologist conducting the studies 的觀點，所以本題答案為E。
Finally, Earths unique and massive satellite, the Moon, plays a crucial role in stabilizing the obliquity of Earths rotational axis, this obliquity creates the terrestrial seasonality so important to the evolution and diversity of life. Mars, in contrast, has a wildly oscillating tilt and chaotic seasonality, while Venus, rotating slowly backward, has virtually no seasonality at all.(來自網(wǎng)絡回憶真題05年3月15 日)
3. The author of the passage most likely mentions Mars oscillating tilt primarily in order to
A. Provide evidence for a proposition about the potential effects of cometary impacts
B. Emphasize the absence from our solar system of normal planets
C. Contrast the rotational axis of Mars with that of Venus
D. Characterize the role of other planets in the solar system in earths development
E. Emphasize the importance of the Moon to the development of life on Earth
解題思路：通過題干定位Mars oscillating tilt找到文章中的最后一段最后一句，而通過對這一段的結構分析，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)這句話的目的顯然是為了支持這一段的第一句話，通過in contrast也可以明確這一點，而這段的中心思想也就是說月亮對地球起到很重要的作用，所以本題答案選擇E。解題思路
在新托福閱讀中，句子作用題的解題思路：通過對所指的內容所在的位置進行作用分析，一般來說考察比較多的是句子中的細節(jié)信息，而根據(jù)一般文章段落分析來看，句子細節(jié)信息主要是為了突出它所支持的觀點?？忌⒁馐遣荒苓x擇跟句子信息內容一樣的選項，這也是最誤導學生的選項之一，因為一般來說句子信息的作用不會是支持它本身。這樣相比較來說，新托福閱讀跟GRE閱讀中的這類題型做法極其相似，都需要考生來分析出作者寫作的意圖。所以考生在做GRE閱讀題時，可以結合新托福閱讀中的此類題型的做法來進行解題，那么對GRE閱讀的恐怖將一掃而光。
GRE閱讀臨場對策總結
新GRE閱讀訓練方法主要是在不斷移動“平衡點”的過程中提高，總結GRE閱讀臨場對策。一定要掐鐘點解題，到了后期，必要時用秒表來精確測量自己的解題速度。一定要培養(yǎng)出正確的適合自己的最快解題路徑，如果到了現(xiàn)場你還在不該定位的地方再重新定位，在不該用“排除法”的地方還在一一排除，那你就準備好下次考試的費用吧!
一個定位15秒，一個排錯15秒，你就錯過了解決兩題主題題，insgroupsto題的機會，把不該丟的丟了，無論你是長得有多帥/多美，你都是個失敗主義者。
在現(xiàn)場，我們要記住“無我無他”境界，由于閱讀總是墊底，所以無論離考試還有幾分鐘，你都要放松。
記住：時間是“相對”的，愛因斯坦的理論，我不懂，但我體會到在考場上，同樣是3分鐘，對于一個成熟老練的“槍手”來說，在他的生物鐘上相當于5——8分鐘，而對于許多初涉考場的人來說僅僅只有好象30秒而已。
你不相信，那你有沒有在教室上課時癡癡朝著前面美女觀望而不知不覺一節(jié)課過去大半的經(jīng)歷，那45分鐘才僅僅相當于2分鐘左右，所以即使是你的秒表像定時炸彈一樣倒數(shù)，你一定要讓自己相信ETS的時間對你而言足夠!真的!在考場上3分鐘做5——6題GRE長閱讀題是綽綽有余的，相信自己的實力，不到最后關頭千萬不要慌著瞎猜，我可以負責的對全球的G友這樣說。
大神分享GRE閱讀36套經(jīng)驗
今天重新做了GRE閱讀36套，E21-E22，10篇! 以上是前提。關于新GRE考試中的長閱讀，長閱讀基本上來說是新舊觀點對比，這10個section里6個長閱讀，4個是新舊觀點(E28/E26 /E25/E21)，1個是雙方面(E27)，1個是全文論證一個觀點(E23)，而雙方面E27里的第一方面也有新舊觀點對比，E23雖然是一個觀點，但是有批評了對這個觀點的一種理解，贊揚了另一種理解so，長閱讀形式上來說基本上都是“新舊觀點”型!
然后6篇閱讀，綜合一起來分析?？偨Y出了4道題的基本出題意圖
1、主題題絕對有一道，問全文干了個什么/作者的目的是什么之類。答案是新觀點或者首段提出的問題(新老觀點都想解決的問題)!無一例外
2、關于新觀點的論述部分有一道細節(jié)題，妥妥的
答案基本可以定位，如作者為什么要說_X啊?這個_X基本就是論述的中心概念或者舉例，這個一定位就好辦了，通常是為了證明新論點的。不過氣人的是通常多選出在這個題目上，本來論證部分邏輯就比較饒，再加上多選，所以我的策略是： 放棄!(可能是我的程度不夠，大家結合自己的實力，不過千萬不可浪費太長時間在此題
3、新觀點反駁舊觀點(典型新舊觀點對比)或新觀點的缺陷(新舊觀點，大篇幅講新觀點)的地方必有一題答案基本在2段首句或者3段首句!因為GRE的作者非常的直爽，要反駁就直接反駁，前面沒有什么鋪墊，直接就說你這個方法不行!然后開始論述原因。
4、新觀點的應用，或者文章末尾句(倒數(shù)1、2句)一般他會問如果按新觀點這樣子的話，那么下面什么可能發(fā)生。還有如果下面的發(fā)生了，那么新觀點成立(作者對新觀點讓步)之類的。
答案在最后一段，最后一段很重要，一般都是作者論述自己觀點的段落。
so，新GRE考試中長文章的讀法大概就是，開頭背景、舊觀點、舊觀點論證全都略讀，新觀點論證，基本也可略讀，注意一下舉例的那個名詞就行。重點是要理解抓住新觀點句(第二段首句)、新觀點讓步(第三段首句)、和最后一段。通過這種詳略，基本上1分半讀完長文章!做完題目差不多4分鐘，最多6分鐘! 正確率基本在3/4，這基本上符合我對長文章的要求了已經(jīng)。
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