詳解寫好托福寫作主題句的方法
什么是主題句?所謂主題句(topic sentence, 也有人叫它中心句)，就是獨(dú)立寫作主體段中統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文的那個(gè)句子，也就是表述在獨(dú)立寫作頭腦風(fēng)暴和謀篇布局時(shí)候想到的“主要理由”或者“論點(diǎn)”的那個(gè)句子。通常一篇獨(dú)立寫作有三個(gè)主題句。下面小編就帶大家詳解寫好托福寫作主題句的方法，大家一起來學(xué)習(xí)一下吧。
什么是主題句?詳解寫好托福寫作主題句的方法
例如在題目“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is betterto work in large companies than in small ones.”，選擇agree，三個(gè)主題句可以是：
The first reason is that a large company can provide more opportunities to develop one’s ability
Another reason for choosing a big company involves welfare.
A third reason is that one who appreciates the unique culture of abig enterprise will become a more responsible person to the society.
在托福寫作中，三個(gè)主題句可以說是作文中最重要的一組句子，因?yàn)橹黝}句對(duì)段落起到“提綱挈領(lǐng)”的作用，同時(shí)對(duì)整篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)清晰度和文章邏輯性也至關(guān)重要。
如何將這個(gè)理由“完整”“清晰”“出彩”的表達(dá)出來就是本文討論的話題。
首先，每段主題句通常都位于段首，緊跟于“first, second, third”這些“信號(hào)詞”之后。除此之外還需要注意以下幾點(diǎn)。
丨簡明扼要
主題句需要讓讀者看到之后能夠快速、準(zhǔn)確地把握本段的主要內(nèi)容。這要求我們?cè)趯懼黝}句的時(shí)候，一方面內(nèi)容要簡單，另一方面用語要凝練。
先來看一個(gè)反面例子：
“First and foremost, television, invented in the last century, withits wide availability and increasingly prosperous programs ,becomes one of the most powerful means of communication in history, and is more and more difficult to ignore”
這個(gè)主題句涵蓋的內(nèi)容太多，讀完這個(gè)句子，讀者根本不明白本段是要陳述電視節(jié)目蓬勃發(fā)展(increasingly prosperous program), 要強(qiáng)調(diào)電視是最強(qiáng)力的交流工具(the most powerful means of communication in history),還是要論證電視不可被忽視(difficult to ignore)，這就是一個(gè)典型的內(nèi)容太復(fù)雜的主題句。
再看一個(gè)反例:
“First of all, following the new customs can show a sense of respect,which can allow a better and faster adaption inside the local population so that they make more friends.”
這個(gè)句子也有兩個(gè)論點(diǎn)：表示尊重(show a sense of respect)，擴(kuò)大社交(make more friends),同樣也使讀者不能抓住本段的主要內(nèi)容。
如何避免這種錯(cuò)誤，使主題句內(nèi)容簡單呢?很簡單，首先做到每個(gè)主題句有且只有一個(gè)論點(diǎn)。論點(diǎn)就是指我們頭腦風(fēng)暴時(shí)候想到的那些“key words”，比如健康，安全，情感等等，每段寫一個(gè)，不要把健康和安全放在同一個(gè)段落，也不要把情感和成功放在同一個(gè)段落。
例如上面第二個(gè)例子，我們只需要?jiǎng)h去一個(gè)論點(diǎn)，就可以變得非常簡潔：
“To start with, accepting cultures in the foreign country is an indispensable element that contributes to the expansion of social circle.”這是一個(gè)簡潔的主題句，只有擴(kuò)大社交(contributes to the expansion of social circle)這一個(gè)論點(diǎn)。
論點(diǎn)唯一還不一定能完全做到簡潔，來看另一個(gè)反例：
“The first reason why letting children care for animals isnot the best way to teach them about responsibility is that it could negatively impact a child’s health.”
這句話雖然只有一個(gè)論點(diǎn)，可是用語太繁雜，讓人頭暈。主題句的語法不建議太復(fù)雜，建議大家把花式操作留到其他部分去秀，在主題句，只要寫一些簡單句，例如：“First, raising pets will exert a negative impact on a child’shealth.”就行了。
丨不是陳述事實(shí)
來看下面兩個(gè)句子：
A: “First, some children might be infected by feeding animals.”
B: “First, raising pets could negatively impact a child’s health.”
哪一個(gè)是好的主題句呢?
答案是B。
因?yàn)锳句的內(nèi)容是一個(gè)“純粹的事實(shí)”，而B句則是“抽象的概念”(exert negative impact)，換言之，A句可以作為B句的例子，但B句不能作為A句的例子。
陳述事實(shí)的句子是不能作為主題句的，事實(shí)是不言自明的。不言自明，也就不需要后面的文字來“論證”了。主題句需要寫“a sentence that you could give examples for”，而不能寫一個(gè) “example”。
來練習(xí)判斷下面幾組句子中哪一個(gè)可以做主題句呢?
A: “Second, the academic performance of some children becomes poor after they are responsible for caring for a pet.”
B：“Second, caring for a pet could disrupt a child’s regular studies.”
A: “First, people could learn how to communicate with eachother through participating in community activities”
B: “First, participating in community activities is apractical and effective approach to enhance their social skills.”
A: “First, letting children take care of animal is a good suggestion for the reason that kids like animals.”
B: “To start with, raising pets fill friendship vacuums and satisfy people’s need to nurture"
(答案：三組都是B句較好)
丨使用高級(jí)詞匯
很多同學(xué)要問，如果主題句中不建議使用復(fù)雜句型，又不能出現(xiàn)多層結(jié)構(gòu)，那如何顯示自己的語言功力呢?要知道我們展示語言能力的地方并非只有復(fù)雜的句型，豐富和精準(zhǔn)的詞匯使用，同樣可以展示英語的專業(yè)程度。比如
“First, go to museums can teach people different kinds of knowledge”
→ “First, visiting museums provide people with an opportunity to comprehend a vast amount of knowledge”
想想看，如果原本句子中只會(huì)寫“good”之處，替換為“advantageous, beneficial, effective, efficacious, favorable,invaluable, rewarding, unparalleled, unprecedented”等等詞匯，效果是不是更好呢?如果多次出現(xiàn)“important”的地方，改寫為“central, critical ,crucial, decisive, essential, pivotal, primary,principal, vital，a key to, an indispensable part, play a pivotal role, attach great importance to”會(huì)不會(huì)增加可讀性呢?
在平時(shí)的閱讀中，注意積累一些“高級(jí)詞匯”，準(zhǔn)確掌握詞義，并且刻意練習(xí)使用這些詞匯，逐漸就會(huì)取得不錯(cuò)的寫作成績。
托福獨(dú)立寫作主題句注意問題
主題句作為對(duì)主體部分各自然段的分論點(diǎn)的概述，是全文內(nèi)容的重要結(jié)點(diǎn)，而考官閱卷時(shí)由于時(shí)間精力有限，不可能細(xì)讀全文，一般只會(huì)就若干要點(diǎn)做一概覽，此時(shí)主題句的重要性就不言而喻了;對(duì)于e-rater(電子評(píng)分器)而言，一個(gè)帶有表意清晰的主題句、結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)整的主體段同樣有助于判分。
主題句寫作中務(wù)必注意的第一個(gè)要點(diǎn)是不可寫得過于籠統(tǒng)。一些考生在主題句中沒有給出特定的理由，只是簡單重復(fù)已有的觀點(diǎn)。如下例：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents should allow their children to make mistakes and let them learn from their own mistakes.
主題句：First of all, learning from mistakes is helpful for children.
該句中的helpful顯然過于籠統(tǒng)，無法成為一個(gè)“允許孩子犯錯(cuò)并從中學(xué)習(xí)”的具體理由。這句就比較合適了：First of all, allowing children to make mistakes and to learn from mistakes can help children to be independent. 換言之，主題句中理應(yīng)出現(xiàn)如independent等較詳細(xì)的詞來點(diǎn)明本段的中心思想。
但事實(shí)上更常見的問題在于，許多考生在寫主題句時(shí)會(huì)倒向另一個(gè)極端，即寫得過于詳細(xì)。如下例：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children should spend most of time on study rather than housework.
主題句：Studying for too long will limit children’s imagination and thus stifle their creativity because children do not have time to think critically.
顧名思義，主題句要求的是用簡明扼要的語言對(duì)本段觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行概述，不應(yīng)涉及過多細(xì)節(jié)。而該句中出現(xiàn)了because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句，這類因果關(guān)系推導(dǎo)一般僅在下文的詳細(xì)展開中出現(xiàn)。在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中，筆者甚至見到過有的學(xué)員的一句主題句長度達(dá)到整段的一半以上，其中還有for example帶起的例子。
這樣的寫法壞處顯而易見：一是與考官閱卷時(shí)的一般期待相悖，妨礙了考官對(duì)文章分論點(diǎn)的快速準(zhǔn)確把握，直接影響第一印象;二是涉及的過多細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)上擠占了下文詳細(xì)展開部分的筆墨，一開始就亮完了底牌，接下來的操作就更難了。所以如Overstudy is harmful to children’s creativity.這樣的句子即可。
以上是主題句寫作的一些要點(diǎn)。雖然我們有時(shí)在一些參考書中會(huì)看到某些寫法比較“隨性”的高分范文并沒有清楚的主題句，但一般還是建議廣大考生重視這個(gè)句子的寫作，以保證成績。
托福寫作高分你得這么做!
寫作高分必備：
1.教師指導(dǎo)寫作高分技巧
2.不斷實(shí)踐高分技巧
3.教師指點(diǎn)修改
技巧
1.學(xué)會(huì)快速審題-根據(jù)題干，判斷題型，決定解題方式.
2.學(xué)會(huì)快速展開文章結(jié)構(gòu)-具體包括開頭段，論點(diǎn)，讓步段，結(jié)尾段的具體展開技巧和語言點(diǎn).
3.學(xué)會(huì)多樣化展開中間段部分-學(xué)會(huì)寫例子，細(xì)節(jié)，重邏輯串聯(lián)，忌細(xì)節(jié)堆砌.
修改
寫作高分，除了以上所提到的掌握技巧意外，另外需要的是各位寶寶們的不斷踐行;對(duì)于基礎(chǔ)一般的同學(xué)一開始的過程會(huì)被罵的狗血淋頭，因?yàn)槲恼聭K不忍睹;等作文能夠穩(wěn)定24分左右以后;你所需要做的事情就是將那些寫的已經(jīng)能看的作文，通過教師指導(dǎo)修改成一篇真正的高分文章，最后一步嘛;當(dāng)然就是背背背啦!這可比漫無目的的去背誦各式各樣的范文提升的要快的多;因?yàn)槟闼痴b的文章思路是你自己的，大部分的語言組織也是你自己的。
下面就向各位寶寶們展示下什么叫做一篇投入心血的精心批改(黃色為題目;黑色為未批改的作文;紅色為批改和建議部分;藍(lán)色為整體評(píng)語);
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Environmental issues can be solved or improved in the future. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
文章優(yōu)勢：觀點(diǎn)鮮明，結(jié)構(gòu)明確，有例子和細(xì)節(jié)，語言表達(dá)尚可
需要改進(jìn)的地方： 1.小語法錯(cuò)誤 2.語言表達(dá)比較啰嗦 3.邏輯上很多地方不準(zhǔn)確 4.致命傷：中間段2論點(diǎn)不切題， 段落內(nèi)的論證邏輯不清晰。
這篇文章企圖從兩個(gè)角度論證環(huán)境會(huì)變好：
1.現(xiàn)在全球政府已經(jīng)意識(shí)到，且開始行動(dòng)- 第一段主體段邏輯沒有問題
2.普通人的意識(shí)也正在逐漸養(yǎng)成。- 第二段主題段論點(diǎn)不扣題- 不應(yīng)該表達(dá)：提出環(huán)境保護(hù)意識(shí)是有效的措施。而應(yīng)該表達(dá)為： 跟過去比起來，現(xiàn)在的人們已經(jīng)養(yǎng)成了保護(hù)環(huán)境的意識(shí)。 言下之意，就是現(xiàn)在和將來的人們會(huì)主動(dòng)的去保護(hù)環(huán)境。
Some people consider that environmental problems can be more awful in the future for they believe that the more advent technology, the more pollution will come out(想表達(dá)科技越先進(jìn)，污染問題越多 應(yīng)該改為， the more advanced the technology is, the more environmental problems would pop up).(建議整個(gè)句子修改為：In today’s society, many people consider the environment problems could be more awful in the future for the advent of more technological products like the automobile would lead to more serious environmental contamination) However, I believe that environment will be better tomorrow because the every country of the world have been going to take action to face the circumstance issues and human have recognized the importance of protecting surroundings as time goes on(去掉the, 謂語動(dòng)詞三單，介詞of改為the 時(shí)態(tài)改為完成式即可——- because every country in the world has prepared to take action to resolve environmental issue and the public has already recognized the importance of environmental conservation as time goes by ).
To begin with, environmental issues have become a major matter of concern for a number of countries. (添加過渡性短語- In this way,) This fact has led them to come up with many measures to solve the environmental problems(去掉后面的the 即 solve environmental problems). For instance, The United Nations Climate Change conference which about 192 countries attended was held in 2009, it aimed to discuss and put forward acts to cope with climatic change problems(第一個(gè)專有名詞后面從句改為：The United Nations Climate Change conference attended by 192 countries was held in 2009 with the collective goal, that is, coping with the issue of climate change). There is no doubt that(少用套句，改為： Undoubtedly,) it has good impact on the tendency of changing climate on the Earth(這句話語言表達(dá)和上一句有重復(fù)且時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)有問題 改為: the conference was a good start symbolizing the cooperation of the whole world to address environmental issue). And this is a know as‘ save the human last chance ’of the meeting(不要另起一句，直接and并列句 即改為： … and it was known as a meeting of last chance to salvage human beings). Furthermore, more and more solar cars are produced, which are made to save energy to protect environment(furthermore表示遞進(jìn)or并列此處邏輯上不是很強(qiáng)， 改為：as a consequence, the number of solar vehicles has experienced a dramatic increase. ). In a word, all of the actions are in order to prevent our Earth from destroying( in order to如此用絕對(duì)的中式英文，且總結(jié)的句子表達(dá)出來的意思并不能幫忙總結(jié)這個(gè)段落，應(yīng)該與論點(diǎn)呼應(yīng)，表達(dá)出的大致意義應(yīng)該是：因此可以看出，全球已經(jīng)意識(shí)到環(huán)境問題，且政府以及采取了很多行動(dòng)， 與下一段形成呼應(yīng) 下一段應(yīng)該以“普通人也養(yǎng)成了保護(hù)環(huán)境得意時(shí)”。 所以應(yīng)該改成： In a word, governments throughout the world have reached an agreement to protect the environment and taken immediate effective and potent measures to avert continual environmental deterioration).
In addition, raising environmental awareness can be an effective method to prevent and control pollution(論點(diǎn)扣題，應(yīng)該改為： In addition, current individuals have already cultivated the awareness of environmental preservation and contributed a lot to environmental protection). In contemporary society (in the …), many more people are concern about the environmental situation (are concerned about/ current environmental situation) . Another example of Beijing, which used to be an auto-dependent city, Shrouded by smothering smog for years, residents in Beijing have totally realized the severe consequences brought by heavy smog and are fully motivated to reduce the number of private cars, burn clean fuels and lead a low-carbon life (句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是：北京被霧霾籠罩很多年，因此北京人知道了后果，開始被激勵(lì)去減少適用私家車，燃燒干凈能源，過低碳生活。 首先邏輯上：這句話的中文實(shí)際就不是很扣論點(diǎn)，應(yīng)該改為，北京人意識(shí)到霧霾的后果，開始養(yǎng)成了后續(xù)的這些習(xí)慣。 其次語言上： 北京被霧霾籠罩缺乏謂語。 建議整句話改為;Since citizens in Beijing shrouded by smothering smog for years realize the severe consequences of environmental pollution, they have gradually developed the habit of reducing the frequency of driving private cars, burning clean fuels and leading a low-carbon life). Therefore, government are required to offer more courses, videos and reports useful for raising public awareness on environmental protection in order to create a pleasant ecological environment with cleaner air(這句話的邏輯不通， 作者觀點(diǎn)環(huán)境未來會(huì)變好， 這段的論證思路是; 普通人意識(shí)到保護(hù)環(huán)境-例子;北京人受到霧霾影響，因此改變了習(xí)慣。 接下來不應(yīng)該說因此， 政府需要去提供更多課。 作者應(yīng)該這樣去表達(dá)， 與此同時(shí)，現(xiàn)在的政府也會(huì)去做一些事情去加強(qiáng)人們的意識(shí)。所以這句應(yīng)該改為： Meanwhile, the government also endeavors to strengthen people’s awareness of environmental protection by offering more public courses and related educational TV programs to create a favorable ecological environment). The example shows that our environmental circumstances will gradually get better(總結(jié)句依然不扣題，應(yīng)該改為，因此可以看出，現(xiàn)在普通人的行為已經(jīng)發(fā)生了改變，他們的環(huán)保意識(shí)有利于將來環(huán)境質(zhì)量的提升。所以表達(dá)為： Apparently, the behavior of common people has been changed and their strong consciousness of environmental protection is beneficial to the improvement of future environmental quality).
All in all, our environment will get better tomorrow. I feel hopeful that many more countries is going to take steps to face the environmental problems and more and more people have consciousness on the environmental protection. (小語法錯(cuò)誤，另外句子不夠精煉，謂語動(dòng)詞三單，is-are。 整句建議改為; the efforts made by both the worldwide governments and ordinary individuals can explain why I am convinced that environment in the near future will be improved. )
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詳解寫好托福寫作主題句的方法
