托福閱讀語法技巧：形容詞+動詞不定式
為了幫助大家更好地理解托福閱讀，下面小編給大家?guī)硗懈ｉ喿x語法技巧：形容詞+動詞不定式，希望對大家有所幫助。
托福閱讀語法技巧：形容詞+動詞不定式
帶星號的形容詞也可與that從句連用，有時that…should更常見。
在B-E節(jié)中句子用it引導的結構。如果it+be…前的動詞是find(發(fā)現(xiàn))/think(想)/be-lieve(相信)等，有時可將that及動詞be省略：
He found that it was impossible to study at home.相當于：
He found it impossible to study at home.
他覺得不可能在家學習。
1 it+be+形容詞(+of+賓語)+動詞不定式結構主要與下列各類形容詞連用：
(a)表示性格的有：brave(勇敢的)，careless(粗心的)，cow-ardly(怯懦的)，cruel(殘酷的)，generous(大方的)，good(好的)，nice(=kind善良的)，mean(吝嗇的，卑鄙的)，rude(粗魯?shù)?，selfish(自私的)，wicked(邪惡的)，wrong(不對的)等。與否定動詞或疑問動詞連用的有：fair_公正的)/just_(正義的)/right_對的)。
(b)表示智能的有：clever(聰明的)，foolish(愚蠢的)，idiotic_呆癡的)，intelligent(有才智的)，sensible(有見識的)，silly(傻的)，stupid(愚蠢的)。
此外， absurd_荒謬的)，ludicrous_荒.唐的)，ridiculous_(滑稽的)和unreasonable_不合理的)有時也可這樣使用。
It was kind of you to help him.
你幫助了他，真好心。
It was stupid(of them) to leave their bicycles outside.
(他們)真傻，居然把自行車放在外面了。
(b)組形容詞后的of+賓語結構可省略。有時該結構在(a)組形容詞后也可省去，但good和nice除外。(后二者如果省略of+賓語則會改變good和nice的意義。參見E。)
2代詞+be+形容詞+名詞+動詞不定式既可以與上面的形容詞連用，又可以與下列形容詞連用：astonishing_令人驚訝的)，curious_奇怪的)，extraordinary_不尋常的)，funny_(=strange_奇的)，odd_怪的)，queer_怪的)，surpris-ing_令人驚訝的)等。此外還有pointless(無意義的)，useful(有用的)和useless(無用的)也可以這樣使用。
It was a sensible precaution to take.
這樣預防一下是明智的。
That was a wicked thing to say.
說那種話太惡劣了。
這種評價式的話有時可用驚嘆句來表達：
What a funny way to park a car!
這樣停車好怪!
What an odd time to choose!
選的時間多怪!
有時在一些表示不贊成的句子中，形容詞可以省略：
What a(silly) way to bring up a child!
怎么用這種(愚蠢的)方法帶孩子!
What a time to choose!
怎么選了這么個時間!
that從句的例句如：
It is strange/odd/surprising that he hasn’t answered.
真是奇怪/古怪/令人驚訝，他怎么沒回音。
it+be+形容詞+動詞不定式結構中可以用下列詞：advisable_合意的)，inadvisable_不可取的)，better_較好的)，best(最好的)，desirable_可取的)，essential_必要的)，good(好的，可取的)，important_重要的)，necessary_必要的)，un-necessary_不必要的)，vital_非常重要的)。也可以用only+fair_公平的)/just_合理的)/right_對的)。
例句如：
—Wouldn’t it be better to wait?
—No，It’s essential to book in advance.
—等一等不更好嗎?
—不行，必須預先訂票。
可在除good以外的形容詞后或在just后加for+賓語，但在good后會改變其意思，見下文E：
It won’t be necessary for him to report to the police.
他沒必要去報告警察。
It is only fair for him to have a chance.
給他一次機會才是公平合理的。
inessential(非必要的)和unimportant(不重要的)通常不這么用，但可以說not essential。
it+be+形容詞(+for+賓語)+動詞不定式結構中可以用下列形容詞：convenient_便利的)，dangerous(危險的)，diffi-cult(困難的)，easy(容易的)，hard_艱難的)，possible_可能的)，impossible(做不到的)，safe(安全的)，unsafe(不安全的)。
Would it be convenient(for you) to see Mr X now?
(您)現(xiàn)在見X先生方便嗎?
It was dangerous(for women) to go out alone after dark.
(婦女們)天黑以后單獨出門是危險的。
We found it almost impossible to buy petrol.
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)幾乎買不到汽油。(參見上面A。)
上述形容詞除possible之外，均可用于名詞+be+形容詞+動詞不定式結構中：
This cake is easy to make.
這蛋糕很容易做。
The instructions were hard to follow.
這指示很難遵從。
This car isn’t safe to drive.
這輛車開起來不安全。
it+be+形容詞/分詞+動詞不定式可以和下列表示人物感情或反應的形容詞及分詞連用：agreeable(適意的)，awful_糟糕的)， delightful_令人愉快的)，disagreeable(令人不愉快的)，dreadful_可怕的)，good_nice_=pleasant好的)，horrible_可怕的)，lovely_可愛的)，marvellous_奇妙的)，splendid_極好的)，strange_奇怪的)，terrible_可怕的)，wonderful_精彩的)。
還可用下列動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式：alarm_使驚慌)，amaze_(使驚奇)，amuse_使感到好玩)，annoy_使煩躁)，astonish_使驚訝)，bewilder(使困惑)，bore(使厭煩)，depress_使感到壓抑)，disappoint_使失望)，discourage_使沮喪)，dis-gust_使感厭惡)，embarrass(使窘迫)，encourage_鼓勵)，excite(使激動)， frighten(驚恐)， horrify_使恐懼)， interest_使感興趣)， surprise_使驚訝)， terrify(使恐怖)， upset(使心緒煩亂)。
名詞fun(使人高興的經(jīng)歷)和a relief(寬心的事)可與上述詞同樣用：
It’s awful to be alone in such a place.
獨自呆在這種地方是夠可怕的。
It’s boring to do the same thing everyday.
每天干同一種工作是挺煩人的。
It was depressing to find the house empty.
發(fā)現(xiàn)屋里沒人，令人心里很郁悶。
It would be fun/exciting/interesting to canoe down the river.
劃小艇順河而下是很好玩的/令人興奮的/有趣的。
It was a relief to take off our wet boots.
脫掉我們的濕靴子是個解脫。
在lovely(可愛的)，interesting(有趣的)，marvellous(極妙的)，nice(好的)，wonderful(精彩的)等詞之后加上for+賓語結構是常見的，for+賓語結構也可用在其他形容詞之后：
It’s interesting(for children) to see a house being built.
(孩子們)看造房子是挺有趣的事。
It was marvellous(for the boys) to have a garden to play in.
(男孩子們)能有個花園在里面玩耍，真是妙極了。
注意：如在good后面加上for+賓語，則把good的意義限制在healthy(有益健康的)/beneficial(有益處的)方面：
It’s good for you to take regular exercise.
經(jīng)常鍛煉對你的身體是有好處的。
(good+動詞不定式既有這種含義，也有“愉快的”/“好心的”和“適當?shù)摹钡纫馑?，請參見上面的B節(jié)與C節(jié)。)
it+be+形容詞+名詞+動詞不定式結構也可和上述形容詞
及分詞連用：
It was an exciting ceremony to watch.
觀看這個儀式真叫人興奮。
It was a horrible place to live(in).
住在那個地方可是夠可怕的。
在主語+be+形容詞+動詞不定式結構中如用下列形容詞：angry_發(fā)怒的)， delighted_高興的)， dismayed_沮喪的)，glad_高興的)， happy(幸福的)， pleased_歡喜)， relieved_放心)，sad_傷心)， sorry_抱歉的)及上面E節(jié)中的動詞的過去分詞形式，可表示與上述相似的意思：
I’m delighted to see you.
我見到你很高興。
這里最常用的動詞不定式有：to find(發(fā)現(xiàn))/learn(得知)/hear(聽說)/see(看到)，但glad(高興)/happy(幸福)/sad(悲傷)/sorry(抱歉)等形容詞后面也常常使用to say(說)/tell(告訴)/inform(通知)及其他一些動詞不定式：
He was glad to leave school.
他很高興不去上學了。
She was dismayed to find the door locked.
發(fā)現(xiàn)門是鎖著的，她非常沮喪。
主語+be+形容詞/分詞+動詞不定式結構中可用下列詞：
able(能夠)/unable(不能夠); apt(易于的)， inclined(傾向于贊同)，liable(有義務的/易于……的)，prone(有……傾向的/易于受到……的); prepared(有準備的)， not prepared(=notready， not willing， unwilling沒料到的，不情愿的)，reluctant(勉強的); prompt(及時的)， quick(迅速的)，slow(慢的)：
We are all apt to make mistakes when we try to hurry.
我們想趕快把事辦完時，都容易出錯誤。
I am inclined to believe him.
我傾向于相信他。
I am prepared/ready to help him.
我準備幫助他。
He was most reluctant to lend us the money.
他很不情愿把錢借給我們。
He was slow to realize that times had changed.相當于：
He realized only slowly that times had changed.
他慢慢地才認識到時代不同了。
托福閱讀高分必備：形容詞性從句
托福閱讀文段中，大多數(shù)都包含著一些形容詞性從句，雖然在中沒有直接考察語法的題型，不過，如果大家對一些從句分析不清，很有可能影響題意理解。下面，新東方網(wǎng)托福頻道為您整理托福閱讀中形容詞性從句的表現(xiàn)及用法，希望能幫助大家取得托福高分。
定語從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中作定語，其作用是修飾主句的某個名詞性成分，相當于形容詞，所以又稱為形容詞性從句。通常定語從句皆置于它所修飾的名詞或代詞之后，被修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞(antecedent)，而引導定語從句的詞稱為關聯(lián)詞。
關聯(lián)詞常有3個作用：連接作用，引導定語從句;代替先行詞;在定語從句中擔當一個成分。關聯(lián)詞為關系代詞和關系副詞。關系代詞在定語從句中可以用作主語、賓語、定語等;關系副詞在定語從句中只用作狀語。如：
★ One factor which may help ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely is people's increasing appreciation of their cultural identity.(which may help ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely是關系代詞which引導的定語從句，用以修飾which的先行詞factor, which在從句中用作主語)
★ And even in regions where new projects seem warranted, we must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources, respecting ecological criteria and to a smaller budget.(where new projects seem warranted是關系副詞where引導的定語從句，用以修飾where的先行詞regions, where在從句中用作地點狀語)
定語從句一般緊跟在其先行詞之后。如：
★ Food production has kept pace with soaring populations mainly because of the expansion of artificial irrigation systems that make possible the growth of 40% of the world's food.(關系代詞that引導的定語從句緊跟其先行詞artificial irrigation systems之后)
有時也可以與先行詞分離。如：
★ A new teacher will come tomorrow, who will teach you Chinese.(關系代詞who引導的定語從句與其先行詞teacher分離)
用作關聯(lián)詞的關系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，但在此提醒考生們絕對沒有“what”。who, whom, whose指人，who是主格，在定語從句中用作主語(在非正式英語中也可以用作賓語，并且用作賓語時可以省去不用);whom是賓格，在定語從句中用作賓語(也可以省去不用);whose是屬格，在定語從句中用作定語(有時也可以指物)。如：
★ The American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term ‘echolocation' to cover both sonar and radar, whether used by animals or by human instruments.(主格關系代詞who在從句中作主語)
★ The man who he talked about is a professor.(在非正式英語中who代替了whom,也可以省去不用)
★ He doesn't like the girl whom you refer to.(賓格關系代詞whom在從句中用作賓語，也可以省去不用)
★ The children whose parents give priority to work may feel lonely and alienated.(屬格關系代詞whose在定語從句中用作定語，指人)
★ The car whose wheels have been stolen was bought yesterday.(屬格關系代詞whose在定語從句中用作定語，指物，即car，可以用of which代替，但后者較為正式)
That在定語從句中既可以用作主語，也可以用作賓語(在非正式文體中可省去);既可以指人，也可以指物。如：
★ These methods include strength training that duplicate what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union.(關系代詞that在定語從句中用作主語，指物)
★ Put another way, basic heath-care is now recognized as a ‘public good', rather than a ‘private good' that one is expected to buy for oneself.(關系代詞that在定語從句中用作賓語，指物)
★ The students that hold a foreign degree seem to be more confident and independent.(關系代詞that在定語從句中用作主語，指人)
which在定語從句中既可以用作主語，也可以用作賓語;一般皆指物(在非正式文體中可省去)。如：
★ Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have stereoscopic forward and upward.(關系代詞which在定語從句中用作主語)
★ Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little relief.(關系代詞which在定語從句中用作賓語，可以省去)
which在從句中也可以被用作定語和表語。如：
★ His money had been stolen, which news annoyed him.(關系代詞which在定語從句中用作定語)
★ They were completely mistrusted, which in fact, they were.(關系代詞which在定語從句中用作表語)
關系代詞在從句中用作介詞賓語時，介詞可以位于從句之首，也可以位于從句之末。但以位于從句之首較為正式。如：
★ This has been encouraged through programs of language classes fro children and through ‘a(chǎn)pprentice' scheme, in which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a traditional skill.(關系代詞which在定語從句中用作介詞in的賓語，介詞位于定語從句之首，即which之前)
★ This has been encouraged through programs of language classes fro children and through ‘a(chǎn)pprentice' scheme, which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a traditional skill in.(介詞in位于定語從句之首，which在此可以省去)
像during, except或者表示分割作用的of等介詞通常放在關系代詞的前面。如：
★ The years during which he was away were long years to her.
★ He wrote many books, some of which you will read some day.
關系代詞who和that用作介詞賓語時，介詞須置于句末。如：
★ The writer you referred to was an unknown writer.(關系代詞who用作介詞to的賓語，介詞to須位于定語從句之末，who在口語中可以省去)
★ This is the problem that he has been complaining about.(關系代詞that用作介詞about的賓語，介詞about須位于定語從句之末)
有時定語從句中還有其他成分，介詞則位于定語從句之中。如：
This is the engineer who he cooperated with in the project.
先行詞指人時，關系代詞既可以用who, 也可以用that。但關系代詞在定語從句中用作主語時，多用主格who。如：
★ Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of the dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various world to conquer.(persons, those, people等先行詞多用關系代詞who)
★ It is Tom who should be punished.(在強調(diào)結構中，指人時多用who)
★ The American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term ‘echolocation' to cover both sonar and radar, whether used by animals or by human instruments.
托福閱讀都考哪些語法點?
1.形容詞
形容詞修飾名詞或代詞，說明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。通常，可將形容詞分成性質(zhì)形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類，其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。形容詞是修飾回答像"what kind of" 或 "which?" 或 "whose?" 這類的問題。在使用時要注意與副詞的區(qū)分。
1)以-ly結尾的形容詞：friendly， deadly， lovely， lonely， likely， lively， ugly， brotherly
2)以-ly 結尾既為形容詞，也為副詞：daily， weekly， monthly， yearly， early
2.副詞
副詞通常修飾動詞，形容詞，副詞或其他結構。(它也可以修飾另一個副詞或一個形容詞，但是這種情況托福[微博]考試里是比較少見的。)副詞經(jīng)?；卮?quot;how?"
正確的位置：
1) 在動詞之前;在be動詞、助動詞之后。
2) 有多個助動詞時，副詞一般放在第一個助動詞后。
3) 方式副詞well， badly， hard等只放在句尾。He speaks English well。
另外，
1) 副詞very可修飾形容詞，但不能修飾動詞。
I very like English. (×)
I like English very much. (√)
2) 副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面，形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。
3.比較
當比較兩個事物時，用比較級，也就是-er形式或者用修飾詞less和more。當比較多于兩個以上的事物時，用最高級，也就是-est形式或者做most和least 修飾。
4.措辭錯誤
像包括its/it's，affect/effect，lie/lay這類長相類似的詞常常容易被錯用，從而引起審閱者的困惑。如果你不能確定如何用這些詞的話，就盡量避免使用。
5.雙重否定
與中文不同，在英語里，雙重否定很容易出問題，類似于"not none"，"hardly none"和"not never"這樣的雙重否定都是不正確的。
托福閱讀真題
A survey is a study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire that provides information concerning how people think and act. In the United States, the best-known surveys are the Gallup poll and the Harris poll. As anyone who watches the news during presidential campaigns knows, these polls have become an important part of political life in the United States.
North Americans are familiar with the many person-on-the-street interviews on local television news shows. While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location. Thus, such samples can be biased in favor of commuters, middle-class shoppers, or factory workers, depending on which area the newspeople select. Second, television interviews tend to attract outgoing people who are willing to appear on the air, while they frighten away others who may feel intimidated by a camera. A survey must be based on a precise, representative sampling if it is to genuinely reflect a broad range of the population.
In preparing to conduct a survey, sociologists must exercise great care in the wording of questions. An effective survey question must be simple and clear enough for people to understand it. It must also be specific enough so that there are no problems in interpreting the results. Even questions that are less structured must be carefully phrased in order to elicit the type of information desired. Surveys can be indispensable sources of information, but only if the sampling is done properly and the questions are worded accurately.
There are two main forms of surveys: the interview and the questionnaire. Each of these forms of survey research has its advantages. An interviewer can obtain a high response rate because people find it more difficult to turn down a personal request for an interview than to throw away a written questionnaire. In addition, an interviewer can go beyond written questions and probe for a subject's underlying feelings and reasons. However, questionnaires have the advantage of being cheaper and more consistent.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The history of surveys in North America
(B) The principles of conducting surveys
(C) Problems associated with interpreting surveys
(D) The importance of polls in American political life
2. The word they in line 8 refers to
(A) North Americans
(B) news shows
(C) interviews
(D) opinions
3. According to the passage , the main disadvantage of person-on-the-street interviews is that
they
(A) are not based on a representative sampling
(B) are used only on television
(C) are not carefully worded
(D) reflect political opinions
4. The word precise in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) planned
(B) rational
(C) required
(D) accurate
5. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is most important for an effective survey?
(A) A high number of respondents
(B) Carefully worded questions
(C) An interviewer's ability to measure respondents' feelings
(D) A sociologist who is able to interpret the results
6. The word exercise in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) utilize
(B) consider
(C) design
(D) defend
7. The word elicit in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) compose
(B) rule out
(C) predict
(D) bring out
8. It can be inferred from the passage that one reason that sociologists may become frustrated
with questionnaires is that
(A) respondents often do not complete and return questionnaires
(B) questionnaires are often difficult to read
(C) questionnaires are expensive and difficult to distribute
(D) respondents are too eager to supplement questions with their own opinions
9. According to the passage , one advantage of live interviews over questionnaires is that live
interviews
(A) cost less
(B) can produce more information
(C) are easier to interpret
(D) minimize the influence of the researcher
10. The word probe in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) explore
(B) influence
(C) analyze
(D) apply
11. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) Survey (line 1)
(B) Public opinion (line 8)
(C) Representative sampling (line 13)
(D) Response rate (line 24)
PASSAGE 80 BCADB ADABA A
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