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托福閱讀備考之長難句分析:白堊紀滅絕事件

時間: 楚薇20 分享

  

大家在托福閱讀的時候最怕遇到長難句了,又難理解意思還會浪費時間,下面小編給大家?guī)硗懈i喿x備考之長難句分析:白堊紀滅絕事件,供大家參考。

       托福閱讀備考之長難句:白堊紀滅絕事件

  Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event, because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary, usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world. (K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous, derived from the German name Kreideieit). ( TPO42, 60)

  abbreviation /?'briv?'e??n/ n. 簡略,縮短

  derive /d?'ra?v/ v. 獲得,得到;源自,源于

  大家自己先讀,不回讀,看一遍是否能理解

  Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago (as part of a mass extinction) (known as the K-T event),(because it is associated with a geological signature) (known as the K-T boundary), (usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world). (K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous, (derived from the German nameKreideieit)).( TPO42, 60)

  托福閱讀長難句分析:

  這個句子的主干就是:

  Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago

  修飾一:(as part of a mass extinction) ,介詞短語

  中文:成為大滅絕事件的一部分

  修飾二:(known as the K-T event) ,非謂語動詞

  中文:稱之為K-T事件

  修飾三:(because it is associated with a geological signature) ,從句

  中文:因為它與地質學上的標簽有聯(lián)系

  修飾四:(known as the K-T boundary) ,非謂語動詞

  中文:稱為之K-T邊緣

  修飾五:(usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world) ,同位語

  中文:K-T邊界通常是一塊在世界各地都能找到的薄薄的沉積帶

  修飾六:(derived from the German name Kreideieit),非謂語動詞

  中文:源自德國名字kreidezeit

  托福閱讀長難句參考翻譯

  大約在6500萬年前,恐龍迅速地滅絕,成為K-T大規(guī)模滅絕事件的一部分,被稱作K-T是因為它與地質學上的標簽K-T邊界有關,K-T邊界通常是一塊在世界各地都能找到的薄薄的沉積帶。(K在慣例上是白堊紀Cretaceous的縮寫,源自德國名字kreidezeit)

  這個句子的主要修飾成分就是從句、非謂語動詞和同位語,大家務必想清楚,每一個修飾成分修飾的是什么,才能看清楚這個句子的結構。

  托福閱讀:長難句有哪些類型?1 修飾成分繁多

  e.g. The high cost to investors of developing trade by sea between East and West indicates the great size of the profits that such trade could produce

  這種類型在托福閱讀句子簡化題中常作為考點。他的特點在于有各種修飾成分修飾,讓很多考生找不到句子的主要意思,導致考生很難判斷整體意思。

  首先考生要了解什么是修飾成分,考生才能把這些部分去掉找到句子主干。修飾成分可以分為三大類:

  (1)從句:

  限于同位語從句,定語從句(形容詞性從句),狀語從句(副詞性從句)即去掉從句之

  后對主干的結構沒有影響的從句。這里小編大致介紹一下各類從句,具體請同學們再去翻翻自己的語法書啦.

  ①同位語從句:是對前面的抽象名詞進行解釋說明的,被解釋說明的詞和同位語在邏輯上是主表關系

  e.g. I have no idea what he likes.

  ②定語從句:從句在主句中作用是形容詞。

  e.g. There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless.

  ③狀語從句:從句在主句中的作用是副詞。是可以修飾謂語、非謂語動詞、定語、狀語或整個句子。

  e.g. You should have put the book where you found it.

  (2)介詞詞組:

  from.. to… / of… / by…/ without…

  (3)非謂語動詞形式: doing, to do, done

  現(xiàn)在我們來分析第一個例句 to investors, of developing tread, by sea, between East and West屬于介詞詞組是可以去掉的,that such trade could produce屬于從句,可以去掉,剩下的主干即:The high cost indicates the great size of the profits. 高的花費表明了巨大的利潤。當然修飾成分也不用去得干干凈凈,以至于句子都沒有多少成分,失去了分析的意義;

  2 固定詞組拆分

  e.g. The heat quickly removed from a heat reservoir is replaced so slowly by geological processes that geothermal energy is not, practically speaking, renewable.

  相比于第一種類型出現(xiàn)頻率較低。雖然在句子簡化題中考的幾率不高,但在題目選項中或者是原文關鍵信息點中會常出現(xiàn)。特點在于如果對于固定詞組不熟悉,會導致找不到句子主干,甚至會覺得句子結構出現(xiàn)問題。

  這種類型的句子要求學生平時對于固定詞組搭配進行累積,這樣在句子中看到詞組一半內容的時候就要考慮到后面是否會出現(xiàn)另外一半,才能把握句子整體的意思。托福閱讀中常見的拆分固定詞組有:so/such…that… as…as… neither…nor… from…to… between…and…等。

  在前面的例句中就出現(xiàn)了so…that…的拆分,結合第一種類型去掉修飾成分,原文主干信息即: The heat is replaced so slowly that geothermal energy is not renewable. 熱量被替換如此慢以至于地熱能不可再生。而有些同學對于so…that…句型不熟悉,以為that引導的是從句,而去掉后面的內容,導致整體結構不完整。

  3 倒裝句型

  e.g. Nor have merchants and artisans ever had much tolerance for aristocratic professions of moral superiority, favoring instead an egalitarian ethic of the open market, where steady hard work, the loyalty of one's fellows, and entrepreneurial skill make all the difference.

  相比于前兩者難度較低,只要學生對于句子基本結構有一定的了解,倒裝句型比較好辨析。并且句子倒裝后對意思整題影響不大,主要內容相對來說還是比較好獲取的。

  這種類型的句子需要考生了解常見的倒裝情況,下列即托福閱讀中常見的倒裝:

  (1)用于neither, nor 及 so后面。

  Neither/nor do I.

  (2)only +副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句,在句首子開頭時,后面的主謂需倒裝。

  Only by working hard can we passed this difficult examination.

  (3) 用于not only 之后。

  Not only do I know Tom, but I am his teacher.

  (4) 帶有否定意義的副詞或者狀語置于句首時,主謂就需倒裝。

  Under no circumstances should we give up.

  (5) to such lengths, to such degree, to such extent等表示程度的介詞短語置于句首,主謂需倒裝。

  To such lengths did he go on with his windy speech.

  (6)as 引導的方式從句中

  She travelled a great deal, as did most of her friends.

  (7)not until, only when置于句首

  Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.

  在第一個例句中就出現(xiàn)了nor的倒裝,即商人和工匠也不能容忍…,所以nor后面的內容是商人和工匠沒有的,如果不能分辨出這層關系,很有可能導致肯否定理解錯誤,影響信息點的把握。

  實用閱讀攻略丨托福閱讀長難句解析

  一. 托福閱讀長難句

  托福閱讀中為什么會有長難句?如果托福閱讀中都是簡單句那也體現(xiàn)不出來你高超的英語水平。簡單地來說,就是為了測試你的英語水平,確保你具備像native speaker那樣的閱讀能力,不影響你日后到國外讀書時閱讀外文資料。所以理解托福閱讀文章長難句對我們英語水平提升是有幫助的,大家一定要積極應對。托福閱讀長難句有多長?刷過閱讀題的小伙伴們都知道,長難句少則兩三行,多則五六行,甚至會出現(xiàn)一整段只有一句話的情況。長難句通常會出句子簡化題(細節(jié)題和推斷題也常涉及長難句)。長難句的難點就在于長,中文表達中很少會有如此冗長的句子,所以大家初見英文文章長難句會很不習慣。那么,應該如何解決托福閱讀中的長難句呢?

  二. 托福閱讀長難句如何分析

  1. 簡化

  解決托福閱讀長難句的第一步是簡化句子。簡化句子最為有效的方法就是找到句子的主謂賓結構。我們通過一個例子來看看如何簡化長難句。

  A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginia, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries,especially aspiring artists,and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.

  這個句子很長,但是如果我們找到句子的主干以后就可以將其簡化成下面的句子:

  A few art collectors introduced European art traditions to those colonists and established in their respective communities the idea and the need.

  這樣看起來整個句子是不是一目了然非常好理解了。其實只要抓住句子的主謂賓結構,就可以迅速將句子簡化,了接句子的大意。但是這樣還不夠,接下來還有一步。

  2. 還原

  簡化過后我們可以迅速了接文章的大意,但是卻缺失了修飾成分,想要全面了解句意,我們要還要將句子的修飾成分歸還給各個修飾成分。舉個簡單的例子,這個定語從句“This is an old computer that works much slower.”的主干就是“This is a computer”,但若是不將修飾成分加回來,我們就不知道這個電腦的狀態(tài)是“old”,而且“works much slower”。所以完成了簡化以后要將修飾成分歸位更加全面地了解句意。


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