新托福閱讀考試中5種常見的倒裝句式
倒裝句在托福閱讀中十分常見，那么托福閱讀的倒裝句都有哪些形式呢?下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦為大家?guī)淼耐懈淇?a href='http://regraff.com/fwn/jingyan/' target='_blank'>經(jīng)驗(yàn) 5種常見的倒裝句式，希望能夠幫助大家更好的備考托福閱讀。
新托福閱讀考試中5種常見的倒裝句式
1.never等具有否定意義或否定形式的詞或詞組位于句首時(shí)用倒裝。
常見詞或詞組有： not, never, rarely, little, hardly, seldom, on no account, by no means, neither, nor …
因此，對(duì)于倒裝句“…not until the second of December did they kill their first elk.”來說，第一步先把句子變成正常語序，即把not的位置還原，第二步再理解句子。那么這個(gè)句子就變成“…they did not kill their first elk until the second of December?！?“not…until”表示“直到……才”，因此句子意思為：他們直到第二年的十二月才殺死了第一批麋鹿。
2.當(dāng)“only+狀語”位于句首時(shí)表強(qiáng)調(diào)使用倒裝。
例句：Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites…(TPO5-1 Minerals and Plants)
解析：該句是only+recently(時(shí)間狀語)位于句首引起的倒裝，因此該句變成正常語序?yàn)椋骸癐nvestigators have only recently considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites…”,意思為：研究人員最近才考慮使用這些植物清理土壤和垃圾場(chǎng)。
3.為加強(qiáng)語氣“so/such…that”結(jié)構(gòu)中的so或such位于句首時(shí)用倒裝。
例句：“So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture.(TPO10-1 Chinese Pottery)
解析：該句是“so…that”結(jié)構(gòu)中的so位于句首引起的倒裝，因此該句變成正常語序?yàn)椋骸癟hese pieces were so admired that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture.”意思為：這些藝術(shù)品受到極高的贊賞，于是他們鼓勵(lì)制陶來仿制瓷器，并激勵(lì)人們研究制作方法。
4.主語較長(zhǎng)，為使句子平衡或強(qiáng)調(diào)，倒裝表語或狀語。
這種倒裝句通常是介詞短語、形容詞(短語)和分詞(短語)位于句首。
如：
By his sides is his wife who is very elegant and beautiful.(在他旁邊是他美麗優(yōu)雅的妻子)
Green are the clouds in the sky and faded are leaves on the ground.(碧云天，黃葉地)
Sitting in the class are students who come from all across the China.(坐在教室里的學(xué)生來自中國(guó)各地)
例句：Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.(OG The Origins of Cetaceans)
解析：該句的主語是“fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.”其中“intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans”(哺乳動(dòng)物和海洋鯨魚之間過渡性)是“fossils”的定語。由于該句主語過長(zhǎng)，為了使句子平衡，把表語“Missing until recently”置于句首引起倒裝句。該句變成正常語序?yàn)椋骸癋ossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans were missing until recently.”意思為“哺乳動(dòng)物和海洋鯨魚之間過渡性的化石現(xiàn)在找到了?！?/p>
5. 如果虛擬條件句的謂語部分含有were, had, 或should, 可以把他們放到句首,省略連詞if,變成倒裝句。
例句1：In contrast, should another ice age occur, sea level would drop drastically.(TPO15-3 Glacier Formation)
解析：對(duì)于這種倒裝句的處理是：第一步，把if還原;第二部，理解句子。因此if還原之后該句變成：“In contrast, if another ice age should occur, sea level would drop drastically.”由if引導(dǎo)的從句“should occur”的使用可知，該句是對(duì)將來的虛擬。意思為：對(duì)比之下，如果再次發(fā)生冰川世紀(jì)，海平面將會(huì)大大下降
例句2：Their significance may have remained clear had the Chinese not come under foreign influence.(TPO10-1 Chinese Pottery 11題)
解析：該句是把條件從句放在了句子后面，if還原之后變成：“Their significance may have remained clear if the Chinese had not come under foreign influence.”由“had not come” 的使用可知該句是對(duì)過去的虛擬，意思為：如果中國(guó)沒有受到外國(guó)的影響，它們的重要性可能保持清晰?！?/p>
基礎(chǔ)薄弱如何應(yīng)考雅思閱讀
如果翻開這些把題全都做過一遍但是成績(jī)依然不高的考生的書，一般都會(huì)看到，書的原文部分除了一些簡(jiǎn)單的標(biāo)記以外，基本是干干凈凈的，只有在后面題目處寫了答案和改正后的答案。做完題書依然保持這個(gè)狀態(tài)的同學(xué)的做題狀態(tài)不難推斷：熱情滿滿地拿起一篇文章的題就做，做完后趕緊對(duì)答案，對(duì)完后發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多錯(cuò)誤，信心指數(shù)馬上直線下降，于是把正確答案草草寫上，把書扔在一邊，然后由衷的發(fā)出一聲感嘆：閱讀真難!事實(shí)上，以這個(gè)狀態(tài)做題，對(duì)提高閱讀成績(jī)不會(huì)有任何幫助，反而是在“浪費(fèi)”寶貴的真題。那怎么樣使用真題才是正確的呢?
首先，要明確一個(gè)概念，單詞基礎(chǔ)非常薄弱的同學(xué)最好不要直接用真題進(jìn)行練習(xí)，而是要選擇一些以夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)為主的教材入手，認(rèn)真進(jìn)行一段時(shí)間的單詞語法及基本解題思路的積累，再開始接觸劍橋雅思真題。在用真題練習(xí)時(shí)，目標(biāo)不僅僅是做練習(xí)，而是要把真題的作用發(fā)揮到最大。
使用真題應(yīng)該分為以下五個(gè)階段進(jìn)行：
第一階段——做題。
在具備了一定單詞量的情況下，先根據(jù)老師指導(dǎo)的解題思路認(rèn)真做題，做完后核對(duì)答案;
第二階段——更正錯(cuò)題。
更正錯(cuò)題并不是把正確答案寫上就可以了，而是要想明白自己到底為什么錯(cuò)了，是定位不準(zhǔn)確?同義替換沒有識(shí)別出?還是干脆單詞不認(rèn)識(shí)?識(shí)別出自己的問題后，認(rèn)真按照正確答案的指引再從頭把這道題思考一遍，如果是同義替換或者單詞的問題，要立即把影響答案的單詞或替換記下來;
第三階段——積累同義替換。
這一步對(duì)于提高閱讀速度和單詞量都非常重要。在做完題并且思考清楚錯(cuò)題的基礎(chǔ)上，用題目和原文相關(guān)位置進(jìn)行比對(duì)，因?yàn)轭}目和原文都是對(duì)應(yīng)同義替換的關(guān)系，(特別是在summary題型中，這種對(duì)應(yīng)尤其明顯)所以必然會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)很多同義替換形式，要立即積累。
第四階段——精讀。
這一步做完后真題才能算真正是被“榨干”了，精讀也是真正能夠提高閱讀能力和閱讀成績(jī)的“王道”。在做完題、積累完同義替換后，需要把原文從頭到尾精讀一遍，遇到不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞先不查字典，自己根據(jù)上下文的意思猜測(cè)，最后再查，一般會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己猜測(cè)的意思和字典里的意思不會(huì)差的特別多。這樣在原文中積累單詞，有上下文有語境，效果會(huì)比較好。
最后一個(gè)階段是針對(duì)想沖刺高分的同學(xué)的——背句子。
在精讀完成后，想在寫作中拿高分的同學(xué)可以選擇一些結(jié)構(gòu)或用詞好的句子進(jìn)行背誦，因?yàn)檎骖}的文章都非常地道，這些句子用在寫作中會(huì)成為亮點(diǎn)，對(duì)寫作大有幫助。
托福閱讀句子簡(jiǎn)化題例題整理
句子簡(jiǎn)化題(Sentence Simplification)：
考查讀者認(rèn)定文章中某一特定復(fù)雜句子所傳達(dá)的基本內(nèi)容，并不受細(xì)枝末節(jié)的干擾，用簡(jiǎn)化的句子表達(dá)原句基本內(nèi)容的能力。
例題
. . . Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them—clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal—it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the “applied arts.” Approaching crafts from the point of view of function, we can divide them into simple categories: containers, shelters, and supports. There is no way around the fact that containers, shelters, and supports must be functional. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered. These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate. If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits. Buildings without roofs, for example, are unusual because they depart from the norm. However, not all functional objects are exactly alike; that is why we recognize a Shang Dynasty vase as being different from an Inca vase. What varies is not the basic form but the incidental details that do not obstruct the object’s primary function . . .
Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Functional applied-art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by the laws of physics.
B. The function of applied-art objects is determined by basic patterns in the laws of physics.
C. Since functional applied-art objects vary only within certain limits, arbitrary decisions cannot have determined their general form.
D. The general form of applied-art objects is limited by some arbitrary decision that is not determined by the laws of physics.
正確答案：A
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