托福閱讀中的易錯(cuò)詞匯積累
為了幫助大家高效備考托福，學(xué)習(xí)啦為大家?guī)硗懈ｉ喿x中的易錯(cuò)詞匯積累，希望對大家托福備考有所幫助。更多精彩盡請關(guān)注學(xué)習(xí)啦!
托福閱讀中的易錯(cuò)詞匯積累
1) quite 相當(dāng) quiet 安靜地
2) affect v 影響, 假裝 effect n 結(jié)果, 影響
3) adapt 適應(yīng) adopt 采用 adept 內(nèi)行
4) angel 天使 angle 角度
5) dairy 牛奶廠 diary 日記
6) contend 奮斗, 斗爭 content 內(nèi)容, 滿足的 context 上下文 contest 競爭, 比賽
7) principal 校長, 主要的 principle 原則
8) implicit 含蓄的 explicit 明白的
9) dessert 甜食 desert 沙漠 v 放棄 dissert 寫論文
10) pat 輕拍 tap 輕打 slap 掌擊 rap 敲，打
11) decent 正經(jīng)的 descent n 向下, 血統(tǒng) descend v 向下
12) sweet 甜的 sweat 汗水
13) later 后來 latter 后者 latest 最近的 lately adv 最近
14) costume 服裝 custom 習(xí)慣
15) extensive 廣泛的 intensive 深刻的
16) aural 耳的 oral 口頭的
17) abroad 國外 aboard 上(船，飛機(jī))
18) altar 祭壇 alter 改變
19) assent 同意 ascent 上升 accent 口音
20) champion 冠軍 champagne 香檳酒 campaign 戰(zhàn)役
21) baron 男爵 barren 不毛之地的 barn 古倉
22) beam 梁， 光束 bean 豆 been have 過去式
23) precede 領(lǐng)先 proceed 進(jìn)行，繼續(xù)
24) pray 祈禱 prey 獵物
25) chicken 雞 kitchen 廚房
26) monkey 猴子 donkey 驢
27) chore 家務(wù)活 chord 和弦 cord 細(xì)繩
28) cite 引用 site 場所 sight 視覺
29) clash (金屬)幢擊聲 crash 碰幢，墜落 crush 壓壞
30) compliment 贊美 complement 附加物
31) confirm 確認(rèn) conform 使順從
32) contact 接觸 contract 合同 contrast 對照
33) council 議會(huì) counsel 忠告 consul 領(lǐng)事
34) crow 烏鴉 crown 王冠 clown 小丑 cow 牛
35) dose 一劑藥 doze 打盹
36) drawn draw 過去分詞 drown 溺水
托福閱讀重要的句子解析
1. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.
戴著面具身著盛裝的人們，經(jīng)常扮演各種其他人物、動(dòng)物或超自然生靈，并且作為一個(gè)扮演者所能做的，就是期盼一個(gè)在狩獵或戰(zhàn)役中獲勝、降雨的來臨，陽光的重現(xiàn)的結(jié)果。
2.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.
但是這些事實(shí)不能解釋這個(gè)令人感興趣的問題，就是為什么在一個(gè)特殊的靠近他們出生的地方如此的集中了這么多懷孕的魚龍。
3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.
十九世紀(jì)一系列持續(xù)的機(jī)械進(jìn)步，包括踏板的傳入、金屬結(jié)構(gòu)的完善和鋼絲最完美的質(zhì)量，最后產(chǎn)生了一種能容納無數(shù)音調(diào)——從最精致的和弦到一個(gè)成熟管弦的聲音或從一個(gè)清澈的歌聲到輝煌的敲擊樂的效果——的樂器。
4.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.
雖然我們習(xí)慣于談到1972年以前的電影是無聲的，但用一句完全感性的話來說，電影從來就不是沒有聲音的。
5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.
多年以來電影音樂的選擇程序完全掌握在導(dǎo)演和音樂督導(dǎo)手中，通常擁有這些權(quán)力的主要資格并非是自身的技藝和品味而更多的是因?yàn)閾碛写罅康膫€(gè)人音樂素材庫。
6.Rather, they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smooth, compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow.
更進(jìn)一步，他們是由一個(gè)頂層是毛紡或光滑的精紡羊毛織物制作，包含光滑，緊湊的紗線來自長羊毛的纖維染成蘭黑色、綠色、或褐色底層含有粗糙天然的和暗黃色的毛紡材料。
7.For good measure, during the spring and summer drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the weary growers.
在春季和夏季，要精確量度干旱、熱量、冰雹、蝗蟲和其他損失可能是一件疲勞的事情。
8.What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.
我們今天所謂的美國民間藝術(shù)，實(shí)際上是普通老百姓的藝術(shù)、被普通老百姓創(chuàng)造的藝術(shù)和為普通老百姓和日常提到的“民間人士”的藝術(shù)，是一個(gè)他們在社會(huì)日漸繁榮和休閑情況下創(chuàng)建的一個(gè)包含各種各樣尤其是肖像畫種類的藝術(shù)的市場。
9.The people had no agriculture but, over thousands of years, had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment, basing their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon, halibut, and other varieties of fish; gathering abalone, mussels, clams, and other shellfish from the rocky coastline; hunting land and sea mammals; and collecting wild plant foods.
他們沒有農(nóng)業(yè)，但是經(jīng)過幾千年，已經(jīng)發(fā)展了探索自身環(huán)境的技術(shù)和設(shè)備。他們是基于大量出現(xiàn)鮭魚、大比目魚和其他多種魚類的自身流域和水岸捕魚的經(jīng)濟(jì);基于從落基山水岸聚集了鮑魚、蚌類、蛤和其他貝殼動(dòng)物的經(jīng)濟(jì);基于捕獵地域和海洋哺乳動(dòng)物的經(jīng)濟(jì);以及基于收集野生植物的食物的經(jīng)濟(jì)。
托福閱讀詞匯的技巧整理
一般說高中基礎(chǔ)的同學(xué)詞匯量比較小，高中程度的英語詞匯量是3500個(gè)，這離8千的量就少很多了，所以建議兩步走。 第一步找一本詞匯書背一些，同時(shí)因?yàn)槟阍~匯量比較小，而且背單詞比較枯燥，同時(shí)也建議你在背單詞書的同時(shí)，大量的精讀托福閱讀文章。因?yàn)槲覀冎滥惬@得單詞是從兩個(gè)方面獲得的，一方面是機(jī)械地獲得這個(gè)詞匯;
第二塊來自你閱讀的文章中，每篇閱讀文章中，如果是英語單詞比較差的同學(xué)，甚至?xí)l(fā)現(xiàn)100個(gè)單詞不認(rèn)識。但是我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)，在閱讀中背單詞是特別快，而且不容易忘記。所以建議兩方面結(jié)合，第一個(gè)是背一本單詞書;第二個(gè)是大量閱讀新托福的文章，包括老的托福的文章也是特別有意義的文章，同時(shí)把里面的單詞全部都背下來，這對你是非常有利的。 為什么這么強(qiáng)調(diào)單詞呢?就在于新托福的閱讀中有1/4的題目全部在于詞匯上。
即將參加SAT考試的同學(xué)，一般來說，SAT的閱讀要比托福的難。比方說我們SAT的批判性閱讀部分需要的詞匯量是13000個(gè)詞匯量，而托福的閱讀需要8千個(gè)詞匯量，從這個(gè)比例我們就可以看出來，SAT閱讀比托福要難一些。但是整個(gè)的閱讀的感覺和閱讀的題材文章還是有一些差異的，托福的文章主要以科普類的為多，而SAT有很多的文章是文學(xué)類的，歷史類的，所以這一方面需要更多準(zhǔn)備。
所以你是完全可以用SAT閱讀去準(zhǔn)備托福閱讀的，但是需要你做一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)變的過程，做一個(gè)什么事情呢?托福中有很多題型是SAT沒有的，所以我建議考完SAT以后，最好再買兩本新托福備考的書，大量做一下練習(xí)題，盡快熟悉托福的題型和做題的感覺
新托福閱讀的新題型重點(diǎn)考察句子間的關(guān)系
新托福閱讀的拖入文本題有什么做題技巧?拖入文本題有很多叫法，有的人叫插入文本題，有的叫代入文本題，在托福閱讀中有那么一個(gè)段落，其中有4 個(gè)框框，他代表你在題干中的那句話可以拖入這個(gè)里面來，做題的方法是：第一步一定要優(yōu)先閱讀題干中要被拖入到原文的那句話。第二步找要被代入原文那句話當(dāng)中的關(guān)鍵字和要點(diǎn)。因?yàn)槲覀冎?，如果要把一句話代入到原文?dāng)中，這句話肯定和原文有很強(qiáng)的關(guān)聯(lián)性。
然后第三點(diǎn)，我們找的是要被代入原文那句話中的關(guān)聯(lián)詞，這有很多，比方說一旦看到"因?yàn)?quot;，前面講的就可能是原因，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)結(jié)果后面有一個(gè)情況;再比如你看到THUS，通常表示結(jié)果，那么正確選項(xiàng)在第一個(gè)空和第二個(gè)空的可能性不是很大，在第三個(gè)空和第四個(gè)空的可能性比較大，因?yàn)樗硎窘Y(jié)果，基本都在比較靠后的位置;比如我們看到in contrast，跟前面正好是相反的，所以說這些關(guān)鍵詞特別重要，從一定意義上來講是我們做這種題型成敗的關(guān)鍵。
第四步我們要找邏輯關(guān)系，你要代入這句話的話，跟前面或者后面的話肯定有一種邏輯關(guān)系在里面，到底前后是轉(zhuǎn)折還是遞進(jìn)還是表示結(jié)果還是什么樣的關(guān)系，這是我們的情況。所以做這種題其實(shí)非常非常簡單，就是讀完這句話找到關(guān)鍵字以后，回到原文找到對應(yīng)點(diǎn)代入進(jìn)去就可以了，一般來說，多數(shù)中國同學(xué)做這個(gè)題還是比較容易的，我建議大家在備考的時(shí)候大量練習(xí)此類題目的做法。在朗文的綜合教程或者是三角洲的?？碱}當(dāng)中前面都有一個(gè)專門的章節(jié)，有大量的練習(xí)題會(huì)幫我們解決這個(gè)問題。
在此也順便引出一點(diǎn)，我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)了一點(diǎn)，新托福閱讀中新增加了五點(diǎn)新題型，都在重點(diǎn)考察句子的層面上，對句子的理解和句子之間的關(guān)系的層面上，所以我們在備考的時(shí)候?qū)λ械男峦懈５念}型中句子的理解，結(jié)構(gòu)的分析，句子結(jié)構(gòu)之間的邏輯關(guān)系得分析作為我們備考的重點(diǎn)。
新托?？谡Z 是語音語調(diào)重要還是敘述的邏輯性相對重要?
在新托福考試中，因?yàn)槭巧蠙C(jī)考試，同學(xué)們往往很難把握到底是語音語調(diào)重要，還是敘述的邏輯相對重要。其實(shí)后者更重要一些：即邏輯更重要或者回答內(nèi)容更重要。
iBT多選題的關(guān)鍵在于題干
iBT的聽力和閱讀的多選題應(yīng)該如何把握?這也確實(shí)是中國同學(xué)比較容易錯(cuò)的一個(gè)地方，新托福iBT中的多選題是這樣的，即一部分題型，每道題當(dāng)中都有幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)是正確選項(xiàng)，也就是我們說的多選題。比如說，閱讀題最后一道題一般都是多選題，多選題分兩類，一類叫圖表題，給你一個(gè)圖表，讓你6選3或者 8選4。第二類叫文章內(nèi)容小節(jié)題，文章內(nèi)容概述題，什么意思呢?先給你一句話，這句話就是這篇文章的中心思想，請問下面哪幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)中反映了這篇文章的中心思想。
這樣的話，這個(gè)題目是我們的第二個(gè)問法，這是閱讀中我們最常見的兩種多選題，這種題同學(xué)們不要有畏懼心理，因?yàn)檫@類題目分值也比較高，一般是2 分或3分。我們即使答錯(cuò)一個(gè)空，3分題還會(huì)拿到兩分，不會(huì)給你扣掉所有的分。第二，這個(gè)問題是基于你之前問題的答案的基礎(chǔ)上，當(dāng)你把之前其他的問題都答完了，你整個(gè)的這篇文章讀的也很好了，再做這個(gè)題的話，基本上問題不大了。只要?jiǎng)e錯(cuò)太多，這種題多少都會(huì)有分的。第三，這類題目的數(shù)量比較少。所以我們做這個(gè)題要特別的細(xì)心，做這個(gè)題的關(guān)鍵在于對這道題題干中的那句話的理解，因?yàn)檫@句話就是文章的概述，基本上下面的答案都是符合這句話的，或和這句話有關(guān)聯(lián)點(diǎn)的，跟這句話扯得太遠(yuǎn)的一般就是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，所以要求我們特別細(xì)心，越細(xì)心越好。
托福閱讀的全面解析
According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of X?
The author’s description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT
列舉題的解題技巧
列舉題的基本思路是排除，排除與原文相符的選項(xiàng)，與原文相矛盾的選項(xiàng)或原文未提到的選項(xiàng)是正確答案。注意問題中的否定詞Not 和EXCEPT。
1.列舉題的解題步驟
1)看題干找關(guān)鍵詞
問題中有關(guān)鍵詞的，可以根據(jù)它定位，然后將四個(gè)選項(xiàng)與定位的地方進(jìn)行比較。如果沒有關(guān)鍵詞，可以先定位于上一個(gè)問題對應(yīng)的段落之后的段落。
2)閱讀四個(gè)選項(xiàng)
題干中沒有線索的，可以閱讀四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，總結(jié)其中的共同點(diǎn)進(jìn)行定位，或者根據(jù)各個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞一一進(jìn)行定位。
3)排除與原文相符的選項(xiàng)
將各個(gè)選項(xiàng)與原文比較以后，排除其中符合原文意思的選項(xiàng)，剩下的一個(gè)選項(xiàng)，或者與原文相矛盾，或者在原文未提到，就是正確答案。例如，
The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. These organisms tend to have big bodies, are long-lived, and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction. An oak tree is a good example of a competitor. A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more, outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil. The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins, a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms. The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. Although oaks produce thousands of acorns, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves, trunk, and roots. Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire. A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time, and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events. It should be noted, however, that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature, as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum, exhibiting a blend of some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.
All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 7 as contributing to the longevity of an oak tree EXCEPT
the capacity to create shade
leaves containing tannin
the ability to withstand mild droughts and fire
the large number of acorns the tree produces
本題對應(yīng)第七段(見上文)，其中前三個(gè)選項(xiàng)所說的條件(從第四句開始)都對oak tree的長壽有利，而第四個(gè)選項(xiàng)所說的“acorns的數(shù)量”并未與oak tree的壽命直接聯(lián)系在一起，因此為正確答案。
2.列舉的兩種形式
1)集中列舉
集中列舉的形式有：三個(gè)名詞或詞匯連續(xù)出現(xiàn)，各個(gè)名詞或詞匯之間以逗號隔開;三個(gè)短語連續(xù)出現(xiàn);三個(gè)句子連續(xù)出現(xiàn)。對于集中列舉，只需根據(jù)題干或選項(xiàng)定位原文，排除在原文的集中列舉之處出現(xiàn)的三個(gè)選項(xiàng)，剩下的一個(gè)選項(xiàng)為正確答案。例如，
They used the pots they made for cooking, storing food, and carrying things from place to place.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a way that ancient people used pottery?
(A) To hold food.
(B) To wash clothes.
(C) To cook.
(D) To transport objects.
2)分散列舉
分散列舉的各項(xiàng)可能出現(xiàn)于同一段落之中，或分布于全文各段。對于分散列舉，需要根據(jù)題干或選項(xiàng)定位原文，將各個(gè)選項(xiàng)與所對應(yīng)的原文一一進(jìn)行比較，在原文未提到或與原文相矛盾的選項(xiàng)為正確答案。例如，
Perhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshness, its originality of perspective. Satire rarely offers original ideas. Instead it presents the familiar in a new form. Satirists do not offer the world new philosophies. What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful or affected. Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false. Don Quixote makes chivalry seem absurd, Brave New World ridicules the pretensions of science, A Modest Proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating cannibalism. None of these ideas is original. Chivalry was suspect before Cervantes, humanists objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley and people were aware of famine before Swift. It was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popular. It was the manner of expression the satiric method that made them interesting and entertaining. Satires are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome or ethically instructive. They are stimulating and refreshing because with commonsense briskness they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions. With spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.
Satire exists because there is need for it. It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they lived in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy. Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth though rarely to any action on behalf of truth. Satire tends to remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is sanctimonious, sentimental, and only partially true. Life resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of it. Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them, nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity. Intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not hear them expressed.
The various purposes of satire include all of the following EXCEPT
(A) introducing readers to unfamiliar situations
(B) brushing away illusions
(C) reminding readers of the truth
(D) exposing false values.
這道列舉題的選項(xiàng)分布于文中各處，是一道分散列舉題。其中選項(xiàng)(B)對應(yīng)第一段倒數(shù)第二句…they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions，選項(xiàng)(C)對應(yīng)第二段第三句：Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth though rarely to any action on behalf of truth，(D)對應(yīng)第一段第五句：Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false。(A)與原文第一段的意思“satire并無新意，只是表達(dá)獨(dú)特”相矛盾，符合題意，為正確答案。
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