雅思寫作基礎(chǔ)語法知識(shí)整理
雅思寫作考試是雅思考試中比較重要的一部分，但是很多考生缺表示花了很多時(shí)間復(fù)習(xí)，效果依然不理想。小站老師認(rèn)為，想要寫好雅思寫作，除了必要的詞匯量外，還需要有一定的語法知識(shí)，下面，學(xué)習(xí)啦就來和大家總結(jié)一些雅思寫作考試中的語法問題。
雅思寫作基礎(chǔ)語法知識(shí)整理
1、狀語前置
小站分析：狀語前置就是把一個(gè)修飾動(dòng)詞的狀語結(jié)構(gòu)，如介詞短語，分詞形式或動(dòng)詞不定式引導(dǎo)的短語放到句首、雅思寫作中狀語前置是很拿分的句式。不過很多考生都沒意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)。請(qǐng)看下面從劍橋提供的范文中節(jié)選的句子：
1) Like self-awareness， this is also very difficult to achieve， but I think these are the two factors that may be the most important for achieving happiness.
2) Throughout the century， the largest quantity of water was used for agricultural purposes.
3) With a population of 176 million， the figures for Brazil indicate how high agricultural water consumption can be in some countries.
使用狀語前置的最大優(yōu)點(diǎn)是讓單調(diào)的句子有了跳躍的節(jié)奏感、考官一天看上百張考卷，看到這樣的句子也會(huì)心情愉悅。
2、插入語
小站分析：此種語法結(jié)構(gòu)是可以理解為是狀語前置的另一種變體，它將狀語結(jié)構(gòu)提到了主句的主語和謂語之間、插入語也是相對(duì)地道的英語表達(dá)方法。請(qǐng)看以下幾例：
1) Universities， when it is functioning well， should offer both theoretical knowledge as well as professional training.
2) So overall， I believe that， attending school from a young age is good for most children.
插入語的功能和狀語前置基本相似，都能使句子更有跳躍感和地道。
3、倒裝句
1) The parents should spend time on their children， they should also communicate with them.
2) We can never lose sight of the significance of education.
以上兩句話都沒有任何錯(cuò)誤，但是讀來非常平淡，沒有任何特色，如果我們用倒裝句，出來的效果就完全不一樣了。
1) Not only should parents spend time on their children， they are also advised to interact with them.
2) On no account / by no means / in no way can we lose sight of the significance of education.
實(shí)例解析增強(qiáng)雅思寫作語句表現(xiàn)力的方法
一、避免使用語意弱的“be”動(dòng)詞。
1、把句中的表語轉(zhuǎn)換為不同的修飾語。例如：
Weak: The trees are bare. The grass is brown. The landscape seems drab. Revision:The brown grass and bare trees form a drab landscape. (轉(zhuǎn)換為前置定語)
Or: The landscape, bare and brown, begged for spring green. (轉(zhuǎn)換為并列結(jié)構(gòu)作后置定語)
2、將作表語用的形容詞或名詞變?yōu)樾袨閯?dòng)詞。例如：
1) Weak: The team members are good players.
Revision: The team members play well.
2) Weak: One worker's plan is the elimination of tardiness.
Revision: One worker's plan eliminates tardiness.
3、在以“here”或“there”開頭的句子中，把“be”動(dòng)詞后的名詞代詞變成改寫句的主語。例如：
1) Weak: There is no opportunity for promotion.
Revision: No opportunity for promotion exists.
2) Weak: Here are the books you ordered.
Revision: The books you ordered have arrived.
二、多用語意具體的動(dòng)詞，保持句意簡潔明了。例如：
1、Poor: My supervisor went past my desk.
Better: My supervisor sauntered (=walked slowly) past my desk.
2、Poor: She is a careful shopper.
Better: She compares prices and quality.
三、盡量運(yùn)用主動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如：
1、Weak: The organization has been supported by charity.
Better: Charity has supported the organization.
2、Weak: The biscuits were stacked on a plate.
Better: Mother stacked the biscuits on a plate.
四、防止使用語意冗長累贅的詞語。例如：
1、Wordy: My little sister has a preference for chocolate milk.
Improved: My little sister prefers chocolate milk.
2、Wordy: We are in receipt of your letter and intend to follow your recommendations.
Improved: We have received your letter and intended to follow your recommendation.
3、Redundant: We had a serious crisis at school yesterday when our chemistry laboratory caught fire.
Improved: We had a crisis at school yesterday when our chemistry laboratory caught fire.
4、Redundant: My sister and I bought the same, identical dress in different stores.
Improved: My sister and I bought the same dress in different stores.
五、杜絕濫用陳舊詞語或難懂的專業(yè)術(shù)語。例如：
1、Weak: They will not agree to his proposals in any shape or form.
Improved: They will not agree to any of his proposals.
2、Weak: I need her financial input before I can guesstimate our expenditures next fall.
Improved: I need her financial figures before I can estimate our expenditures next fall.
雅思寫作技巧：使句子多樣化的方法
一篇好文章的條件很多。除了內(nèi)容豐富和組織緊密之外，詞匯的運(yùn)用和句子的處理，也起著決定性作用。
句子可長可短，同一件事，可以用不同的句式表達(dá)。如果句子清一色是簡單句，文章必定很單調(diào)乏味。如果全篇充滿了冗長的復(fù)雜句，讀起來也很費(fèi)力。最好的方法是以簡單句為基礎(chǔ)，配合適當(dāng)?shù)牟⒘芯浜蛷?fù)雜句。簡單句可長可短，通常要加些附屬成分，如分詞短語、介詞短語、副詞短語、不定式動(dòng)詞短語，以及節(jié)縮成分。
總之，作者可根據(jù)情況，使句子多樣化，使文章靈活多姿。例如下列五個(gè)句子的基本概念一樣，但是句式不同，內(nèi)容重點(diǎn)也有些差別：
(1) The goats grazed peacefully in the farm and were unaware of the approaching hunter. (并列分句(1)+2)
(2) Grazing peacefully, the goats in the farm were unaware of the approaching hunter. (現(xiàn)在分語短語+簡單句)
(3) In the farm, the goats grazed peacefully and were unaware of the approaching hunter. (副詞短語+并列分句(1)-(2) )
(4) There were goats grazing peacefully in the farm, unaware of the approaching hunter. (簡單句+形容語短語)
(5) As the goats grazed peacefully in the farm, they were unaware of the approaching hunter. (原因副詞從句+主句)
(1)和(5)的句式最常見;如果加上其他三種互相交替，句子不是更多樣化嗎?
最后，看看這兩個(gè)句子要怎樣多樣化呢?
(6) The young pilot was on his first overseas training.
(7) He felt very uneasy.
(a) The young pilot on his first overseas training felt very uneasy.
(b) The young pilot felt very uneasy during his first overseas training.
(c) The young pilot''''''''s first overseas training made him feel very uneasy.
(d) Extreme uneasiness seized the young pilot on his first overseas training.
(e) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, feeling very uneasy.
(f) It being his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy.
(g) Being on his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy.
(h) The young pilot was on his first overseas training and felt very uneasy.
(i) The young pilot, who was on his first overseas training, felt very uneasy.
(j) When the young pilot was on his/first overseas trainging, he felt very uneasy.
(k) As the young pilot was on his first overseas training, he felt very uneasy.
(l) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, so that he felt very uneasy.
在上述12個(gè)句子中，(a)-(g)是簡單句;(h)是并列句;(i)-(l)是復(fù)雜句。簡單句除(b)和(g)之外，其他五樣，用的人并不多。人們最喜歡采用復(fù)雜句，尤其是(j)和(k)這兩款;接著便是并列句(h)。如果大多數(shù)人的句子只限于(b),(g), (h), (j)和(k)這五種，而其他的則棄如敝屣，不是很可惜嗎?
淺談雅思寫作生活化
中國考生的寫作誤區(qū)
議論文的寫作一直被中國考生認(rèn)為是雅思考試4個(gè)科目中最困難，最艱巨的任務(wù)。很多考生都因?yàn)閷?duì)話題的陌生，對(duì)語法的生疏，對(duì)詞匯和英語文化現(xiàn)象的不了解而在這個(gè)任務(wù)上失分嚴(yán)重?？偟膩碚f，中國考生對(duì)于議論文的寫作有兩個(gè)誤區(qū)。
筆者個(gè)人認(rèn)為，這兩個(gè)誤區(qū)可能不只是由考生本身的認(rèn)識(shí)而來，也和一些不負(fù)責(zé)任的相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)的所謂的“高分培訓(xùn)”是非常有關(guān)系的。兩個(gè)誤區(qū)分別是：
1、我只要語法少犯錯(cuò)誤，詞匯用的復(fù)雜一些，精確一些，文章就算是寫的枯燥一點(diǎn)，論證就算膚淺一點(diǎn)，只要字?jǐn)?shù)滿了我的分?jǐn)?shù)也就不會(huì)低。
2、我只要大量背誦一些雙邊的論點(diǎn)就可以應(yīng)付雅思考試。筆者以為，如果說前一點(diǎn)說法還有點(diǎn)可取之處的話，后一點(diǎn)說法就是個(gè)別培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)不負(fù)責(zé)任的言行所造成的。而世面上所出現(xiàn)的一些關(guān)于雙邊觀點(diǎn)累積的書籍的熱銷則更大程度上推動(dòng)和鞏固了這樣一種觀點(diǎn)，從而致使考生寫出來的文章如同嚼蠟，難以得到滿意的分?jǐn)?shù)。
雅思生活化所倡導(dǎo)的思想
在經(jīng)過了的摸索和總結(jié)后，我們提出了雅思生活化的理念。所謂的雅思生活化，是指把雅思的議論文用自己在生活中的親身經(jīng)歷或者是自己知道的別人的經(jīng)歷來做一個(gè)使內(nèi)容充實(shí)的工具。我們舉了這么一個(gè)例子：一樣是要描述那些描述非真實(shí)事件，非真實(shí)人物的書籍的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，我們傳統(tǒng)的方法就是絞盡腦汁的去拼湊觀點(diǎn)，說它可以提高人們的創(chuàng)造力;同時(shí)也可以使人得到放松。
那么同樣的事情我們可以舉一個(gè)實(shí)例來說明。比如說我們都看過的電影“世界之戰(zhàn)”，改編自19世紀(jì)90年代的科幻小說。這部小說其實(shí)是人類發(fā)展過程中的智慧和創(chuàng)造力的結(jié)晶，也是使后來的人們更富創(chuàng)造力的基石。并且，閱讀這樣的小說是繁忙的人們?cè)诰o張的工作和生活后的一種放松;再者，因?yàn)槲闹兴鑼懙南喈?dāng)生動(dòng)的關(guān)于外星人入侵的血腥場(chǎng)面，所以很多人在看完小說以后對(duì)生活有了新的認(rèn)識(shí)，對(duì)生活充滿了希望。這就是我們所提出的理念：雅思生活化。
雅思生活化給學(xué)生帶來的幫助
用雅思生活化詮釋的文章將從幾個(gè)角度來幫助學(xué)生完成議論文的任務(wù)。大前提是，考生必須明白，語法和詞匯在短期內(nèi)是不可能得到非常大的提升的。我們所說的雅思生活化是在相同的語法基礎(chǔ)上使得文章增強(qiáng)可看性和邏輯性。首先，雅思生活化后的文章將更為生動(dòng)和個(gè)人化。因?yàn)槊總€(gè)人的經(jīng)歷都是不一樣的，因此所用的例子也可能不一樣，這對(duì)考生用大家都知道的觀點(diǎn)來論述而使考官看的相當(dāng)乏味是一種有效的革新。其次，雅思生活化的寫法將提高考生的寫作速度。因?yàn)槭敲枋錾磉叺氖虑閬碚撟C觀點(diǎn)，因此寫文章就會(huì)變得流暢和相對(duì)容易一些。最后，中國考生因?yàn)椴皇煜び⒄Z中的段落發(fā)展的方法，寫出的段落經(jīng)常不是論證充分的觀點(diǎn)。而例證法作為最容易操作也最直觀的論證方法，可以幫助考生把論點(diǎn)比較生動(dòng)的發(fā)展完全。
怎樣才能學(xué)會(huì)雅思生活化
要學(xué)會(huì)雅思生活化，考生必須懂得生活雅思化。所謂生活雅思化，就是指，要善于積累和總結(jié)生活中所聽所聞的一切事情，以便能夠用到考試中去。因?yàn)檠潘嫉淖h論文無論是學(xué)術(shù)類的考試還是移民類的考試，議論文的出題原則都是針對(duì)生活中的現(xiàn)象來進(jìn)行觀點(diǎn)的陳述。既然如此，那平時(shí)對(duì)于這些事情的總結(jié)就是能夠用于考試時(shí)候的強(qiáng)有力的論證武器。
但是，考生要注意的是不僅對(duì)一些生活化的事件加以關(guān)注，比如電腦的影響的問題，禁止吸煙的問題，環(huán)境問題，社會(huì)問題，也要注重一些新生事物的發(fā)展。比如說，多媒體教育，遠(yuǎn)程辦公等等一些現(xiàn)代科技的產(chǎn)物。
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