托福綜合寫作怎么寫
托福綜合寫作有哪些特點(diǎn)
新托福綜合寫作滿分要求是:
A response at this level successfully selects the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately presents this information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading. The response is well organized and occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections。
大家會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),這里面的關(guān)鍵詞是information和organization,也就是信息量和邏輯,至于語(yǔ)言,并沒(méi)有提出太多的要求,用詞和造句“秋褲”一些沒(méi)有關(guān)系。因此,只要聽力和閱讀的筆記記得較全,并且能夠把聽力中的觀點(diǎn)和細(xì)節(jié)表達(dá)清楚就可以。
需要注意的是,這部分對(duì)詞數(shù)和時(shí)間都是有要求的,官方的規(guī)定是150-225詞,小編建議180-260詞,時(shí)限是20分鐘。關(guān)于summary的結(jié)構(gòu),一定是四段??introduction+3對(duì)detail,不需要conclusion??傮w來(lái)說(shuō),這部分得高分的一定是把聽力寫得很清楚的同學(xué),事實(shí)上聽力才是考察的重點(diǎn),閱讀是用來(lái)幫助對(duì)聽力進(jìn)行理解的,同學(xué)們?cè)趯懧犃?nèi)容的時(shí)候切不可有“這個(gè)也要寫啊,沒(méi)必要吧”的想法。另外,閱讀的內(nèi)容在寫summary的時(shí)候決不可照抄。
了解了托福綜合寫作的評(píng)分細(xì)則,我們可以列出同學(xué)們需要鍛煉的能力列表:
1、 閱讀能力
2、 聽力和速記能力
3、 一定的改寫能力
首先,大家要對(duì)自己的閱讀和聽力能力有一個(gè)認(rèn)識(shí),首選的測(cè)試題就是ETS發(fā)布的TPO(toefl practice online),大家不妨在復(fù)習(xí)初期拿來(lái)“裸測(cè)”一下。對(duì)自己的能力有大概認(rèn)識(shí)之后,同學(xué)們一定要注意復(fù)習(xí)方法。很多同學(xué)認(rèn)為自己閱讀差就是因?yàn)椴徽J(rèn)識(shí)單詞,所以拼命背單詞;有些同學(xué)覺(jué)得自己聽力差,就花大量時(shí)間練習(xí)聽寫。這些方法本身都對(duì)能力提高很有好處,但是大家一定要記住,實(shí)戰(zhàn)才是鍛煉能力的最好方式,所以還是希望大家多做全套的綜合寫作習(xí)題,TPO有二十多套,就是很不錯(cuò)的選擇。
但是TPO有一個(gè)問(wèn)題,沒(méi)有很規(guī)范的范文作為參考,這是為什么很多老師開始在精講精練班上講解TPO,以幫助同學(xué)們復(fù)習(xí)。
新托福綜合寫作復(fù)習(xí)方法分成4個(gè)步驟:
1、首先“裸做”題目,即三分鐘閱讀,聽一遍lecture,然后20分鐘寫summary。寫得不好沒(méi)關(guān)系,接下來(lái)需要找出閱讀和聽力中的硬傷,所謂硬傷就是不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞、不理解的詞組、沒(méi)看懂的句型和也認(rèn)識(shí)也理解也能看懂但是聽不出來(lái)的單詞、詞組和句型,統(tǒng)統(tǒng)摘抄到筆記本上;
2、將閱讀材料中的“硬傷”仔細(xì)記憶,再細(xì)細(xì)地讀passage,完全讀懂為止,如果沒(méi)有讀懂可以參看書后的翻譯,接著練習(xí)記筆記,這里主要是練習(xí)筆頭速度和縮寫表達(dá)能力,盡量積累出定型的縮寫表達(dá)以在考場(chǎng)上爭(zhēng)取時(shí)間;
3、將聽力中的“硬傷”仔細(xì)記憶,再精聽lecture,如果聽不清可參看聽力原文,然后練習(xí)記筆記,可多遍練習(xí),放一遍記一遍,盡量詳細(xì)而不復(fù)雜(信息量要大但是單詞不要全拼符號(hào)不要復(fù)雜);
4、再次仿真練習(xí),讀passage,聽lecture,再寫summary,然后對(duì)書后面的sample answer,一定做到不要遺漏聽力中的信息。
托福綜合寫作解題新思路
綜合寫作(Integrated Writing)長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)都是托??荚嚨碾y點(diǎn)之一,全面考察考生快速閱讀、聽取關(guān)鍵信息和原文復(fù)述的能力。
很多考生在備考過(guò)程中片面注重獨(dú)立寫作,忽視綜合寫作,甚至稱綜合寫作是小作文,而獨(dú)立寫作是大作文,這種思路是極端錯(cuò)誤、非常危險(xiǎn)的。托福寫作最終由綜合和獨(dú)立二者取平均分,換言之二者同等重要,不可偏廢。
然而還有很多考生是有心無(wú)力,由于閱讀和聽力實(shí)力較弱導(dǎo)致綜合寫作失分嚴(yán)重,想要提升卻不得其法。從傳統(tǒng)備考思路看提升閱讀和聽力固然沒(méi)錯(cuò),但如何在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)加強(qiáng)針對(duì)性、高效提分才是關(guān)鍵。
要達(dá)到快速提升的效果,首先要關(guān)注綜合寫作本身的設(shè)計(jì)理念。有別于托??荚嚨拈喿x和聽力部分,綜合寫作中的閱讀和聽力以學(xué)術(shù)類話題為主,且二者圍繞同一主題展開論證,構(gòu)成反對(duì)或支持的關(guān)系。因此閱讀和聽力本身難度就大大降低。那么考生能否在快速閱讀的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)聽力做出正確的預(yù)測(cè)呢?
橫向觀察ETS設(shè)計(jì)的各類考試不能發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然考察重點(diǎn)不同,但一些基本思路不盡相同。在GRE考試的寫作部分同樣要求考生寫兩篇文章:Argument與Issue。在Argument部分,考生先閱讀一篇文章,然后寫出文中存在的邏輯錯(cuò)誤。這種考察形式與托福綜合寫作部分有很多相似之處,只不過(guò)在托福綜合寫作中不需要考生主動(dòng)描述閱讀中的邏輯漏洞,而是復(fù)述聽力中的演講者如何駁斥閱讀中的觀點(diǎn)。
因此參加過(guò)GRE考試的考生觸類旁通,通過(guò)利用TPO等備考材料反復(fù)練習(xí),不斷矯正思路,可以培養(yǎng)從閱讀文章出發(fā)、預(yù)測(cè)聽力內(nèi)容的能力。從而在合理判斷的基礎(chǔ)上有的放矢的去聽,提高通過(guò)聽取關(guān)鍵詞完整復(fù)述的能力。
以下結(jié)合GRE寫作Argument部分的解題思路,對(duì)托福綜合寫作進(jìn)行梳理:
一、條件假設(shè)
閱讀部分針對(duì)某一結(jié)論列舉出一些條件或提出一些假設(shè),與邏輯學(xué)中的命題概念非常類似,既若P則Q的形式,條件或假設(shè)是為了證明某個(gè)結(jié)論為真命題或假命題??忌蓮倪壿媽W(xué)角度出發(fā),通過(guò)考慮條件與結(jié)論之間的充分性和必要性,預(yù)測(cè)聽力中的反駁內(nèi)容:一是從條件本身著手。思考條件是否成立、本身是否完備、是否有其它條件對(duì)結(jié)論產(chǎn)生更重要的影響?二是從結(jié)論著手。思考結(jié)論是否成立、在相同條件下是否可能得出其它結(jié)論?三是從條件與結(jié)論的關(guān)系著手。思考條件與結(jié)論之間的邏輯關(guān)系是否為必要充分、是否構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系等?
例如TPO26的閱讀部分針對(duì)“斑馬貝(zebra mussel)的傳播無(wú)法阻止”展開如下論證:
Moreover, once zebra mussels are carried to a new habitat, they can dominate it. They are a hardy species that does well under a variety of conditions, and they have a high rate of reproduction. Most important, however, zebra mussels often have no predators in their new habitats, and species without natural predators are likely to dominate their habitats.
上文論點(diǎn)為“斑馬貝可以很快占領(lǐng)新寄居地”。論據(jù)為三個(gè)給定的假設(shè)條件:一是斑馬貝存活能力強(qiáng);二是斑馬貝繁殖能力強(qiáng);三是斑馬貝在新寄居地沒(méi)有捕食者。這就構(gòu)成多個(gè)條件指向一個(gè)結(jié)論的映射,因此要分別考慮條件、結(jié)論和二者關(guān)系。
據(jù)此考生可對(duì)聽力的反駁形式做出預(yù)測(cè):一是條件有問(wèn)題。斑馬貝存活能力強(qiáng)、繁殖能力強(qiáng)、沒(méi)有遭遇捕食者是否成立?二是結(jié)論有問(wèn)題。斑馬貝在上述三個(gè)條件下也無(wú)法占領(lǐng)新寄居地,考慮是否存在其它更重要的證據(jù)質(zhì)疑結(jié)論?三是二者之間的關(guān)系。上述三個(gè)條件是否與斑馬貝占領(lǐng)新寄居地有關(guān)聯(lián)?
把握以上三點(diǎn),考生可以有的放矢的完成聽力部分。尤其對(duì)于聽力偏弱的考生,只需聽到關(guān)鍵詞就可以更好地完成整個(gè)反駁邏輯的重述。聽力原文如下:
Second, it’s true that zebra mussels often don’t have predators in their new habitats, but that’s only in the beginning. What’s been happening in Europe is that local aquatic birds sooner or later notice there’s a new food source around and change their habits to exploit it. They switch from whatever they were eating before to eating zebra mussels. And birds can eat a lot of mussels. So zebra mussels aren’t so likely to dominate their new habitats after all.
綜上所述,聽力部分的論點(diǎn)為段落最后一句:最終斑馬貝不可能占領(lǐng)新寄居地。論據(jù)圍繞斑馬貝在新寄居地存在捕食者展開,既質(zhì)疑閱讀中提出的條件不成立。聽力中指出:雖然起初斑馬貝不會(huì)遭遇捕食者,但一段時(shí)間后當(dāng)?shù)氐乃B就會(huì)開始以其為食物,所以聽力從條件本身的變化著手反駁了閱讀。
在研究分析TPO之后,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)以下幾類詞匯出現(xiàn)可以用類似思路預(yù)測(cè):
1、表示導(dǎo)致或促使:lead to/cause/decide/stimulate/give rise to等
2、表示由來(lái)或源頭:derive from/originate from/stem from等
3、表示原因或結(jié)果:because/so/therefore/result in/result from等
二、比較關(guān)系
閱讀中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)主要描述對(duì)象,并采用比較兩者之間的相同或不同之處的方法展開論證,考生可從以下兩個(gè)方面預(yù)測(cè)聽力中的反駁內(nèi)容:一是比較雙方是否對(duì)等,包括比較雙方是否可以在某種條件下形成比較關(guān)系、比較的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是否相同(比較要在公平對(duì)等的條件下才能進(jìn)行)、比較是否敘述完整;二是整體和部分發(fā)生比較時(shí),由整體特征推導(dǎo)部分特征,或是由部分特征推導(dǎo)整體都是錯(cuò)誤的,既不能以偏概全,也不能忽略個(gè)體差異。例如TPO6的閱讀部分針對(duì)“在線互動(dòng)百科全書”和“傳統(tǒng)百科全書”是否會(huì)出錯(cuò)展開論證如下:
First, contributors to a communal online encyclopedia often lack academic credentials, thereby making their contributions partially informed at best and downright inaccurate in many cases. Traditional encyclopedias are written by trained experts who adhere to standards of academic rigor that non-specialists can not really achieve.
上文對(duì)“在線互動(dòng)百科全書”和“傳統(tǒng)百科全書”進(jìn)行了比較:在線互動(dòng)百科全書在學(xué)術(shù)方面可信度低,很多情況下信息不準(zhǔn)確;而傳統(tǒng)百科全書由訓(xùn)練有素的專業(yè)人士編寫,在學(xué)術(shù)方面標(biāo)準(zhǔn)嚴(yán)格??忌梢詮谋容^關(guān)系的第一個(gè)層面進(jìn)行分析預(yù)測(cè):比較雙方雖然對(duì)等,但對(duì)比較條件的敘述并不完整。傳統(tǒng)百科全書由專業(yè)人士編寫就一定不存在錯(cuò)誤的信息嗎?據(jù)此我們可以在聽力中進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證:
First, errors. It’s hardly in a fair criticism that encyclopedias online have errors. Traditional encyclopedias have never been close to perfectly accurate. If you are looking for a really comprehensive reference work without any mistakes, you are not going to find it, on or off line. The real point is that it’s easy for errors in factual material to be corrected in an online encyclopedia. But with the printed and bound encyclopedia, the errors remain for decades.
由此可見,聽力部分針對(duì)閱讀中敘述不完整的比較信息提出了批駁,進(jìn)而提出在線互動(dòng)百科全書比起傳統(tǒng)百科全書更容易糾錯(cuò)和改正。因此考生只要關(guān)注比較雙方發(fā)生矛盾的核心所在,就可以更準(zhǔn)確的復(fù)述關(guān)鍵信息。
在研究分析TPO之后,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)以下幾類詞匯出現(xiàn)可以用類似思路預(yù)測(cè):
1、直接表示比較:unlike/in contrast to/not...but.../be against等
2、時(shí)間表示比較:used to be...now...等
3、比較級(jí)表比較:more...than.../rather...than.../superior to等
三、調(diào)查研究
閱讀中援引某某專家、某某機(jī)構(gòu)的權(quán)威調(diào)查研究,并據(jù)此展開論證,考生可從以下三個(gè)方面預(yù)測(cè)聽力中可能出現(xiàn)的反駁內(nèi)容:一是調(diào)查研究本身是否客觀公正、設(shè)計(jì)是否科學(xué)合理?某某專家、某某機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)布的調(diào)查結(jié)果很多情況下不足為信,或是調(diào)查過(guò)程中沒(méi)有采取隨機(jī)抽樣,而是選擇性抽取對(duì)某個(gè)結(jié)論有利的樣本。二是調(diào)查研究歷時(shí)多久?調(diào)查時(shí)長(zhǎng)是經(jīng)常被質(zhì)疑的一個(gè)因素,很多調(diào)查研究太過(guò)倉(cāng)促,不能反映出調(diào)查對(duì)象的重要發(fā)展變化。三是調(diào)查研究的抽樣問(wèn)題。樣本量是否足夠大?應(yīng)答人群是否足夠多?雖然從統(tǒng)計(jì)方法和概率論的角度出發(fā),這些問(wèn)題不是影響調(diào)查結(jié)果的關(guān)鍵因素,但現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中還是經(jīng)常被用來(lái)質(zhì)疑調(diào)查研究的可靠性。
例如TPO28的閱讀部分援引(美國(guó))國(guó)家地理學(xué)會(huì)委員會(huì)的調(diào)查結(jié)論,以證明Peary確實(shí)抵達(dá)了北極:
First, the National Geographic Society put together a committee that was instructed to conduct a thorough investigation of Peary’s records and equipment. At the end of the investigation, the committee concluded that Peary’s accounts were consistent and persuasive and declared that he had indeed reached the North Pole.
聽力部分針對(duì)調(diào)查提出質(zhì)疑,認(rèn)為第一該委員會(huì)沒(méi)有秉持客觀公正的原則,第二該調(diào)查本身歷時(shí)太短、調(diào)查不充分,因此結(jié)論不足為信:
First, it is true that the National Geographic Society committee declared that Peary had indeed reached the North Pole, but the committee was not completely objective. In fact, the committee was composed of Peary’s close friends who had contributed large sums of money to fund Peary’s trip. Moreover, the investigation lasted only two days. And according to Peary himself, the committee did not examine his records carefully. So the committee’s conclusions seem biased and therefore are not trustworthy.
在研究分析TPO之后,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)以下幾類詞匯出現(xiàn)可以用類似思路預(yù)測(cè):
1、表調(diào)查研究:survey/investigation/sample/study等
2、表數(shù)據(jù)引用:cite/quote/respondent等
綜上所述,在備考托福綜合寫作的過(guò)程中,通過(guò)提升快速閱讀、邏輯分析和合理預(yù)測(cè)的能力,考生可以更輕松、更直接的提升成績(jī)。在大量練習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)上,考生可以不斷矯正思路、提高預(yù)測(cè)的準(zhǔn)確率,將分析預(yù)測(cè)的時(shí)間縮短,最終形成正確、敏銳的“直覺(jué)”。最后請(qǐng)各位考生務(wù)必量力而行,不要做過(guò)分推理,不要讓預(yù)測(cè)誤導(dǎo)聽力。
托福綜合寫作范文:genetic modification
The reading and listening materials have a conflict of opinions about genetic modification. The writer believes that it is beneficial to the society, which is contradicted by the following lecture.
Firstly, the writer claims that genetically modified trees are more likely to survive/ have a better chance of survival since it is hardier than unmodified ones. However, the speaker casts doubt on this opinion by saying that natural trees tend to be genetically diverse, so there will always be some resistant kinds that get to survive when (they are) exposed to an environmental challenge. Genetically modified trees, on the other hand, are uniform in genes, which means they would all die if (they are) faced with a challenge that they are not designed for.
Secondly, the author argues that genetically modified trees are more profitable to farmers, while the lecture views this issue from an opposite angle. According her, the seeds of modified trees cost a lot and by law, farmers have to pay the company every time they grow. So there won’t be much financial gain for the farmers.
bring more economic benefits is more economically competitive generate more profits is more profitable
Thirdly, the passage states that genetically modified trees make it no longer necessary to overexploit wild trees. By contrast, in accordance with the professor, this claim does not hold water. It is because modified trees tend to grow more aggressively and would outcompete native trees for natural resources like sunlight, water and soil nutrition. As a result, modified trees would actually wipe out the native trees planted around them.
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