托福寫作，到底考什么
很多考生會反應托福寫作這塊提高很難，自己練習了很多題目，卻總還是看不到效果，要么就是時間太緊張寫不完，要么就是看到了題目也不知道寫什么。那么托福寫作到底考什么?
托福寫作，到底考什么
托福寫作包括兩部分，需要在五十分鐘內(nèi)完成。分為綜合寫作和獨立寫作。
托福綜合寫作
是以與閱讀和聽力材料為基礎的寫作試題，寫作時間為20min?？忌紫纫喿x一篇學術類的文章，閱讀時間為三分鐘，然后該頁翻篇，將會聽到兩分鐘左右的與閱讀有關的演講。之后考生需要針對給出的聽力和閱讀材料，在二十分鐘之內(nèi)完成一篇150-225字的托福文章。
托福獨立寫作
是需要根據(jù)考生自己的知識和經(jīng)驗陳述，解釋并能支撐該問題看法，考察綜合語言技能的托福作文。在30min內(nèi)，完成一篇300字的文章。獨立作文考驗你的文章是否切題，闡述是否充分，是否有分層次的段落，是否有自然的過渡段，句子之間的聯(lián)系是否緊密，語法錯誤與單詞拼寫錯誤是否過多，文章的邏輯性是否緊湊，用詞方面是否高級。
托福作文雖然是一個人寫的，但是卻有多位老師進行評分。每篇文章先要經(jīng)過兩輪的機器評價語法和用詞，再有兩位閱卷老師打出評分。
最后的托福寫作分數(shù)取的是兩篇文章的平均值，再經(jīng)由換算，得出以30分為滿分的考分。
所以托福寫作想要拿高分，就一定要注意文章是否切題，分段是否合理，邏輯是否縝密，用詞是否高級，拼寫錯誤和語法錯誤盡量規(guī)避。
托福寫作滿分結尾的幾種方式
托福寫作招式一：回答問題
E.g.1
When a country develops its technology; the traditional skills and ways oflife die out.It is pointless to try and keep them alive.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
In conclusion, without suggesting that all technology is necessarily good,Ithink it is by no means ‘ pointless’,in any way, to try to keep traditions alivewith technology.We should not ignore technology,because it can be our friend andsupport our way of life.
這個結尾段落明確地提出了自己的觀點，不是所有的科技都是好的，但是科技也不是完全沒有用處的。
托福寫作招式二：不要添加新的信息
E.g.2
Happiness is considered to be very important in life.
Why is it difficult to define? What factors are important in achievinghappiness?Like self-awareness，this is also very difficult to achieve’but I thinkthese are the two factors that may be the most important for achievinghappiness.
用一句話明確自己的觀點，幸福很難定義，可能有兩個因素起到作用。
托福寫作招式三：2-3個句子為宜
E.g.3
Some people believe that children’s leisure activities must be educational;otherwise they are a complete waste of time.Do you agree or disagree?Finally,Ithink it is also important to remember that children need to relax as well aswork.If everything they do must have some educational or academic relevance,thenthey will soon get tired of studying altogether,which is the last thing parentswould want.
兩句話，作者的態(tài)度很明確，學生不可能花所有的時間去學習，否則就會完全失去對學習的興趣，所以也應該給學生一些放松的時間。
一般在結尾段的最開始部分，考生就應該給考官一個明確的信號詞，讓考官了解文章已經(jīng)進入尾聲了。這里所謂的信號詞就是一些結尾段的套句：
信號詞：Finally，to sum up，in conclusion，in brief，therefore，thus，overall
句型：
1. it can be concluded that…
2. we can find that…
3. I think it is also important to remember that
4. the main point is to make sure that
5. I believe that/ Personally， I think that/ I would say that/ I agreethat/ My view is that
托福寫作招式四：可采用的技巧
1.總結式(重述前文)
把在前文中的觀點在結尾段進行重述，但是不能出現(xiàn)與開頭段或者題目中的單詞重復。
E.g.4
_n many countries schools have severe problems with student behaviour.
What do you think are the cause of this?
What solutions can you suggest?
Perhaps parenting classes are needed to help them to do this,and highquality nursery schools could be established that would support families more interms of raising the next generation.The government should fund this kind ofparental support,because this is no longer a problem for individual families,butfor society as a whole.
把solutions進行簡單地再次描寫—父母、好的托兒所、政府的資金扶助。
_owadays we are producing more and more rubbish.Why do you think this ishappening? What can governments do to help reduce the amount of rubbishproduced?
I think,therefore,that governments need to raise this awareness in thegeneralpublic.Children can be educated about environmental issues at school,butadults need to take action.Governments can encourage such action by puttingtaxes on packaging,such as plastic bags,by providing recycling services and byfining households and shops that do not attempt to recycle their waste.
重述上文的內(nèi)容，由政府采取措施—提高意識(children & adult)
具體措施(提高價格、循環(huán)利用、罰款)
2.兩分式
把文章涉及到的主題人或者物分成兩種，對其進行分別說明。
E.g.5
_n many countries children are engaged in some kind of paid work.Somepeople regard this ad completely wrong,while others consider it as valuable workexperience,important for learning and taking responsibility.What are youropinions on this?
Nevertheless,in better economic circumstances,few parents would choose tosend their children out to full-time paid work.If learning responsibilities andwork experienceare considered to be important,then children can acquire these byhaving light,part-time jobs or even doing tasks such as helping their parentsaround the family home,which are unpaid,but undoubtedly of value in children’sdevelopment。
對于有錢的家庭而言，家長很少送小孩去做童工;如果是為了錢或者其他，可做兼職。
_ome people prefer to spend their lives doing the same things and avoidingchange.Others,however,think that change is always a good thing.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
In conclusion,I would say that change can be stimulating and energizing forindividuals when they pursue it themselves,but that all change,including thatwhich is imposed on people,does not necessarily have good outcomes.
如果是人們自己的選擇那么改變是一件好的事情，但如果是被強加于身，改變則不會帶來任何可喜的效果。
3.折中式
很難判斷In conclusion，I do not think其中到底誰占據(jù)主導地位，或者什么是最重要的，兩者是缺一不可的，需共同存在。
E.g.6
Research indicates that the characteristics we are born with have much moreinfluence on our personality and development than any experiences we may have inour life.
That either nature or nurture is the major influence on a person,but thatboth have powerful effects.How these factors interact is still unknown today andthey remain largely unpredictable in a person’s life.
兩者是缺一不可的，天賦和后天培養(yǎng)同等重要。
如何構建托福寫作的骨架
I 準確的句子表達
1. 句型分析
英語的句型包括以下幾種，簡單句、復合句、并列句、并列復合句等。在新托福寫作中，一般使用復合句，輔以并列句和并列復合句，當然肯定要有簡單句，做到長短句相結合。下面摘抄幾個句子給大家認識并分析一下復合句和并列復合句。
a. Even though I usually know what I have to say, I cannot always express myself correctly in English.
這句話是一個復合句，由even though引導的讓步狀語從句。
b. This challenges me to practice my spoken English, with the result that I can complete the speaking tasks more fluently and quickly.
這句話中是一個復合句。with介詞結構中，有一個that引導的同位語從句對result進行解釋說明。
c. I think this is less than ideal because any differences in opinion become personal conflicts, and therefore that might jeopardize the employee’s job.
托福寫作輔導指出上句話是一個并列復雜句。and 連接了兩個句子，是一個并列句;because引導的原因狀語從句。
d. Shallow writing is indicative of weak critical-thinking skills, and such writing, which is often described as “sophomoric”, receives low mark.
這句話同樣是并列復雜句。由and連接兩個句子，成為并列句，再一個which引導的定語從句。
2. 有問題的托福寫作句子的列舉
托福寫作中的句子容易出現(xiàn)三個問題：一是使用破碎句，二是使用接連句，三是句子連接不正確。
1). 破碎句
所謂破碎句，就是句子不完整，通常是沒有謂語(或者說謂語是動詞的非謂語形式，如分詞)，或者是從句單獨成句。
破碎句：She singing alone. (無謂語，singing是現(xiàn)在分詞)
正確句：She is singing alone.
破碎句：He did not come. Because he was sick. (從句單獨成句)
正確句：He did not come because he was sick.
2).接連句
所謂接連據(jù)，就是兩個句子直接連在一起，既未使用連詞，也未使用正確的標點符號。
接連句: Professionals such as lawyers or accountants usually work longer hours than factory workers they have greater freedom in planning their time.
正確句一: Professionals such as lawyers or accountants usually work longer hours than factory workers. However, they have greater freedom in planning their time.
正確句二: Professionals such as lawyers or accountants usually work longer hours than factory workers; however, they have greater freedom in planning their time.
3).句子連接不正確
所謂托福 寫作句子連接不正確，就是兩個獨立的句子之間以逗號連接，這是不合英語語法的。正確的做法是以連詞、分號、冒號、句號等連接兩個句子。
不正確句: Breaking chalk into two pieces is a physical change, there is no change in the composition of the chalk.
正確句： Breaking chalk into two pieces is a physical change, so there is no change in the composition of the chalk.
II 高分表達
除了在句式上長短句相結合準確表達外，小馬過河建議新托福考生要使用一些特殊的句式，以使句型多樣化。句型多樣化也是作文得到高分的條件之一。除了我們之前經(jīng)常提到的高分句式，如倒裝句、強調句、狀語前置、插入語等，筆者還提出另外一個句式的多樣變化，即主語多樣化。下面筆者將列舉幾個句子概括介紹前面四種句型，而重點分析主語多樣化。
正常句： Luck only works in extreme cases.
倒裝句： Only in extreme cases does luck work.(否定詞位于句首的倒裝。)
正常句： The internet provides people access to the latest information.
強調句： It is the internet that provides people access to the latest information. (強調the internet)
正常句： The environment has been deteriorating severely along with the development of industry.
狀語前置句： Along with the accelerating development of industry, the environment has been deteriorating severely.
正常句： However, new zoos try to duplicate animals’ natural habitats as much as possible and give animals a comfortable amount of space.
插入語： New zoos, however, try to duplicate animals’ natural habitats as much as possible and give animals a comfortable amount of space. (連詞however做插入語)
主語多樣
1. 她突然想到了一個主意。
She suddenly had an idea.
通常情況下，考生會馬上對這句話進行翻譯，基本不會動句子結構。但是以人作為主語的英語句子總是不能夠很吸引人，所以這個句子如果稍微做下修改，以后面的賓語“主意”做主語，這個句子會發(fā)生一些變化。
2. 他開車心不在焉，幾乎闖禍。
He was absent-minded when driving, and almost caused an accident.
這句話依然是拿人做主語，稍微改一下，把心不在焉這個形容詞的名詞形式做主語，會大不相同。
His absence of mind during driving nearly caused an accident.
3. 美利堅合眾國創(chuàng)立于1789年。
The United States of America was founded in 1789.
這句話沒有任何錯誤，但是不夠多樣，可以用時間作主語。
The year 1789 witnessed the founding of the United States of America.
III 實用句型
在托福 寫作文章的最后，為大家列舉幾個新托?？荚囍锌梢允褂玫奶子镁湫?，為一些寫句子摸不著頭緒的考生提供幫助。
1. It pays to make great efforts to prepare for TOEFL-ibt.
努力準備新托?？荚囀侵档玫?。
2. Nothing is more important than to receive education.
沒有比接受教育更重要的了。
3. The reason why the white-collars suffer increasing work-related stress is that they pursue work achievement in career.
白領壓力日益增加的原因是他們在事業(yè)上有所追求。
4. It is time the related department took proper measures.
(虛擬句式)相關部門早該采取適當?shù)拇胧┝?
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