到底英語語法重要嗎
到底英語語法重要嗎
學(xué)英語要不要好好學(xué)語法，其實(shí)我的經(jīng)驗(yàn)告訴我，正確的語法學(xué)習(xí)是幫助我們更加了解句子結(jié)構(gòu)的。好比我們平常說漢語，真的每句話都帶主謂賓的嗎?不一定吧?如何學(xué)好英語?小編在這里整理了相關(guān)資料，快來學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)吧!
英語語法重要嗎?
1. 【論語法重要否】
語法重要嗎?
一直以來都是值得爭(zhēng)議的話題.
背單詞的人很多，練習(xí)口語的比比皆是.
而研究語法的人，卻鮮少.
是因?yàn)檎Z法不重要嗎?
而答案當(dāng)然是否定的～
堅(jiān)實(shí)的語法是英語水平進(jìn)階的充分必要條件.
但現(xiàn)實(shí)情況是，
不少人對(duì)語法學(xué)習(xí)并沒有一個(gè)清晰的概念，
甚至忽視語法學(xué)習(xí)～
有這樣的觀點(diǎn)不絕于耳：語法是不需要專門進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)的. 我們只需要大量輸入，進(jìn)行“浸泡式”學(xué)習(xí)，就會(huì)有“語感”，語法會(huì)自然內(nèi)化，一切發(fā)生得如此和諧自然，毫不費(fèi)力. 你看歐美國家的人沒有學(xué)習(xí)語法，不是也能說出寫出語法正確的句子嗎?
以上觀點(diǎn)其實(shí)存在兩個(gè)值得思考的問題：
1. 兒童學(xué)習(xí)母語和成年人學(xué)習(xí)外語是相同的概念嗎?
2. 歐美國家的學(xué)生真的不用學(xué)習(xí)語法嗎?
在語言學(xué)上有個(gè)子集原則(Subset Principle)可以用來解釋這一現(xiàn)象：
兒童在剛開始學(xué)習(xí)母語時(shí)經(jīng)常會(huì)造出錯(cuò)誤的語法結(jié)構(gòu), 比如 Who is her 這樣的句子. 但這種語法錯(cuò)誤在成年人的語言里是接觸不到的, 只接觸到結(jié)構(gòu)正確的正面語料，而接觸不到錯(cuò)誤的負(fù)面語料. 經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間后，兒童就會(huì)自動(dòng)放棄錯(cuò)誤的結(jié)構(gòu)，接受正確的結(jié)構(gòu).
語言學(xué)家對(duì)加拿大的沉浸式課堂進(jìn)行研究之后發(fā)現(xiàn): 外語學(xué)習(xí)者即使接觸了大量的語言輸入，仍然會(huì)犯很多語法錯(cuò)誤，比如時(shí)態(tài)和單復(fù)數(shù)問題等. 這也就意味著，對(duì)于外語學(xué)習(xí)者來說，語法一定是要專門學(xué)習(xí)的，靠大量輸入培養(yǎng)起來的所謂“語感”往往并不靠譜.
2. 【語法不好會(huì)有什么后果?】
語法不好對(duì)英語學(xué)習(xí)帶來的副作用是隱性和全方位的，它可能不會(huì)像聽力和閱讀表現(xiàn)得那么明顯，但卻會(huì)制約聽說讀寫的全面提升.
拿閱讀舉例，不少人會(huì)碰到“每個(gè)單詞都認(rèn)識(shí)但句子就是讀不懂”的情況，其實(shí)很大一部分原因就是語法不好. 如果比較結(jié)構(gòu)沒學(xué)好，“ He can no more drive than I." 這個(gè)很簡(jiǎn)單的句子可能都理解不了。
再比如：
1.He is a gentleman, who never breaks his word.
2.He is a gentleman who never breaks his word.
上面這兩個(gè)句子，你能讀出它們之間的區(qū)別嗎?
第一個(gè)句子的意思是“他是個(gè)君子，從不食言”; 第二個(gè)句子的意思則是“他是個(gè)從不食言的君子”。這就是限制性從句和非限制性從句的區(qū)別.
應(yīng)該怎樣學(xué)語法?語法，并不只是紙面的規(guī)則，更不只是記憶法則.
它包含兩個(gè)方面：形式以及意義.
形式就是上文提到的語法規(guī)則，比如現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)應(yīng)該用 have been doing,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面應(yīng)該用動(dòng)詞原形. 但大部分語法書以及課堂教學(xué)都停留在這一點(diǎn)而沒有更多的延伸.
在熟悉語法規(guī)則的基礎(chǔ)上，更加重要的是掌握每個(gè)規(guī)則的含義，比如 will be doing 用來表示禮貌地詢問他人的計(jì)劃，這樣才能真正理解并使用它.
而單純看語法書或者上語法課，顯然是是不夠的. 這些最多能告訴你語法的規(guī)則，但每個(gè)規(guī)則背后的含義需要通過大量的閱讀來真正讀懂.
所以，學(xué)習(xí)語法的具體思路是：
閱讀語法書學(xué)習(xí)基本語法規(guī)則;
在閱讀中重現(xiàn)語法規(guī)則，
結(jié)合語境來理解規(guī)則的含義;
回顧語法規(guī)則，查缺補(bǔ)漏.
舉個(gè)小例
在小編接觸的學(xué)員中，大部分學(xué)生的英語學(xué)科優(yōu)勢(shì)都是相當(dāng)牢固，并且多數(shù)是在小學(xué)期間形成的。這和小學(xué)期間養(yǎng)成聽說讀寫練的好習(xí)慣是分不開的，當(dāng)然和語法的關(guān)聯(lián)也是密切相關(guān)!
很多學(xué)生英語啟蒙較早，小四小五階段就已經(jīng)學(xué)完了新概念，但是在小升初真題測(cè)試中卻無法獲得理想的成績(jī)。經(jīng)過能力測(cè)評(píng)不難發(fā)現(xiàn)孩子們的語法點(diǎn)并不扎實(shí)，甚至一些初中的孩子對(duì)于6大詞性、4大基本時(shí)態(tài)也經(jīng)?；煜磺? 以至于后續(xù)無論怎樣精講閱讀，哪怕上課認(rèn)真聽，課后還是無法高效吸收，原因就在于語法基礎(chǔ)不扎實(shí)、無法較好地理解文章結(jié)構(gòu). 于是上再多的難度英語也無法真正地提升. 所以扎實(shí)的語法知識(shí)其重要性不言而喻。
一個(gè)關(guān)于語法的演講
You're telling a friend an amazing story, and you just get to the best part when suddenly he interrupts, "The alien and I," not "Me and the alien."
你正在給朋友講一個(gè)精彩的故事，剛講到最精彩的部分時(shí)，他突然打斷了你說： 應(yīng)該是“外星人和我” 而不是“我和外星人"。
Most of us would probably be annoyed, but aside from the rude interruption, does your friend have a point? Was your sentence actually grammatically incorrect?
許多人都會(huì)對(duì)這種行為感到反感，先拋開無禮的打斷不談，來想一下你朋友說的有道理嗎? 你說的這句話從語法上講 真的是錯(cuò)的嗎?
And if he still understood it, why does it even matter? From the point of view of linguistics, grammar is a set of patterns for how words are put together to form phrases or clauses, whether spoken or in writing.
要是他依舊能理解你的意思，那么這樣做又有什么意義呢? 從語言學(xué)的角度來看，語法就是一系列規(guī)則，教你怎樣在口語和寫作中用單詞構(gòu)成短語和句子。
Different languages have different patterns. In English, the subject normally comes first, followed by the verb, and then the object, while in Japanese and many other languages, the order is subject, object, verb.
不同的語言有著不同的規(guī)則。比如在英語中，主語通常放在最前面，謂語動(dòng)詞跟在主語后面，賓語則放在最后，而在日語和其他許多語言中，順序卻變成了主語、賓語和謂語動(dòng)詞。
Some scholars have tried to identify patterns common to all languages, but apart from some basic features, like having nouns or verbs, few of these so-called linguistic universals have been found.
一些學(xué)者嘗試找到適用于所有語言的規(guī)則，但是除了一些基本的屬性，比如所有語言都有名詞和動(dòng)詞，所謂的語言上的共性幾乎是不存在的。
And while any language needs consistent patterns to function, the study of these patterns opens up an ongoing debate between two positions known as prescriptivism and descriptivism.
盡管所有語言都得按照一套固定的規(guī)則來，但有兩方觀點(diǎn)在這些規(guī)則的研究上始終爭(zhēng)論不休，即規(guī)定主義和描寫主義 。
Grossly simplified, prescriptivists think a given language should follow consistent rules, while descriptivists see variation and adaptation as a natural and necessary part of language. For much of history, the vast majority of language was spoken. But as people became more interconnected and writing gained importance, written language was standardized to allow broader communication and ensure that people in different parts of a realm could understand each other.
簡(jiǎn)單來說，規(guī)定主義認(rèn)為一門既定的語言要遵循固定的規(guī)則，而描寫主義則認(rèn)為變化和調(diào)整是語言正常且必要的一部分。絕大多數(shù)語言在其大部分歷史時(shí)期中都是用于口頭的交流，不過隨著人們相互之間聯(lián)系的增多，書寫的地位開始提升，于是書面語開始規(guī)范化以適用于更為廣泛的交流，同時(shí)也確保了不同地方的人能夠理解這些語言所表達(dá)的意思。
In many languages, this standard form came to be considered the only proper one, despite being derived from just one of many spoken varieties, usually that of the people in power. Language purists worked to establish and propagate this standard by detailing a set of rules that reflected the established grammar of their times. And rules for written grammar were applied to spoken language, as well.
對(duì)于大多數(shù)語言而言，這一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)形式被認(rèn)為是唯一合適的，但實(shí)際上它卻是從眾多不同的口語形式中脫穎而出且通常情況下來自掌權(quán)的一方。通過將那個(gè)時(shí)代已有的一系列語法規(guī)則詳盡記錄下來，語言純粹主義者們開始建立并傳播這一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
Speech patterns that deviated from the written rules were considered corruptions, or signs of low social status, and many people who had grown up speaking in these ways were forced to adopt the standardized form.
書面語言所涉及的語法同樣也適用于口語，而那些偏離了書面語語法的口語則被認(rèn)為是錯(cuò)誤的，或者是社會(huì)地位低下的表現(xiàn)。于是許多從小就按照這一規(guī)則說話的人，被迫開始接受標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的語法規(guī)則。
More recently, however, linguists have understood that speech is a separate phenomenon from writing with its own regularities and patterns. Most of us learn to speak at such an early age that we don't even remember it.
直到最近，語言學(xué)家才意識(shí)到口語和書面語完全是兩碼事?？谡Z有它自己的規(guī)律性和模式，在我們還不能記事的時(shí)候，就開始學(xué)習(xí)說話了，那個(gè)時(shí)候更多是通過下意識(shí)的行為來構(gòu)建說話技能，而不是記住那些規(guī)則。
We form our spoken repertoire through unconscious habits, not memorized rules. And because speech also uses mood and intonation for meaning, its structure is often more flexible, adapting to the needs of speakers and listeners.
由于口語也會(huì)用到語氣和語調(diào)來傳達(dá)意思，所以它的結(jié)構(gòu)更加地多樣化，會(huì)根據(jù)說話者和聽者的需求進(jìn)行調(diào)整。
This could mean avoiding complex clauses that are hard to parse in real time, making changes to avoid awkward pronounciation, or removing sounds to make speech faster. The linguistic approach that tries to understand and map such differences without dictating correct ones is known as descriptivism. Rather than deciding how language should be used, it describes how people actually use it, and tracks the innovations they come up with in the process.
這就意味著在說話時(shí)應(yīng)該避免一些難以理解的復(fù)雜句子，做出適當(dāng)調(diào)整避免一些尷尬的發(fā)音，或是通過略讀讓語速加快。嘗試去理解和比對(duì)語法上的這些差異，卻不定義對(duì)錯(cuò)的語言學(xué)方法被稱為描寫主義，相比于決定該如何使用語言，描寫主義更傾向于敘述人們實(shí)際上是怎樣使用語言的，并追溯在這一過程中出現(xiàn)的一些新方法。
But while the debate between prescriptivism and descriptivism continues, the two are not mutually exclusive. At its best, prescriptivism is useful for informing people about the most common established patterns at a given point in time.
盡管描寫主義和規(guī)定主義之間的爭(zhēng)論會(huì)一直持續(xù)下去，但它們二者之間并不是互相排斥的。規(guī)定主義可以在某個(gè)特定的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，告訴人們最為通用的確定模式 。
This is important, not only for formal contexts, but it also makes communication easier between non-native speakers from different backgrounds.
這一點(diǎn)不僅在正式場(chǎng)合很重要，也使得來自不同國家、不同背景的非母語人士交流起來更加容易。
Descriptivism, on the other hand, gives us insight into how our minds work and the instinctive ways in which we structure our view of the world.
另一方面，描寫主義會(huì)讓我們看到自己的想法如何運(yùn)作，以及如何本能地構(gòu)建自己的世界觀。
Ultimately, grammar is best thought of as a set of linguistic habits that are constantly being negotiated and reinvented by the entire group of language users.
從根本上說，語法頂多被認(rèn)為是一系列不斷被所有的語言使用者爭(zhēng)論和改造的語言習(xí)慣。
Like language itself, it's a wonderful and complex fabric woven through the contributions of speakers and listeners, writers and readers, prescriptivists and descriptivists, from both near and far.
就像語言本身，像一匹精美復(fù)雜的布，經(jīng)由從古至今的說話者和聽眾、作者和讀者、規(guī)定主義者和描寫主義者們的共同努力編織而成 。
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