成考英語語法
成考英語語法
語法是英語考試中的重中之重,所占分值也多。提高英語能力的方法是多讀多練多積累。小編在這里整理了成考英語語法供大家閱讀,希望能幫助到您。
成考英語語法
第一部分:語氣的定義和種類
1 語氣(mood):語氣是動詞的一種形式,表示說話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。
2 語氣的種類
⑴、陳述語氣:表示動作或狀態(tài)是現(xiàn)實的、確定的或符合事實的,用于陳述句、疑問句和某些感嘆句。如:
①There are two sides to every question.每個問題都有兩個方面。
?、赪ere you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙嗎?
?、跦ow good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老師啊!
⑵、祈使語氣:表示說話人對對方的請求或命令。如:
?、貼ever be late again!再也不要遲到了。
?、贒on‘t forget to turn off the light.別忘了關(guān)燈。
⑶、虛擬語氣:表示動作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實,而是說話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測等。如:
①If I were a bird,I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鳥,我就能在空中飛行。
?、贗 wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通過考試。
?、跰ay you succeed!祝您成功!
第二部分:簡單句中的虛擬語氣
一、情態(tài)動詞的過去式用于現(xiàn)在時態(tài)時,表示說話人的謙虛、客氣、有禮貌、或委婉的語氣,常用于日常會話中。如:
?、?、Would you be kind enough to show methe way to the post office?請你告訴我去郵局的路好嗎?
?、?、It would be better for you not tostay up too late.你最好別熬夜到很晚。
二、表祝愿。
1、常用“may+動詞原形”表示祝愿,但愿,此時may須置于句首(多用于正式文體中)。
⑴、May good luck be yours!祝你好運! ⑵、May you be happy!祝你快樂!
⑶、May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就!⑷、Mayyou have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。
⑸、May the friendship between us lastlong. 祝愿我們的友情天長地久。
?、?、May you be happy. (注意那個be)祝你幸福。
2、用動詞原形。例如:
(1)、Long live the people!人民萬歲!(2)、“Godbless you,”said the priest.牧師說:“愿上帝保佑你!”
(3)、Have a good journey!祝愿你旅途愉快!
三、表示強(qiáng)烈愿望。(該類型虛擬語氣謂語僅用動詞原形,第三人稱單數(shù)也不加“s”)
(1)、God save me. (2)、Heavenhelp us.
四、表命令
1.命令虛擬語氣只能用在第二人稱(you),而且通常省略主語(也就是you)。
2.句子尾通常加上感嘆號:!
3.虛擬語氣動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)(Simple Present),如:work,be , go
4.否定形式的命令語氣,可用助動詞do,加上not.
(1)、Work !(2)、Workharder !(3)、Be more alert !(虛擬語氣動詞Be)(4)、Yougo out !
(5)、Do not work so hard. (donot 表示否定的虛擬語氣)
(6)、Don't be afraid. (口語中常用don't代替do not)
五、在一些習(xí)慣表達(dá)中
如:(1)、You‘dbetter set off now.你最好現(xiàn)在就出發(fā)。(2)、I‘drather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告訴你這個秘密。
第三部分:名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣
第一節(jié):賓語從句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虛擬語氣
一、在動詞wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
在動詞wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣,常省去賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that.
一)、對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬(與現(xiàn)在的事實相反):
從句用過去式或過去進(jìn)行式(時間上是同時的)。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為:賓語從句的謂語be和were(was),實義動詞用過去式。例:
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)Iknew the answer to the question.(wish,動詞過去式knew)我希望知道這個答案。(事實上是不知道)
2. I wish it were springin my hometown all the year around.(wish,were)但愿我的家鄉(xiāng)四季如春。(事實上不可能)
3. I wish I were a bird.(wish,were)但愿我是只小鳥。(事實上不可能)
4. When she was at theparty,she wished she were at home.(wished,過去虛擬動詞were)(事實上并不在家)
5. Now that he is inChina,he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,過去虛擬動詞understood)現(xiàn)在他在中國,他希望能懂得中文。(事實上并不懂)
6. When we begin thetrip,they will wish they were with us.(willwish,過去虛擬動詞were)(事實上并不和我們在一起)
二)、對過去情況的虛擬(和過去的事實相反):
用wish表示對過去事情的遺憾。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為:賓語從句的謂語用過去完成時,或would,could,might+現(xiàn)在完成時。例:
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)Ihadn't wasted so much time. 我后悔不該浪費這么多時間。(事實上已浪費了)
2. He wishes he hadn'tlost the chance. 他真希望沒有失去機(jī)會。(其實已失去)
3. We wished he hadspoken to us. (wished,had + spoken)(事實上他并沒同我們講)
4. I wish you had calledearlier. (wish, had + called)(事實上已遲了)
5. They will wish theyhad listened to us sooner. (will wish,had+ listened)(事實上并不如此)
例題分析:I wish I ______ longerthis morning,but I had to get up and come to class.
A. could have slept B.sleptC. might have slept D. have slept
動詞wish后面接從句,表達(dá)不可能實現(xiàn)或與事實相反的情況時,謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣,即用過去式(表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動作)或過去完成式(表示過去發(fā)生的動作)。本題后半句謂語動詞have用的是過去時had to get up and come,所以前面要用過去完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作。所以,選項A)could have slept是答案
三)、對將來情況的虛擬(表示將來的主觀愿望):
從句動詞"would/should/could/might+ 動詞原形"(時間上較后)(請注意:主句和從句的主語不相同)。用wish表示對將來事情的愿望。例:
1. I wish it would stopraining.(虛擬動詞would+動詞原形stop)我希望雨能停止。(事實上雨還在下著呢)
2. I wish you would bequiet.(would + be)我希望你安靜一些。(事實上那家伙還在吵著呢)
3. You wished she wouldarrive the next day.(would + arrive)你希望她第二天會到。(事實上她還沒到)
4. I wish she wouldchange her mind.(would + change)我希望她會改變主意。(呵呵,女孩子可沒那么容易就改變主意喔)
5. He will wish we wouldjoin him the following week.(would + join)(只是希望我們和他在一起,實際上還沒在一起)
四)、注意:
1.如果將wish改為過去式wished,其后that從句中的動詞形式不變。例如:
I wished I hadn't spentso much money. 我要是那時沒有花掉那么多錢就好了。
2. 如果that從句中用would ,一般表示對現(xiàn)狀不滿或希望未來有所改變或請求
I wish he would answermy letter. I wish prices would comedown. I wish you would help me.
I wish you would stopasking silly questions.
二、在表示建議、命令、要求、忠告等動詞的后面的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
由于這些動詞本身隱含說話者的主觀意見,認(rèn)為某事應(yīng)該或不應(yīng)該怎樣,這些詞語后面的“that”從句應(yīng)用虛擬語氣,且均以“should+動詞原形”表示這種語氣,但事實上“should”常被省略,故此從句中謂語動詞用原形,常用的此類動詞有:表示“要求”的:ask, desire, request,demand, require, beg表示“提議、勸告、建議”的:move,prpose, suggest, recommend,advise, vote表示“決定、命令”的:decide,order表示“主張”的:maintain,urge表示“同意、堅持”的:consent,insist
例如:
1.The doctor suggestedthat he (should)try to lose his weight.
2.He insisted that we (should)tell him the news.
3.When I suggested thathe try shaving cream, he said,“Therazor and water do the job. ”(當(dāng)我建議他用刮胡膏時,他說“剃刀和水就行了”。)
4.He pursued varioustheories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how itdid work. (他費了幾天功夫?qū)ふ依碚摳鶕?jù),直到我建議拆開看看它是如何轉(zhuǎn)動的。)
5.One can suggest thatstudents should spend two or three years in an English speaking country. (我們建議學(xué)生應(yīng)在說英語的國家呆上兩三年。)
在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動詞后面的從句中虛擬語氣很普遍,其結(jié)構(gòu)如:
order,suggest, propose, require,demand, request, insist,command, insist +…… (should)do
6.I suggest that we (should)holda meeting next week.
7.He insisted that he (should)be sent there.
但注意:在insist 后的從句中,如果是堅持自己,用陳述語氣,堅持別人做什么事情,用虛擬語氣。
8.she insists that sheis right.
9.she insisted that Ishould finish the work at once.
或者說,suggest,insist不表示建議或堅持要某人做某事時,即它們用于其本意暗示、表明、堅持認(rèn)為時,賓語從句用陳述語氣。
10.The guard at gateinsisted that everybody obey the rules.
判斷改錯:
(錯)11.You pale facesuggests that you (should)beill.
(對)12.Your pale facesuggests that you are ill.
(錯)13.I insisted that you (should)be wrong.
(對)14.I insisted that youwere wrong.
例題分析:15.It is politelyrequested by the hotel management that radios ______ after 11 o'clock at night.
A. were not played B.not be playedC. not to play D. did not play
全句意思是:“旅館管理部門懇請客人晚上11點后不要打開收音機(jī)”。句中的謂語動詞request(請求)所引出的從句應(yīng)當(dāng)用虛擬語氣,即動詞原形或“should+動詞原形”。本句的主語從句中,主語radio是謂語動詞play的客體,謂語應(yīng)當(dāng)用被動語態(tài)。所以,答案是C)not be played.在上述這類句子中不能用動詞過去時形式表示虛擬語氣,所以A)不正確。選項B)not to play是動詞帶to的不定式,不能在句中作謂語。選項D)did not play也是動詞play的過去時形式,同樣不能在本句中作為虛擬語氣來使用。而且,它是主動語態(tài)形式,而本題要用被動語態(tài)。
練習(xí):
16)、Thechairman requested that .
[A]the members studied more carefullythe problem[B]the problem was more carefulnessly studied
[C]with more carefulness the problemcould be studied[D]the members study the problem more carefully
17)、Thecommittee recommends that the matter at the next meeting .
[A]would be discussed[B]willbe discussed[C]be discussed[D]may be discussed
18)、Thedoctor insisted that his patient .
[A]that he not work too hard for threemonths[B]take it easy for three months
C]takingit easy inside of three months[D]to take some vacations for threemonths
三、在expect,believe,think,suspect等動詞的否定或疑問形式后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
在expect,believe,think,suspect等動詞的否定或疑問形式后的賓語從句中,我們經(jīng)常用“should+動詞原形(或完成形式)”,表示驚奇,懷疑,不滿等。
I never thought that heshould be such a brave young soldier. 我們從來沒想到他是個如此勇敢的小戰(zhàn)士。
練習(xí):
1)thatthe time will soon be ripe for intervention in Iran,theywould be faced by a large army?
[A]It is believed[B]Shouldthey believe[C]They would believe[D]If they would believe
2)Ithink it advisable that he for Tokyo soon.
[A]will leave[B]mayleave[C]leave[D]leaves
四、would rather ,would sooner,had rather,would (just)as soon ,would prefer之后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
would rather ,would sooner, had rather, would (just)as soon,would prefer(希望)也用來表達(dá)主觀愿望,它們之后的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用過去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?,用過去完成式表示與過去事實相反。表示“寧愿做什么”或"對過去做的事的懊悔".
(1)、I would rather he cametomorrow than today.
(2)、John would rather thatshe had not gone to the party yesterday evening.
(3)、Don' t live in the world,Iwould rather( I would just as soon) you die.
(4)、I would rather you gotomorrow.
(5)、I would rathereverything hadn' t happened in the past.
(6)、The manager would ratherhis daughter did not work in the same office.經(jīng)理寧愿她女兒不與他在同一間辦公室工作。
(7)、To be frank,I'drather you were not involved in the case.坦率地說,我希望你不要卷入這件事。
(8)、You don't have to be insuch a hurry.I would rather you went on business first.你沒有必要這么著急,我寧愿你先去上班。
(9)、I'd rather you didn'tmake any comment on the issue for the time being.我倒希望你暫時先不要就此事發(fā)表意見。
(10)、Franklyspeaking ,I'd rather you didn't do anything about it for the time being.坦白地說,我寧愿你現(xiàn)在對此事什么也不要做。
(11)、Wouldn'tyou rather your child went to bed early?為什么你不愿讓你的孩子早點上床呢?
注:
?、偃裟橙嗽缸约鹤瞿呈?,would rather后用動詞原形Iwould rather stay at home today.
②would rather.……than.……中用動詞原形Iwould rather stay at home than go out today.
五、“had hoped”后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
用“had hoped”表示原來希望做到而實際上未能實現(xiàn)的事情,其賓語從句的謂語用“would+動詞原形”。
I had hoped that shewould go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay inChina.我原本希望她到美國去念書,但她說她喜歡留在中國。
第二節(jié):主語從句中的虛擬語氣
一、“It is (was)+形容詞(或過去分詞)+that……”結(jié)構(gòu)中的虛擬語氣
在形如“It is (was)+形容詞(或過去分詞)+that……”結(jié)構(gòu)中,使用某些表示愿望、建議、請求、命令、可能、適當(dāng)、較好、迫切、緊近、重要等形容詞后的主語從句的謂語也用虛擬語氣。其表達(dá)形式為should +動詞原形或省略should直接用動詞原形(美國英語中省去should)
常用的形容詞:* natural (自然的),appropriate(適當(dāng)?shù)?,advisable (合適的),preferable (更可取的),better(更好的)* necessary (必須的),important (重要的),imperative(急需的),urgent(急迫的),essential (本質(zhì)的),vital(必不可少的)* probable (很可能的),possible (可能的)*desirable (極好的)advisable(合理的),compulsory(必須的),crucial(緊急的),desirable(理想的),essential(必要的),imperative(迫切的),incredible(驚人的),necessary(必要的),possible(可能的),strange(奇怪的),urgent(緊迫的)。
常用的過去分詞(Past Participle):*required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被請求的),desired (要求)* suggested (建議), recommended (推薦)*orderd (命令)
1. It is necessary thatwe (should 可省略,下同)have a walk now.(necessary,should + have)(表示有需要去散步)
2.It was necessary thatwe (should)make everything ready ahead of time.(necessary,should+ make)(表示有必要事先做好準(zhǔn)備)
3. It is required thatnobody (should)smoke here.(required,should+ smoke)(表示要求不要在此抽煙)
4. It is important thatevery pupil (should)be able to understand therule of school.(important,should+ be)(表示重要的是學(xué)生都能了解校規(guī))
5. It's important thatwe (should)take good care of the patient.(important,should+ take)(表示重要的是照顧好病人)
6. It is natural thatshe should do so. (形容詞natural,should+動詞原形do)
7.It is essential thatthese application forms be sent back as early as possible.這些申請表應(yīng)盡早地寄回,這是很重要的。
8.It is vital thatenough money be collected to fund the project.重要的是募集足夠的錢,為這個項目提供資金。
9.It is desired that we(should)geteverything ready this evening.希望我們今晚一切都準(zhǔn)備就緒。
注:在上述所列形容詞后面用that引出的賓語從句中,謂語動詞也要用虛擬語氣。
10.I don't think itadvisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience.湯姆缺乏經(jīng)驗,指派他做這項工作我認(rèn)為是不恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>
二、在Itis +名詞+that…的主語從句中的虛擬語氣
在It is +名詞+that的主語從句中,常用虛擬語氣,表示建議、命令、請求、道歉、懷疑、驚奇等。這類名詞有:advice ,decision ,desire,demand ,idea,motion ,order,pity,preference ,proposal,recommendation,requirement,resolution,shame,suggestion,surprise,wish,wonder等。⑴、It is my proposal that he be sent tostudy further abroad.我建議派他去國外進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)。
第三節(jié):虛擬語氣用在表語從句或同位語從句中
當(dāng)某些表示建議、請求、命令等主觀意向的名詞作主語時,其后的表語從句或同位語從句需用虛擬語氣,其表達(dá)形式為should +動詞原形或直接用動詞原形。這類名詞常見的有:demand (要求),desire (請求),requirment (要求)advice (勸告),recommendation (建議),suggestion (建議)order (命令)necessity(必要地),preference (優(yōu)先)proposal (計劃),plan(計劃),idea (辦法),recommendation以及plan,idea,resolution等。
We are all for yourproposal that the discussion be put off.我們都贊成你提出的將討論延期的建議。
The suggestion that themayor present the prizes was accepted by everyone.由市長頒發(fā)獎金的建議被每個人接受。
?、?、The advice is that we (should可省略,下同) leave at once.(名詞advice,should+ leave)(表示加以勸告)
⑵、My idea is that we (should)getmore people to attend the conference. (idea,should+ get)(表示做出主意)
⑶、I make a proposal that we (should)hold a meeting next week. (proposal,should + hold)(表示做出計劃)
⑷、The judge assented to the suggestionthat .
[A]both of the criminals will soon beset freedom[B]some of the criminals there are of guilt only
[C]the girl was to be paroled in thecustody of a welfare society[D]the prisoner be sentenced to death
成考英語學(xué)習(xí)建議
一、心態(tài)調(diào)整篇:成人英語學(xué)習(xí)更重要的是心態(tài)
英語學(xué)習(xí)本來就是一個持續(xù)的過程,成人學(xué)英語也是如此。也許你剛開始學(xué)習(xí)的時候效果并不是很理想,也許你每次和別人用英語對話的時候都會被嘲笑,但也不要放棄。不要不好意思,如果連英語都不敢說,又怎么能開口說“我愛你”呢!
速恩外教在成人英語培訓(xùn)方面有超過10年的經(jīng)驗,我們的外教老師都是英語母語國家為主、經(jīng)驗豐富的外教。我們不僅會根據(jù)成人的基礎(chǔ)量身定制課程,還在課程上設(shè)置了情景式模擬教學(xué),讓你把學(xué)到的英語更好的運用起來。
二、方法篇:沒有學(xué)不好的英語,只要你方法找對。
速恩外教的老師在這里給我們介紹了幾個英語學(xué)習(xí)的小貼士,不僅有趣還好用。
1、看美劇(這里最好是中英雙語字母哦!)
美劇是我們英語學(xué)習(xí)的一個好方法,但是需要你手、腦、口并用。
手:看的時候拿一個筆記本,把不會的單詞記下來,查詢好并做記錄。
腦:眼睛看到的單詞,大腦里也要過一遍。
口:跟著美劇里的人物一起大聲的說,最好是模仿他們的語調(diào),培養(yǎng)英語發(fā)音的韻律感。
ps:大家是想借著看美劇來學(xué)英語的,過程中可能會有些困難,但堅持一段時間后,你會發(fā)現(xiàn)效果真的好。
2、聽英文歌
打開你的網(wǎng)易音樂,其中一定包含不少的英文歌吧,但是我們平時聽的是旋律,可能并沒有很好的注意其中的單詞和句型。聽英文歌曲的好處是既能陶冶情操、放松身心,又能學(xué)習(xí)英語、打通你英語聽力的任督二脈。外教老師表示在弄懂英文歌的單詞和語法重點后,可以學(xué)唱英文歌。等自己足夠的熟悉后,就可以一邊聽、一邊唱、還可以一邊默寫下來。
3、找外教學(xué)習(xí)
找外教學(xué)英語是個非常不錯的方法,這就等于你是生活在了語言環(huán)境中,學(xué)習(xí)速度和效率也將有很大的提升。如果外教老師是英語母語國家的就更好了,你還可以跟著練習(xí)自己的英語思維和思考能力,這對于你的英語學(xué)習(xí)來說將是一個質(zhì)的提升。
本次整理就到這里啦,祝大家在考試中能金榜題名!