保持身心健康的英語作文100詞(4)
保持身心健康的英語作文篇11
Our emotional world has a remarkable power to determine not only our mental health, but also how our physical well-being.
我們的情感世界有一種強(qiáng)大的力量，不僅決定我們的精神健康，還決定我們的身體健康。
Here are five positive emotions that have been shown to improve physical health and prevent disease.
以下這5種積極的情緒都表明能改善身體健康，預(yù)防疾病。
Optimism may protect the heart.
樂觀能保護(hù)心臟。
A growing body of research has suggested that cultivating this quality can have a protective effect on the heart. According to a 2012 review of literature, a number of studies have shown that people with optimistic personalities are at a reduced risk of cardiovascular events. Optimism's benefits for physical health also extend beyond heart health. Here are a few other ways that a sunny disposition may improve health outcomes, including improved immune system function and increased longevity.
越來越多的身體方面的研究表明，培養(yǎng)樂觀的心態(tài)對心臟有保護(hù)作用。回顧2012年的文獻(xiàn)，很多研究都表明具有樂觀性格的人患心血管疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低了。樂觀對身體健康的好處也不僅限于心臟健康，開朗的性情能改善幾種健康狀況，包括提高免疫機(jī)能，延長壽命。
Experiencing awe reduces inflammatory markers associated with autoimmune disease.
敬畏的心態(tài)能有助于減少與自身免疫疾病有關(guān)的炎癥因子。
Research has shown that experiences of art, religion and philosophy are the most common experiences that evoke a sense of awe -- that sense of wonder and connection to something larger than ourselves.
研究表明，藝術(shù)、宗教和哲學(xué)的體驗(yàn)是最常見的能喚起敬畏感的體驗(yàn)——也就是驚奇感和與比自己更強(qiáng)大的事物的聯(lián)系。
According to new research from the University of California at Berkeley, awe is not only pleasurable but also enormously beneficial for one's physical and mental health. The Berkeley study found that those who had recently experienced awe had lower levels of cytokines, inflammatory markers that, in chronically high levels, have been implicated in the development of autoimmune diseases, as well as other health problems including heart disease, Alzheimer's and depression. This suggests that awe promotes healthier levels of cytokines and may prevent disease.
根據(jù)加利福尼亞大學(xué)伯克利分校的新研究，敬畏不僅使人身心舒暢，而且對人的身心健康大有裨益。伯克利的這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，近期產(chǎn)生過敬畏心理的人細(xì)胞生長抑制素，也就是炎癥因子的水平更低，炎癥因子水平長期較高的話，就會(huì)造成自身免疫疾病和其他健康問題，包括心臟病、阿茲海默癥和抑郁癥。這表明敬畏可以促使細(xì)胞生長抑制素達(dá)到更健康的水平，以及預(yù)防疾病。
Compassion and care for others can improve vagus nerve function.
同情關(guān)心別人能改善迷走神經(jīng)功能。
Positive psychologist Barbara Frederickson has conducted research on the effects of lovingkindness meditation (LKM), a traditional Buddhist practice that involves meditating on love and extending compassion to oneself and a progressively large group of others. Frederickson found just six weeks of LKM training to have a positive impact on the vagus nerve, which extends from the brain stem to the heart, helping to regulate emotions as well as bodily systems including the cardiovascular and digestive systems.
積極心理學(xué)家巴巴拉•弗雷德里克森研究了仁愛冥想(LKM)的效果,這是一種傳統(tǒng)的佛教練習(xí)，是對愛的冥想，把同情延伸到自己身上，再逐漸擴(kuò)展到更多其他人身上。弗雷德里克森發(fā)現(xiàn)僅6周的仁愛冥想訓(xùn)練就對迷走神經(jīng)有積極影響，能從腦干傳到心臟，有助于調(diào)節(jié)情緒和包括心血管和消化系統(tǒng)在內(nèi)的身體系統(tǒng)。
感恩也有利于心臟健康和免疫系統(tǒng)功能。
Like optimism, an "attitude of gratitude" -- an appreciation and feeling of thankfulness for the blessings one has in life -- carries significant mental and physical health benefits. Gratefulness, like optimism, has been linked with improved immune health, and has also been shown to improve sleep quality. Gratitude may also improve health and well-being in a variety of waysinsofar as it lowers stress levels -- stress being one of the main contributing factors to many chronic diseases.
像樂觀的心態(tài)一樣，“感恩的態(tài)度”——對生活中所擁有的眷顧的欣賞和感謝——對身心健康大有好處。感恩像樂觀一樣，可以改善免疫系統(tǒng)健康，也表明能提高睡眠質(zhì)量。感恩還能在很多方面改善健康和幸福，因?yàn)樗軒椭鷾p壓——壓力是導(dǎo)致很多慢性病的主要因素之一。
Self-compassion improves health-related behaviors.
自我憐憫有助于改善與健康有關(guān)的行為。
People who cultivate kindness towards themselves are also kinder to their bodies, potentially helping them to prevent or manage a range of negative physical and mental health outcomes. A 2013 study published in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin examined the relationship between self-compassion, reactions to illness, and a range of health-related behaviors, finding that self-compassionate people sought medical attention sooner for symptoms that they were experiencing than people who were lacking in self-compassion. Self-compassionate people also tended to be less depressed about health problems they were experiencing, and also to take a more proactive approach towards their own health.
對自己仁慈的人對自己的身體更仁慈，對預(yù)防或控制一系列消極的身心健康狀況有潛在的幫助。2013年刊登在《個(gè)性與社會(huì)心理學(xué)公報(bào)》的一項(xiàng)研究測試了自我憐憫、對疾病的反應(yīng)和一系列與健康有關(guān)的行為之間的關(guān)系，發(fā)現(xiàn)自我憐憫的人出現(xiàn)病癥時(shí)會(huì)比缺乏自我憐憫的人更早地去看醫(yī)生。自我憐憫的人對正遭受的健康問題也不那么沮喪，也會(huì)更積極地面對自己的健康。
保持身心健康的英語作文篇12
Recently, more and more people stay at home watching TV and surfing the Internet, which leads to obesity and even get serious illness.
最近，越來越多的人呆在家里看電視、上網(wǎng)，所以導(dǎo)致肥胖甚至更嚴(yán)重的疾病。
This is no doubt that sport is good for our health. A person who takes exercises regularly will keep fit. What’s more, exercise can make you well-behaved and confident. If you usually take exercise with your friends, you will be close to them. After all, sports can make your life more colorful.
毫無疑問，運(yùn)動(dòng)對我們的健康有好處。人經(jīng)常運(yùn)動(dòng)可以保持身體健康。更重要的是，運(yùn)動(dòng)可以使你表現(xiàn)得自信。如果你經(jīng)常和你的朋友鍛煉，你們之間的關(guān)系會(huì)更加緊密。畢竟，運(yùn)動(dòng)可以使你的生活更加豐富多彩。
Nothing is more important than doing sports. It's time to take actions to stay away from the TV and computer and to take part in sport activities.
沒有什么比運(yùn)動(dòng)更重要。是時(shí)候采取行動(dòng)遠(yuǎn)離電視，電腦和參加體育活動(dòng)了。
保持身心健康的英語作文篇13
Not long after moving to the University of Southampton, Constantine Sedikides had lunch with a colleague in the psychology department and described some unusual symptoms he'd been feeling. A few times a week, he was suddenly hit with nostalgia for his previous home at the University of North Carolina: memories of old friends, Tar Heel basketball games, fried okra, the sweet smells of autumn in Chapel Hill.
搬到英國南安普頓大學(xué)之后(University of Southampton)不久的一天，康斯坦丁·斯蒂基特(Constantine Sedikides)和一個(gè)心理學(xué)系的同事共進(jìn)午餐，討論他最近一些不同尋常的感覺：每周里總有那么些時(shí)間，他會(huì)突然被懷舊之情所擊中，想念他之前在美國北卡羅來納州立大學(xué)(University of North Carolina)的家、老朋友、大學(xué)著名的Tar Heel籃球隊(duì)的比賽、炸秋葵，還有教堂山城中秋天甜美的氣息。
His colleague, a clinical psychologist, made an immediate diagnosis. He must be depressed. Why else live in the past? Nostalgia had been considered a disorder ever since the term was coined by a 17th-century Swiss physician who attributed soldiers' mental and physical maladies to their longing to return home — nostos in Greek, and the accompanying pain, algos.
斯蒂基特的同事是一位臨床心理學(xué)家。他迅速給斯蒂基特做了個(gè)診斷：一定是抑郁癥。還有什么其他原因會(huì)讓你沉浸在過去呢?自從17世紀(jì)的瑞士醫(yī)生發(fā)明“懷舊”這個(gè)單詞以來，懷舊一直被認(rèn)為是一種心理紊亂。這位瑞士醫(yī)生將士兵們的精神與身體疾病都?xì)w咎于他們急切回家的心理，這在希臘語中被稱為nostos——“懷舊”的英文單詞nostagia的前半部分詞根。而后半部分詞根的algos，則意為“隨之而來的痛苦”。
But Dr. Sedikides didn't want to return to any home — not to Chapel Hill, not to his native Greece — and he insisted to his lunch companion that he wasn't in pain.
但斯蒂基特博士并不想回家——至少不是美國教堂山的家，也不是他的老家希臘。他堅(jiān)持己見，告訴他的同事：他并沒有痛苦的感覺。
"I told him I did live my life forward, but sometimes I couldn't help thinking about the past, and it was rewarding," he says. "Nostalgia made me feel that my life had roots and continuity. It made me feel good about myself and my relationships. It provided a texture to my life and gave me strength to move forward."
“我告訴他我是一個(gè)向前看的人。有時(shí)我確實(shí)忍不住會(huì)懷念過往，但這是有好處的。”他說，“懷舊讓我覺得生活有根源與連續(xù)性。它讓我喜歡自己和身邊的人，將我的生活歷程編織理順，給我前進(jìn)的勇氣。”
The colleague remained skeptical, but ultimately Dr. Sedikides prevailed. That lunch in 1999 inspired him to pioneer a field that today includes dozens of researchers around the world using tools developed at his social-psychology laboratory, including a questionnaire called the Southampton Nostalgia Scale. After a decade of study, nostalgia isn't what it used to be — it's looking a lot better.
他的同事還是表示懷疑，但最終斯蒂基特博士贏得了辯論。1999年的這頓午餐給予他啟發(fā)，使他開創(chuàng)了一個(gè)新領(lǐng)域。他在其社會(huì)心理學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室里研制了一套工具，包括一個(gè)叫“南安普頓懷舊量表”的調(diào)查問卷，如今世界上許多研究者依然在使用這些工具進(jìn)行研究。經(jīng)過十余年的研究后，懷舊已經(jīng)不像人們當(dāng)年所想的那樣糟糕，它的形象變得好多了。
Nostalgia has been shown to counteract loneliness, boredom and anxiety. It makes people more generous to strangers and more tolerant of outsiders. Couples feel closer and look happier when they're sharing nostalgic memories. On cold days, or in cold rooms, people use nostalgia to literally feel warmer.
從研究結(jié)果看來，懷舊可以減少孤獨(dú)、無聊與焦慮。它讓人們對陌生人更加慷慨，對外人更加容忍。當(dāng)夫妻們擁有共同的懷舊記憶，他們會(huì)感覺更親密快樂。在寒冷的房間里，懷舊會(huì)使人們感覺溫暖。
Nostalgia does have its painful side — it's a bittersweet emotion — but the net effect is to make life seem more meaningful and death less frightening. When people speak wistfully of the past, they typically become more optimistic and inspired about the future.
懷舊確實(shí)也有痛苦的一面。這是一個(gè)苦中帶甜的體驗(yàn)，但將利弊權(quán)衡來看，懷舊依然能讓生活顯得更加有意義，讓死亡感覺不那么可怕。當(dāng)人們無限依戀地談?wù)撝^往時(shí)，他們通常會(huì)對未來更加樂觀與富有信心。
"Nostalgia makes us a bit more human," Dr. Sedikides says. He considers the first great nostalgist to be Odysseus, an itinerant who used memories of his family and home to get through hard times, but Dr. Sedikides emphasizes that nostalgia is not the same as homesickness. It's not just for those away from home, and it's not a sickness, despite its historical reputation.
“懷舊使我們更人性。”斯蒂基特博士說。他認(rèn)為第一個(gè)偉大的懷舊者是奧德修斯(Odysseus，《荷馬史詩》中的希臘伊卡島王，流浪十年終回故土與親人團(tuán)聚——譯注)，曾用親人與家庭的回憶以支撐他度過痛苦的歲月。但斯蒂基特博士強(qiáng)調(diào)，懷舊并不等同于思鄉(xiāng)病，它并不只作用于離家的游子。即使其歷史聲譽(yù)不良，懷舊也不是一種病。
Nostalgia was originally described as a "neurological disease of essentially demonic cause" by Johannes Hoffer, the Swiss doctor who coined the term in 1688. Military physicians speculated that its prevalence among Swiss mercenaries abroad was due to earlier damage to the soldiers' ear drums and brain cells by the unremitting clanging of cowbells in the Alps.
約翰森·賀佛爾(Johannes Hoffer)，那個(gè)最初在1688年發(fā)明“懷舊”單詞的瑞士醫(yī)生，將它定義為“可導(dǎo)致器質(zhì)惡性疾病的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病”。軍隊(duì)醫(yī)生們猜測，派駐外國的瑞士雇傭兵中無比流行的懷舊病，是因?yàn)樗麄兊亩づc腦細(xì)胞有過早期損傷。受傷的來源則是阿爾卑斯山上永不停息的聲聲牛鈴叮當(dāng)。
A Universal Feeling
同樣的感受
In the 19th and 20th centuries nostalgia was variously classified as an "immigrant psychosis," a form of "melancholia" and a "mentally repressive compulsive disorder" among other pathologies. But when Dr. Sedikides, Tim Wildschut and other psychologists at Southampton began studying nostalgia, they found it to be common around the world, including in children as young as 7 (who look back fondly on birthdays and vacations).
19到20世紀(jì)時(shí)，懷舊曾被歸于“移民精神疾病”、“抑郁癥中的一種”、”腦部壓抑強(qiáng)迫癥”等各種疾病里。但當(dāng)南安普頓大學(xué)的斯蒂基特博士、提姆·維爾德舒特(Tim Wildschut)與其他心理學(xué)家開始研究懷舊后，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)這在世界范圍內(nèi)是一個(gè)很正常的現(xiàn)象，甚至年幼如7歲的孩子們，就已經(jīng)有懷舊現(xiàn)象(他們會(huì)愉快地懷念生日與假期)。
"The defining features of nostalgia in England are also the defining features in Africa and South America," Dr. Wildschut says. The topics are universal — reminiscences about friends and family members, holidays, weddings, songs, sunsets, lakes. The stories tend to feature the self as the protagonist surrounded by close friends.
“英國對懷舊特征的定義，和在非洲與南美是相同的。”維爾德舒特說。它們擁有共同的主題，如對朋友家人、假期、婚禮、歌曲、落日、湖泊等的懷念。每個(gè)故事里都傾向?qū)⒆约憾x為主角，有親密朋友環(huán)繞四周。
Most people report experiencing nostalgia at least once a week, and nearly half experience it three or four times a week. These reported bouts are often touched off by negative events and feelings of loneliness, but people say the "nostalgizing" — researchers distinguish it from reminiscing — helps them feel better.
大部分人稱每周內(nèi)至少會(huì)經(jīng)歷一次懷舊感受，而幾乎一半人每周會(huì)有3至4次懷舊體驗(yàn)。研究者們將“懷舊”與“思鄉(xiāng)”加以區(qū)別，懷舊情緒通常由消極事件與孤獨(dú)感受喚起。但人們說，懷舊能幫助他們情緒變好。
To test these effects in the laboratory, researchers at Southampton induced negative moods by having people read about a deadly disaster and take a personality test that supposedly revealed them to be exceptionally lonely. Sure enough, the people depressed about the disaster victims or worried about being lonely became more likely to wax nostalgic. And the strategy worked: They subsequently felt less depressed and less lonely.
南安普頓的研究者們也在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里測試了這些影響。他們讓人們閱讀一篇描述致命事故的文章，另外用性格測試找出那些有極度孤獨(dú)情緒的受試者。果不其然，那些為事故受害者傷心的人與害怕孤獨(dú)的人們，相比而言更容易沾染上懷舊情緒。而懷舊確實(shí)有所作用：他們會(huì)感覺并不那么抑郁與孤單了。
Nostalgic stories aren't simple exercises in cheeriness, though. The memories aren't all happy, and even the joys are mixed with a wistful sense of loss. But on the whole, the positive elements greatly outnumber the negative elements, as the Southampton researchers found by methodically analyzing stories collected in the laboratory as well as in a magazine named Nostalgia.
但這些懷舊的體驗(yàn)并不只有積極的一面。我們的回憶里并不全是笑聲。而回憶帶給我們的歡樂中，也總摻雜著若有所失的悵惘。但總體而言，懷舊的益處還是大大超越其害處。南安普頓的研究者們進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)分析，他們在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中采集數(shù)據(jù)，還分析了一本叫《懷舊》(Nostalgia)的雜志中刊登的故事，得到這一結(jié)論。
"Nostalgic stories often start badly, with some kind of problem, but then they tend to end well, thanks to help from someone close to you," Dr. Sedikides says. "So you end up with a stronger feeling of belonging and affiliation, and you become more generous toward others."
“懷舊的故事通常有很不好的開頭，一般都帶著一些問題，但它們總能有個(gè)好的結(jié)局，因?yàn)橛杏H近的人給予你幫助，”斯蒂基特博士說，“所以你能以一種強(qiáng)烈的歸屬感結(jié)束懷舊體驗(yàn)，而會(huì)對他人更寬容慷慨。”
A quick way to induce nostalgia is through music, which has become a favorite tool of researchers. In an experiment in the Netherlands, Ad J. J. M. Vingerhoets of Tilburg University and colleagues found that listening to songs made people feel not only nostalgic but also warmer physically.
音樂可以很快引發(fā)懷舊，于是它成為研究者們最喜歡的工具。在荷蘭蒂爾堡大學(xué)(Tilburg University)的一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)里，研究者文格霍特(Ad J. J. M. Vingerhoets)與其同事發(fā)現(xiàn)，聽音樂不僅可以讓人懷舊，還能感覺到身體更溫暖。
That warm glow was investigated in southern China by Xinyue Zhou of Sun Yat-Sen University. By tracking students over the course of a month, she and colleagues found that feelings of nostalgia were more common on cold days. The researchers also found that people in a cool room (68 degrees Fahrenheit) were more likely to nostalgize than people in warmer rooms.
在中國南方的中山大學(xué)里，周欣悅仔細(xì)探索了這種溫暖效應(yīng)。她和她的同事花了一個(gè)月時(shí)間追蹤記錄學(xué)生們，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)在寒冷天氣里，這種懷舊情緒更為常見。研究者們也發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)人們呆在20度的涼爽房間里時(shí)，他們比呆在暖和房間里更容易懷舊。
Not everyone in the cool room turned nostalgic during the experiment, but the ones who did reported feeling warmer. That mind-body link, Dr. Wildschut says, means that nostalgia might have had evolutionary value to our ancestors long before Odysseus.
在實(shí)驗(yàn)中，并不是所有呆在涼爽房間里的人都會(huì)懷舊，但那些懷舊的人確實(shí)表示感覺更溫暖了。斯蒂基特博士說，這個(gè)心理與身體的聯(lián)系表示，也許早在奧德修斯之前，懷舊已經(jīng)對我們的祖先產(chǎn)生進(jìn)化上的意義。
"If you can recruit a memory to maintain physiological comfort, at least subjectively, that could be an amazing and complex adaptation," he says. "It could contribute to survival by making you look for food and shelter that much longer."
“如果回憶可以至少讓你自我感覺身體舒適，這都會(huì)是一種神奇并復(fù)雜的環(huán)境適應(yīng)，”他說，“它讓你可以堅(jiān)持更長時(shí)間以尋覓食物與庇護(hù)，這有助于生存。”
Finding a Sweet Spot
尋找甜蜜的時(shí)刻
Of course, memories can also be depressing. Some researchers in the 1970s and '80s suggested that nostalgia could worsen a problem that psychologists call self-discontinuity, which is nicely defined in "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes," by Stephen Stills: "Don't let the past remind us of what we are not now." This sense of loss and dislocation has repeatedly been linked to both physical and mental ills.
當(dāng)然，回憶也可能讓人絕望。20世紀(jì)七八十年代的研究者們認(rèn)為，懷舊可以惡化“自我中斷”(self-discontinuity)這種疾病。史蒂芬·史提斯(Stephen Stills，美國歌手——譯注)在《組曲：朱迪藍(lán)色的眼睛》(Suite: Judy Blue Eyes)中準(zhǔn)確地描述了這個(gè)問題：“不要讓過去來提醒我們現(xiàn)在已不再如此。”這種悵然所失與情緒錯(cuò)位經(jīng)常與身體或腦部疾病相聯(lián)系。
But the feeling of discontinuity doesn't seem to be a typical result of nostalgia, according to recent studies. In fact, people tend to have a healthier sense of self-continuity if they nostalgize more frequently, as measured on the scale developed at Southampton. To understand why these memories seem reassuring, Clay Routledge of North Dakota State University and other psychologists conducted a series of experiments with English, Dutch and American adults.
但根據(jù)新近研究結(jié)果，這種自我中斷的感覺并不一定是懷舊體驗(yàn)的結(jié)果。事實(shí)上，根據(jù)南安普頓懷舊量表問卷，如果人們增加懷舊頻率，他們會(huì)傾向于擁有一種更健康的自我中斷情緒。為了了解記憶令人欣慰的原因，北達(dá)科他州州立大學(xué)(North Dakota State University)的克雷·羅德里奇(Clay Routledge)與其他心理學(xué)家在英國、荷蘭與美國成人中進(jìn)行了一系列實(shí)驗(yàn)。
First, the experimenters induced nostalgia by playing hit songs from the past for some people and letting them read lyrics to their favorite songs. Afterward, these people were more likely than a control group to say that they felt "loved" and that "life is worth living."
在實(shí)驗(yàn)中，部分受試者先聽了一些過去的流行歌曲，并讀了一些他們所喜愛歌曲的歌詞，使他們產(chǎn)生懷舊情緒。相比起對照組，這些受試者更可能感覺“被愛”與“生活有意義”。
Then the researchers tested the effect in the other direction by trying to induce existential angst. They subjected some people to an essay by a supposed Oxford philosopher who wrote that life is meaningless because any single person's contribution to the world is "paltry, pathetic and pointless." Readers of the essay became more likely to nostalgize, presumably to ward off Sartrean despair.
接著，這些研究者嘗試喚起受試者的焦慮，以測試懷舊在另一個(gè)極端的作用。他們讓部分受試者閱讀一篇由所謂牛津哲學(xué)家寫作的文章，文章里講述因?yàn)閭€(gè)人對世界的作用“微不足道、悲慘與無意義”，生活只是虛無。結(jié)果表明，文章的讀者們更容易產(chǎn)生懷舊情緒，這也許是為了驅(qū)趕這種薩特(Sartre)式的絕望。
Moreover, when some people were induced to nostalgia before reading the bleak essay, they were less likely to be convinced by it. The brief stroll down memory lane apparently made life seem worthwhile, at least to the English students in that experiment. (Whether it would work with gloomy French intellectuals remains to be determined.)
另外，如果這些被試者的懷舊情緒被喚起后，再來閱讀這篇討論人生荒涼的文章時(shí)，他們比較不容易被作者說服。至少對接受實(shí)驗(yàn)的英國學(xué)生們而言，在記憶隧道中流連體驗(yàn)?zāi)茏屗麄冋J(rèn)識到生活的價(jià)值。(這是否能對憂郁的法國文人起作用則有待分解。)
"Nostalgia serves a crucial existential function," Dr. Routledge says. "It brings to mind cherished experiences that assure us we are valued people who have meaningful lives. Some of our research shows that people who regularly engage in nostalgia are better at coping with concerns about death."
“懷舊對于存在感至為關(guān)鍵，”斯蒂基特博士說，“它喚起了珍貴的記憶，讓我們相信個(gè)人的價(jià)值，覺得我們擁有有意義的生活。我們的一些研究表明，那些經(jīng)常沉入懷舊情緒的人更能面對死亡這一概念。”
Feeding the Memory Bank
在記憶銀行里儲(chǔ)存
The usefulness of nostalgia seems to vary with age, according to Erica Hepper, a psychologist at the University of Surrey in England. She and her colleagues have found that nostalgia levels tend to be high among young adults, then dip in middle age and rise again during old age.
懷舊的效果似乎取決于年齡。這是英國薩里大學(xué)(University of Surrey)心理學(xué)家愛麗克·何派(Erica Hepper)的研究結(jié)果。她和同事發(fā)現(xiàn)，年輕人的懷舊程度相對較高，中年人程度偏低，而老年人則又重新回到較高的懷舊程度中。
"Nostalgia helps us deal with transitions," Dr. Hepper says. "The young adults are just moving away from home and or starting their first jobs, so they fall back on memories of family Christmases, pets and friends in school."
“懷舊可以幫助我們面對生活的轉(zhuǎn)折期。”何派博士說，“當(dāng)年輕人剛剛搬離家鄉(xiāng)，開始他們第一份工作時(shí)，他們會(huì)沉浸于圣誕節(jié)家庭團(tuán)聚、寵物和學(xué)校朋友的回憶里。”
Dr. Sedikides, now 54, still enjoys nostalgizing about Chapel Hill, although his range has expanded greatly over the past decade. He says that the years of research have inspired strategies for increasing nostalgia in his own life. One is to create more moments that will be memorable.
斯蒂基特博士現(xiàn)在54歲了，他依然很享受對美國教堂山城的懷舊，雖然他的懷舊范圍已經(jīng)在過去十年中被大大擴(kuò)展了。他說，多年的研究給予他一些啟發(fā)，以增加自己生活中的懷舊對象，其中一項(xiàng)是：創(chuàng)造更多值得回憶的時(shí)光。
"I don't miss an opportunity to build nostalgic-to-be memories," he says. "We call this anticipatory nostalgia and have even started a line of relevant research."
“我不愿意錯(cuò)過任何機(jī)會(huì)，以制造值得懷舊的記憶。”他說，“我們管這個(gè)叫可預(yù)期的懷舊，我們甚至已經(jīng)開始這個(gè)相關(guān)研究了。”
Another strategy is to draw on his "nostalgic repository" when he needs a psychological lift or some extra motivation. At such moments, he tries to focus on the memories and savor them without comparing them with anything else.
斯蒂基特博士從研究中還得到了另一個(gè)啟發(fā)。當(dāng)他需要讓自己快樂起來，或者需要一些心理激勵(lì)時(shí)，他便從其“懷舊儲(chǔ)備”中汲取能量。在這樣的時(shí)刻里，他會(huì)試著讓自己專注于回憶，細(xì)細(xì)品嘗往事，而不去將它們與其他事情做對比。
"Many other people," he explains, "have defined nostalgia as comparing the past with the present and saying, implicitly, that the past was better — ‘Those were the days.' But that may not be the best way for most people to nostalgize. The comparison will not benefit, say, the elderly in a nursing home who don't see their future as bright. But if they focus on the past in an existential way — ‘What has my life meant?' — then they can potentially benefit."
“許多其他人，”他解釋道，“將懷舊定義為用往事與現(xiàn)狀對比，然后自我暗示地認(rèn)為過去的生活更美好，感嘆著‘那些年'。”但對于大多數(shù)人而言，這都不是最好的懷舊方法。比如當(dāng)老年人在養(yǎng)老院里對比現(xiàn)狀與過往，這并無法讓他們覺得未來無限美好。但如果他們將往事看成一種人生存在的方式，思考‘我的生活意味著什么?'，他們則可能從懷舊中獲益。
This comparison-free nostalgizing is being taught to first-year college students as part of a study testing its value for people in difficult situations. Other experiments are using the same technique in people in nursing homes, women recovering from cancer surgery, and prison inmates.
這種不做對比的懷舊已經(jīng)作為研究的一部分，用于一年級本科生，以測試人們在不同情況下時(shí)懷舊的作用。其他實(shí)驗(yàn)則采用相同的方法，用以測試養(yǎng)老院中的老人、剛從癌癥手術(shù)中恢復(fù)的婦女與監(jiān)獄的囚犯。
Is there anyone who shouldn't be indulging in nostalgia? People who are leery of intimate relationships — "avoidant," in psychological jargon — seem to reap relatively small benefits from nostalgia compared with people who crave closeness. And there are undoubtedly neurotics who overdo it. But for most others, Dr. Sedikides recommends regular exercises.
有沒有完全無法陷入懷舊的人呢?有的，相比起渴望親近的人，那些對親密關(guān)系持懷疑態(tài)度的人便在懷舊中收獲較少，他們在心理學(xué)術(shù)語中被稱為“回避型人格”。當(dāng)然也有神經(jīng)病患者會(huì)過分沉浸于懷舊之中。然而對大部分人而言，斯蒂基特博士建議我們可以對此做有規(guī)律的練習(xí)。
"If you're not neurotic or avoidant, I think you'll benefit by nostalgizing two or maybe three times a week," he says. "Experience it as a prized possession. When Humphrey Bogart says, ‘We'll always have Paris,' that's nostalgia for you. We have it, and nobody can take it away from us. It's our diamond."
如果你沒有神經(jīng)機(jī)能病，也沒有回避型人格，我覺得如果你一周懷舊兩到三次，會(huì)對你有幫助。”他說：“將懷舊的體驗(yàn)作為一種珍貴的經(jīng)歷，亨弗萊·鮑嘉(Humphrey Bogart)說：‘我們會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)擁有巴黎'(電影《卡薩布蘭卡》的經(jīng)典臺詞——譯注)時(shí)，懷舊便是我們的‘巴黎'。我們擁有這些記憶，沒有人能將它們奪去。這是我們的無價(jià)之寶。”
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