托福獨立寫作怎么提高分?jǐn)?shù)
托福獨立寫作是托福寫作的一部分，要謹(jǐn)慎對待，努力練習(xí)提高分?jǐn)?shù)。下面就是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理的托福獨立寫作提高分?jǐn)?shù)的方法，希望對你有用!
托福獨立寫作提高分?jǐn)?shù)的方法
1、壓縮審題時間。
如果對于一個閉卷考試來說，你花上3-5分鐘來審題這無可厚非，這也是必須要做到的。在托福獨立寫作考試中，審清題目是非常必要的。但是對于托福獨立寫作考試來說，實際情況是獨立寫作就如同開卷考試一樣。為什么說托福獨立寫作是開卷考試呢?首先它的題庫是公開的，一般情況下它的題型或題材都不會超出題庫的范圍，再不濟在題庫當(dāng)中我們也可以找到類似的題目，加之大家在備考的時候都會看機經(jīng)，機經(jīng)的強大之處相信不用小編多說了，這樣托福寫作獨立寫作考試就完全成為了一個開卷考試。
既然托福獨立寫作是開卷考試了，那么對于審題的時候，我們?nèi)绻€停留在3-5分鐘，那么對于托福考試是一個時間比較緊張的考試來說，是非常浪費的?？忌梢岳眠@段時間用來打字會更好。所以在考試中應(yīng)該會出現(xiàn)的思維風(fēng)暴、切題思路之類的，這些都是事先已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備過的，訓(xùn)練過的。如果在考試中出現(xiàn)了你從來就沒有接觸到的過的題目，那么只能說明你的準(zhǔn)備不到位，如果你在考試中，你的審題時間超過了2分鐘，那么你的準(zhǔn)備也沒有到位。對于開卷考試的思考思維就是這個樣子，想要考取滿分并不是靠臨場發(fā)揮得來的，而是做足了充分的準(zhǔn)備而得到的。
2、如果文章質(zhì)量不能保證，那么用字?jǐn)?shù)來提高。
在托福寫作考試中，如果考生對于題目把握不到位的話，那么就可以從數(shù)量入手。曾經(jīng)我有一個朋友在考試的時候，獨立寫作30分鐘的考試時間里寫了600多字的作文，從而拿到了托福獨立寫作滿人。當(dāng)然在它的作文中肯定有一些不足和錯誤 ，但對于托福作文拿滿分仍然不影響。所以在這里小站教育編輯提醒大家的是，如果在考試中不能把文章寫的很漂亮，即不能寫出亮點時，那么你就多寫點，字?jǐn)?shù)多也是亮點的一種。那么想要在考試中寫出一篇文章超長的作文，那么對于打字速度就是大家在備考的時候需要著重去練習(xí)的。
3、考前提煉自己的模板。
在托福獨立寫作考試中，如果使用模板可以為你節(jié)約很多的時間。如果按照你的文章字?jǐn)?shù)是400字來算，那么你的文章中可能會有40-50個句子。如果你把這40-50個句子都排成編號，從第1個句子到40個句子，也就是從文章的第1句話到最后1句話，你都知道要寫什么，并且知道要怎么去寫，甚至是每個句子你都有很漂亮的句式，這樣寫出來的作文還怕得不到高分嗎?再比如，這40-50個句子有一半都是固定的句式 ，那么就形成了自己的寫作套路，那么就不用擔(dān)心文章寫不完了。這就是托福獨立寫作考試中的模板的作用。大家在備考托福寫作的時候，對于各種題型都創(chuàng)建屬于自己的模板，到時只需要將觀點和例子加入其中，那么你的托福作文想不拿高分都不可能了。所以平時在備考時，對于題目庫的題目大家要多多的練習(xí)，并對相近或者相似的題目去進行提煉自己的模板，可以為你的托福作文大大的提分。
托福獨立寫作中的常見審題誤區(qū)
審題誤區(qū)NO.1 忽略關(guān)鍵詞
同學(xué)們考寫作考了這么多年，大多數(shù)出題的形式都已爛熟于心，看到題目之后覺得熟悉于是興沖沖提筆就寫，其實，這種看似“熟練”的表象下藏著巨大的隱患——同學(xué)們很有可能因為看得太快而忽略某個決定題目意思的關(guān)鍵詞。
例1：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising is the only main cause for people’s unhealthy eating habits.
看到這個題目，同學(xué)們立刻會開始想，有沒有other reasons for unhealthy habits，想出三條:1. People’s tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours; 2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on “endless diets”; 3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stressreliever. 綜上所述，advertising is not the only cause.
這個寫法看起來非常完備，但其實犯了一個不起眼卻嚴(yán)重的錯誤——題目不是要我們證明it is not the only cause，而是要我們?nèi)プC明it is not the only main cause。多一個“main”，意思是很不一樣的。如果我們只需要證明it is not the only cause，那么找出other causes即可即例1中的寫法。但是，如果我們要證明it is not the only main cause，就需要證明other causes that we mentioned are also main causes，這就需要在每一段中加上一些專門的說明。或者，更簡單的辦法是去證明advertising is not even a cause, 直接在每段的末尾加上advertising與該段所論述的unhealthy eating habit無關(guān)的論述即可。If it is not a cause, how can it be the only main cause? 這樣一來，就不用通過證明還有其他main cause來反駁了，事實上，證明某種cause是main cause還是挺有難度的，因此筆者推薦同學(xué)們用后一種方式進行論述。因此，文章還是disagree，而三段的主題句分別應(yīng)該是：1. People’s tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours, and it is obvious that they are too busy to be influenced by advertising; 2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on“endless diets”, and this is more like a result of human nature, the pursuit of beauty, but not advertising; 3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever, and it is quite clear that no advertising encourages them to do so.
例2：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges and universities should offer more preparation for student before they start working.
看到這個題目，很多同學(xué)會可能會這樣寫：Agree. 1. Students should take more specialized courses (專業(yè)課)in order to be knowledgeable and skillful enough for their future careers(接著開始論述being knowledgeable and skillful的重要性); 2. Participating in internships helps students to have a clearer picture of their vocational development in the future(接著開始論述如果沒有實過習(xí)，在工作的時候是多么地feel so unprepared); 3. Attending more club activities is an effective way to improve social skills, which are crucial for success both in life and at work(接著開始論述good social skills對職業(yè)和生活的幫助). 如果不看括號里的內(nèi)容，僅看主題句，這篇文章是沒有任何問題的。然而，括號中的論述從嚴(yán)格意義上來講，是不能支持“more”這個關(guān)鍵詞的。舉個簡單的例子：“我們需要錢”和“我們需要更多錢”在證明的時候重點是不一樣的。如果證明“我們需要錢”，應(yīng)該詳細(xì)闡述錢的“不可或缺性”，比如生活、學(xué)習(xí)、教育都需要錢;但是如果證明“我們需要更多錢”，重點則應(yīng)該放在“錢不夠”的論述上，證明在學(xué)習(xí)、生活、教育方面的預(yù)算都很緊張。同樣地，上面的題目中僅僅證明Knowledge for careers, field experience and social skills are important是不夠的，事實上，這些根本不需要證明，需要證明的事情是graduates today are not well prepared in the three aspects. 因此這篇文章應(yīng)該是一篇“抱怨型”的文章，詳細(xì)地去論述學(xué)校工作的不足。參考思路如下：Agree. 1. Many students today complain that they cannot learn practical skills and up-to-date information, for some of their teachers are not qualified enough to teach specialized courses; 2. Since many students are not allowed enough time to participate in internship programs before graduation, they know very little about what their future jobs like; 3. Joining clubs is possible for every college student, yet not every club provide is capable of offering enough opportunities for students to practice their social skills.
同學(xué)們在寫文章的時候一定要注意，學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作不是句型和辭藻的堆砌，整篇文章一定是一個well-organized system，這個system中很重要的原則之二就是——1、每個中間段的topic sentence是用來支持main idea的;2、topic sentence后面的每句話都是用來支持該topic sentence的。在上面的兩個例子中，大家會發(fā)現(xiàn)例1的錯誤主要是main idea沒有很好地被topic sentence支持;而例2的錯誤在于topic sentence雖然看起來是支持main idea的，但是論述的內(nèi)容可能跟關(guān)鍵詞“more”無關(guān)，從而不能有力地支持topic sentences。這些錯誤的起因，則是對題干中關(guān)鍵詞的忽略。
審題誤區(qū)NO.2 誤解關(guān)鍵詞
與忽略關(guān)鍵詞的人不同，有些同學(xué)過于執(zhí)著于關(guān)鍵詞的字面意思，而沒能看出其背后的implication，從而被關(guān)鍵詞限制住思路，無法下筆。比起忽略關(guān)鍵詞，這種錯誤更常發(fā)生在細(xì)心且實力不錯的同學(xué)身上，也很值得大家注意。筆者建議，在寫文章的時候要靈活，不要拘泥于關(guān)鍵詞的字面意思，否則理由很不好想，就算想出來也很難用英文表達(dá)。例3：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The government should spend more money on elementary school education than on university education.
題目的意思是說，比起投資大學(xué)教育，政府應(yīng)該在小學(xué)教育上投入更多的資金?？吹竭@個題，同學(xué)們會有不同的看法，大體來講無非是兩種——認(rèn)為university education應(yīng)該花更多的錢或反之。但是，大家很快會發(fā)現(xiàn)證明任何一種觀點都是不容易的。比如說，有些同學(xué)可能會這樣寫：Agree. 1. Elementary school education involves more students than university education and it requires more money; 2. Colleges and universities have more sponsors than elementary schools so that the government should offer more financial support for the latter. 3. Since elementary school education is the cornerstone of university education, it deserves more money from the government.
上面的主題句看起來是沒有問題的，然而在展開的時候困難重重——第一個點里說Pupils的數(shù)量多所以花錢多，這的確是事實，可是pupil人均所需要的經(jīng)費卻肯定比university students少，最關(guān)鍵的是，我們并沒有數(shù)據(jù)作為支撐;第二點里說校友或社會人士的支持使得大學(xué)在財政方便面比小學(xué)要寬裕的多，然而，這還是一個沒有數(shù)據(jù)就無法證明的觀點;第三點里說elementary school education是university education的基礎(chǔ)所以前者就應(yīng)當(dāng)比后者得到更多的預(yù)算，這是一個典型的邏輯錯誤，因此在段落展開的時候?qū)掷щy。A是B的基礎(chǔ)并不意味著要為A花更多的錢?？傊?，錢本身就是一個可以量化的東西，如果真的以錢的多少來寫這道題，在沒有數(shù)據(jù)支持的情況下是很難成文的。許多同學(xué)之所以在寫的時候覺得自己的文章很牽強，就是因為把該文當(dāng)成了論述題，而大家要知道，論述題都是要會給出數(shù)據(jù)讓我們來分析的。那么，在沒有數(shù)據(jù)的情況下，這種題目該怎么寫呢?找到money后面的implication很重要。其實，題目并不是要我們?nèi)ビ懻撃姆N教育應(yīng)該花更多的錢，而是讓我們?nèi)Ρ葍煞N教育的重要性，自然地，更加重要的教育就應(yīng)該花更多的錢。所以我們可以有以下論述：
(Main idea) I cannot agree that the government should spend more money on elementary school education than on university education, because they are equally important.
(Topic sentence) 1. Elementary school education prepares children for college education by teaching them how to learn and what they are supposed to learn.
2. University education helps students to be ready for the competitive job market by equip them with excellent knowledge forjobs and good communication skills.
(Conclusion) Since elementary school education and university education are both indispensable and irreplaceable parts of our lifelong education and they complete each other, it would be rigid to say that anyone of them deserves more money than the other.
其實，審題僅僅是寫作考試的第一步，在這之后還有構(gòu)思、尋找素材、語言表達(dá)等一系列步驟。在以后的文章中，筆者將會對這些內(nèi)容進行詳細(xì)的論述，告訴大家如何寫出符合滿分要求又achievable的文章。最后，附上筆者所作范文一篇(例2)，供大家參考。
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges and universities should offer more preparation for student before they start working.
Colleges and universities are the very places where students prepare themselves for the competitive job market. They take specialized courses, participate in internships and also attend club activities. Although universities and colleges have done much for their students’ graduation, there is still more they can do.
Many students today complain that their specialized courses cannot satisfy their need for practical skills and knowledge for specific careers. The enrollment of colleges and universities in my country has been increased considerably over the past decades, but the quality and the numbers of teachers and professors did not improve that much. Many newly graduated students without any field experience joined faculties due to the lack of teachers, and students find it hard to learn anything more than what their text books contain from these inexperienced teachers. Colleges and universities really should spend more money on hiring experienced and qualified teachers to teach specialized courses, providing students with what they really desire.
Internships and club activities provide students with chances to practice their social skills, but internships are usually too short and club activities are not always available to all students. My sister is now a junior in university and she only had a two months’ internship during her summer vacation. She complained that since the internship was too short, the company did not take it seriously and she was required to do nothing but buying coffee or ordering meals on the phone and she seldom had chances to communicate with colleagues or clients. Club activities are only available to active students who attend “active clubs” like Student Union, and members of other clubs seldom have opportunities to organized activities due to their shortage of money, resources, and even authorization. Universities and colleges should allow students more time for internships and pay equal attention to all clubs instead of supporting the “active clubs” exclusively.
University students today have already known much more about what life is like after graduation, but they are still not fully prepared. Measures that I mentioned above should be taken if colleges and universities aim to have them ready for the fierce competition ahead.
托福獨立寫作中易犯的10個錯誤
1、不一致(Disagreements)
所謂不一致不光指主謂不一致，它還包括了數(shù)的不一致時態(tài)不一致及代詞不一致等。
例: When one have money，he can do what hewant to。
人一旦有了錢，他就能想干什么就干什么。
剖析：one是單數(shù)第三人稱，因而本句的have應(yīng)改為has; 同理，want應(yīng)改為wants。本句是典型的主謂不一致。
改為：Once one has money，he can do what he wants(to do)。
2、修飾語錯位(Misplaced Modifiers)
英語與漢語不同，同一個修飾語置于句子不同的位置，句子的含義可能引起變化。對于這一點中國學(xué)生往往沒有引起足夠的重視，因而造成了不必要的誤解。
例: I believe I can do it well and I will better knowthe world outside the campus。
剖析：better位置不當(dāng)，應(yīng)置于句末。
3、句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)
在口語中，交際雙方可借助手勢語氣上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解?？墒菚嬲Z就不同了，句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整會令意思表達(dá)不清，這種情況常常發(fā)生在主句寫完以后，筆者又想加些補充說明時發(fā)生。
例:There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV，radio，newspaper and so on。
剖析：本句后半部分“for example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on”不是一個完整的句子，僅為一些不連貫的詞語，不能獨立成句。
改為：There are many ways to know society，for example，by TV，radio，and newspaper。
4、懸垂修飾語(DanglingModifiers)
所謂懸垂修飾語是指句首的短語與后面句子的邏輯關(guān)系混亂不清。
例: To do well in college，good grades areessential。
剖析：句中不定式短語“to do well in college” 的邏輯主語不清楚。
改為：To do well in college， a student needs goodgrades。
5、詞性誤用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)
“詞性誤用”常表現(xiàn)為：介詞當(dāng)動詞用;形容詞當(dāng)副詞用;名詞當(dāng)動詞用等。
例:None can negative the importance of money。
剖析：negative 系形容詞，誤作動詞。
改為：None can deny the importance of money。
6、指代不清(AmbiguousReference of Pronouns)
指代不清主要講的是代詞與被指代的人或物關(guān)系不清，或者先后所用的代詞不一致。
例1：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid。
瑪麗和我姐姐很要好，因為她要她做她的伴娘。
讀完上面這一句話，讀者無法明確地判斷兩位姑娘中誰將結(jié)婚，誰將當(dāng)伴娘。如果我們把易于引起誤解的代詞的所指對象加以明確，意思就一目了然了。這個句子可改為：
Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid。
例2：. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself。
剖析：句中人稱代詞we 和反身代詞yourself指代不一致。
改為：We can also know society by serving it ourselves。
7、不間斷句子(Run-on Sentences)
什么叫run-on sentence?請看下面的例句。
例：There are many ways we get to know the outside world。
剖析：這個句子包含了兩層完整的意思：“There are many ways” 以及“We get to know theoutside world”。簡單地把它們連在一起就不妥當(dāng)了。
改為：There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world。
或：There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with theoutside world。
8、措詞毛病(Troubles in Diction)
Diction是指在特定的句子中如何適當(dāng)?shù)剡x用詞語的問題，囿于教學(xué)時間緊迫，教師平時在這方面花的時間往往極其有限，影響了學(xué)生在寫作中沒有養(yǎng)成良好的推敲，斟酌的習(xí)慣。他們往往隨心所欲，拿來就用。所以作文中用詞不當(dāng)?shù)腻e誤比比皆是。
例：The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution。
農(nóng)業(yè)方面化學(xué)物質(zhì)使用的不斷增加也造成了污染。
剖析：顯然，考生把obstacles“障礙”，“障礙物”誤作substance“物質(zhì)”了。另外“the increasing use (不斷增加的使用)” 應(yīng)改為“abusive use (濫用)”。
改為：The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution。
9、累贅(Redundancy)
言以簡潔為貴。寫句子沒有一個多余的詞;寫段落沒有一個無必要的句子。能用單詞的不用詞組;能用詞組的不用從句或句子。如：
例1：In spite of the fact that he is lazy，I like him。
本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同謂語從句，我們按照上述“能用詞組的不用從句”
可以改為：In spite of his laziness，I like him。
例2： For the people who are diligent and kind，money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need。
剖析：整個句子可以大大簡化。
改為：Diligent，caring people use money only to buy what they need。
10、不連貫(Incoherence)
不連貫是指一個句子前言不對后語，或是結(jié)構(gòu)上不暢通。這也是考生常犯的毛病。
例： The fresh water，it is the most important things of the earth。
剖析：The fresh water 與逗號后的it 不連貫。It 與things 在數(shù)方面不一致。
改為：Fresh water is the most important thing in the world。
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