托福獨立寫作要如何寫結尾呢
很多學生在嘔心瀝血精心設計完托福寫作開頭段和主體段落后，有時候會草草概括了一下結尾，字數單薄，內容無力，這樣文章會顯得頭重腳輕且內容明顯敷衍了事。那么，托福獨立寫作要如何寫結尾呢?
托福獨立寫作要如何寫結尾呢?
首先，新托福寫作考試結尾段起到總結全文作用，因此，應該用凝練的語言概括出全文分論點。但是，僅僅這樣收尾未免太過單調，有些學生詞匯有限，寫出的結尾還很可能與分論點的用詞重合，而考官如果讀到這種結尾，就會覺得索然無味。因此寫作結尾不能成為整個文章的拖油瓶，還應在總結全文的基礎上，增加筆墨，對文章主題進行升華。
以托福?？荚掝}為例，分析在總結分論點后，有哪些方法可以升華拓展主題：
1、預測未來趨勢
針對社會熱點類話題，如“國外學習好還是國內學習好”，學生在總結論點后，可以適當預測該話題整個發(fā)展趨勢，以此強化作者本身強烈的立場。如，考試總結完studying abroad 有culture、competitiveness、以及high quality education 的分論點后，可以用I tend tobelieve, it can be predicted that…等句型結尾，預測未來：“我們國家出國留學學生會越來越多，并且留學生群體會越來越年輕”這樣類似的話題作為結尾。
2. 提出建議、解決辦法
如若考生碰到解決問題類練習題，如it is a waste of money for space exploration,在結尾提出自己的建議和解決辦法可以寫出耳目一新、個性化的結尾。比如，既然有人認為space exploration 是浪費金錢的，政府壓力過大，那么考生可以在結尾處補充，比如說： I strongly recommend that major companies can participate to investigate space travel, then less burden the government may be faced with.
3.增強語氣
除了上面兩種方式拓展主題，考生碰到任何類型題目，都能用增強自身語氣的方式錦上添花。比如練習題：whichis better： tolive in a big city, or a small town?考生如果巧用一個反問句便可以使整個結尾段落完美落幕。How can one possibly deny that the purpose of life is to explore new things that small towns fail to offer?
綜上，考生要想在給rater好的開端后，最終還能一直維持好形象，應該花點小心思在結尾添上幾句話，切莫草草收場。
托福寫作怎樣安排組織結構更合理
托福寫作一篇好文章的生成跟段落結構安排是息息相關的，那么在托福寫作中以怎樣的結構來支持自己的觀點更高呢?我們在寫作中怎么樣分段以及過度才會拿到好的分數呢?下面我們就一起來看看托福寫作中組織結構的安排。
首先由明線入手的思路可以不太講究結構，這點的評論請看后文;然而由暗線著手的議論卻必須注意結構，因為暗線采用的是和題目本身關系不大的視角，寫得好是一氣呵成發(fā)人深省，寫得不慎重就會失之毫厘，謬之千里，走題走到天邊去。
接上文，仍以題目做示范。筆者第二次擬提綱，以理暗渡，就不能像第一次一樣只寫論點，而得把首段，論點，甚至每段在整篇文章中的作用也一并寫出，才能避免下筆時走題。
首段：民以食為天，食物在人類生活中的重要性不可言喻，就連食物的準備方式也可能極大影響人類文化，進而影響個人生活質量(引入社會心理學，設置暗線，為全文奠定基調)以現代生活實況分析，食品速食化導致人類生活質量下降的趨向比較明顯。
第一論證段：(身體健康層面)飲食文化改變，傳統有益健康而消耗時間的料理方式被擯棄，垃圾食品大行其市，天人合一，順應生理規(guī)律的文化被斷絕。(注：這里因為不是從營養(yǎng)，而是從生物規(guī)律論述對身體的影響，所以前文所論的paradox此處可不考慮)
第二論證段：從速食流行原因論證人類行為文化改變， 高節(jié)奏的高壓生活必然促使身體早衰(身體與心理健康兩個層面綜合)
第三論證段：(心理健康層面)行為高速化也會導致對情感的無法顧及甚至冷漠，人類情感文化變化，并且朝不利方向。
結尾(這在提綱里其實可有可無，提綱畢竟只是具體化的思路，并不是成文。依照文章具體的論證手法，內容，結尾可以個有千秋，只要把握住一條，符合全文主旨，就可以了，提綱里就算寫了，很多時候也是無用功)
用題目分析到這里，文章連雛形都已經出來了，可是究竟什么是結構呢?
回到“文章是被記錄下來的表達”這個原則。結構既然是寫作的必須注意事項，就必然幫助表達。對于一篇議論，作者必須大量旁征博引才能令人信服得表述自己的觀點，這其中牽扯著概念的重要性順序-----用來證明全文立場的概念是論點，是最重要的概念;用來證明論點的概念是佐證，是次等重要的概念。所謂結構，最基本的用途是將文章所有用入的概念分段，一個論點與它的所有佐證為一段，不能佐證證明的是第二論點，卻在第一論點的段落。-------這就是所謂的unity.
結構的第二用途仍然是幫助表達，從邏輯思路方面。好的議論能抓住人心，令人信服，首先必須讓人能看懂作者的思路，讓你說明在學習場所安裝電視有無弊端，你卻一會說電視節(jié)目的差異，一會說學生的素質如何，讀者不知所云，自然不會被你說服。每個段落和論題的聯系。作者本人知道并沒有用，必須表現出來。說完節(jié)目差異加一句“不同節(jié)目對學生的利弊不同，不可一概而論”，講過學生素質補充“素質差的學生群體使學習場所吵雜，安不安電視影響都不大”，將論點間，論點和論題間緊密結合起來，保證文章思路流暢，明白易懂，就是結構中過渡句的功效，使得行文達到ETS要求的progression和coherence。
具體把結構落實在IBT獨立作文上，就是兩點。
1.會分段。要清楚自己的行文思路，知道自己有幾個論點。首段表明論點，廢話不要講。論證一段一個論點，不可以交叉。一個論段里要有論點句，其它所有句子都為論證這個點，廢話不要講。尾段總結論點共性，映證首段觀點，廢話不要講……
2.會過渡。要記住必須過渡。要明白你為什么過渡-----如果這個過渡不證明論點和論題間的關系，而證明論點間的關系，要確定這個新論點也能證明論題。你的過渡不是為自己的文章過渡，而是幫讀者的思維過渡，引領他們走進新的思維，所以必須確認過渡的方向，你是否正帶著你的讀者而離開你的論題。
從這兩點觀測，筆者在前文提到的明線(支持論題)貫穿的思路在擬提綱時不需要注意結構，就好解釋了。因為明線的論點注定不會跑題，不用太在意過渡問題，只要分段恰當就可以了，而這點，下筆時留神就足夠了。
托福寫作高分技巧：善用倒裝句
倒裝句有兩種:
將主語和謂語完全顛倒過來,叫做完全倒裝(Complete Inversion)。如:In came a man with a white beard.
只將助動詞(包括情態(tài)動詞)移至主語之前,叫做部分倒裝(Partial Inversion)。如:Only once was John late to class.
英語句子的倒裝一是由于語法結構的需要而進行的倒裝,二是由于修辭的需要而進行的倒裝。前一種情況,倒裝是必須的,否則就會出現語法錯誤;后一種情況,倒裝是選擇性的,倒裝與否只會產生表達效果上的差異。下面本文就擬從其修辭功能談談倒裝句的用法。
一、 表示強調:
倒裝句最突出、最常見的修辭效果就是強調,其表現形式如下:
1. only +狀語或狀語從句置于句首,句子用部分倒裝。
eg.Only in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用這種方法,你才可以解決這個問題。
eg.Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.只有當他已經說出那個字后才意識到自己犯了個大錯誤。
2. not, little, hardly, scarcely, no more, no longer, in no way, never, seldom, not only, no sooner等具有否定意義的詞或詞組位于句首,句子用部分倒裝。
eg. No sooner had I got home than it beg.an to rain. 我剛到家就下起了雨。
eg. Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽車上班。
3. so / such...that結構中的so或such位于句首可以構成部分倒裝句,表示強調so /such和that之間的部分。
eg.So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 他的要價太離譜,令每個人都瞠目結舌。
eg.To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out. 她的彩排進行得那么長,以致于那兩個演員都走出去了。
以上各例子都用倒裝語序突出了句首成分,其語氣較自然語序強烈,因而具有極佳的修辭效果。
二、 承上啟下
有時倒裝可把前一句說到的人或物,或與前一句有聯系的人或物在下一句緊接著先說出來,從而使前后兩句在意思上的關系更加清楚,銜接更加緊密,起到承上啟下的作用。
eg.They broke into her uncle's bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. Around his head was a brown snake. 他們破門進入她叔叔的臥室,發(fā)現他躺在地板上死了。一條棕褐色的蛇纏在他頭上。
eg. We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. 我們確實不應因為被稱作窮光蛋而憤憤不平。我們的確是窮光蛋,而且還會繼續(xù)是窮光蛋。
三、 制造懸念,渲染氣氛
在新聞或文學創(chuàng)作中,有時為了內容的需要,或是為了強調,作者常常運用倒裝來制造懸念,渲染氣氛。如:
Hanging on the wall was a splendid painting. 墻上掛著一幅精美的圖畫。
再如朗費羅(Longfellow)《雪花》中的一節(jié):
Out of the bosom of the Air,
Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,
Over the woodlands brown and bare,
Over the harvest-fields forsaken,
Silent, and soft, and slow,
Descends the snow.
在這一節(jié)詩里 ,詩人就富有創(chuàng)意地運用了倒裝。在前五行中 ,詩人堆砌了七個狀語,狀語連續(xù)出現而主語和謂語卻遲遲未露 ,造成一種懸念效應。全節(jié)讀罷 ,讀者才對詩歌的主題恍然大悟 ,因而收到了不同凡響的藝術效果。
四、 平衡結構
英語修辭的一個重要原則是尾重原則,即把句子最復雜的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在語言使用中為了避免產生頭重腳輕、結構不平衡的句子,我們常采用倒裝語序。
1. 以作狀語的介詞短語開頭:當主語較長或主語所帶修飾語較長時,為了使句子平衡,常將狀語置于句首,句子用完全倒裝語序。
eg.To the coal mine came a com-pany of PLA soldiers with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.
eg.A company of PLA soldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.
一個連隊的解放軍戰(zhàn)士來到了那座煤礦,奉司令部之命解救受困的礦工。
eg.On the ground lay some air conditioners, which are to be shipped to some other cities.
eg.Some air conditioners lay on the ground, which are to be shipped to some other cities.
地上放著一些空調,等著用船運到其他城市去。
從例句中可看出, 采用倒裝語序的A句結構平衡穩(wěn)妥 ,讀起來自然流暢,而采用自然語序的B句結構零亂, 讀起來也別扭。因而,在主語較長時就應采用倒裝語序以取得理想的表達效果。
2. 以表語開頭的句子:有時為了把較長的主語放在后面,須將表語和謂語都提到主語前。
eg.Such would be our home in the future. 我們將來的家就是這個樣子。
3. 以副詞here , there開頭的句子,也采用完全倒裝來保持句子平衡。
eg.Here is the letter you have been looking forward to. 你盼望已久的信在這兒。
五、 使描寫生動
有時為了使敘述或描繪更加生動形象,增加語言效果,可將表示方向的副詞(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away等)或擬聲詞(bang, crack等)置于句首,句子采用全部倒裝的語序(主語為人稱代詞的句子除外)。
eg.Up went the rocket into the air. 嗖地一聲火箭就飛上天了。
eg.Down jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him. 當警察把手槍瞄準那個罪犯時,嘭地一下他就從三樓跳了下去。
eg.Boom went the cannon! 轟隆一聲大炮開火了!
eg.Bang came another shot!砰!又是一聲槍響!
以上句子簡潔明快 ,生動逼真地描述了有關動作 ,令我們一覽此類倒裝的風采。但這種倒裝句的修辭功能在語段中可以體現得更為清楚。
"Stop thief! Stop thief!" There is a magic cry in the sound. The tradesman leaves his counter, ... Away they run, pell—mell, helter—skelter, yelling—screaming, ...
"Stop thief ! Stop thief !" The cry is taking by a hundred voices, ... Away they fly, splashing through the mud, up go the window, out run the people. ( Dickens )
作者在第一段和第二段中分別用副詞away, up和out位于句首引出四個倒裝句Away they run , Away they fly, up go the window , out run the people。從而制造出一種緊張、急促的氣氛 ,生動地刻畫了一個緊張、混亂的捉賊場面。
托福寫作范文：共同完成項目時面對面的溝通比發(fā)郵件更有效率
寫作題目
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: classmates and partner can communicate with each other face to face to finish the project more better than by sending e-mail. 在共同完成一個項目的時候，同學和搭檔之間面對面的溝通比發(fā)郵件更有效率，是否認同?
寫作范文
The advancement of technology has introduced countless forms of communication. Cell phones, text messaging and programs like Twitter make it easy to talk with anybody, anywhere. Although technology has made communicating very easy, these forms sometimes are too detached and can lead to many misunderstandings. I still think the best way to have a conversation with someone is face to face.
Instant messaging or text messaging are convenient forms of communication, but it is hard to discuss difficult topics over text or instant message. The style of language is so abbreviated that it is hard to tell a person’s tone or mood. For example, I was once chatting with my mother and I responded “OK” when she asked me a very serious question. I thought my response was fine, but the next day my mother called me very upset. She thought I was angry with her and had been worrying all day about how to talk to me. If we had been talking on the phone, she would have been able to hear that I was not angry.
E-mail is also another form of communication that is useful, but can be troublesome if you are discussing a difficult topic. Sometimes when people are angry, they write a quick and nasty e-mail. This has gotten a lot of people in trouble with their teachers or bosses. One time, my classmate was really upset about a grade she received on a test. She was so upset about it that she sent a very rude e-mail to the teacher. After about an hour, she calmed down and realized she had made a mistake. If she had called or gone to talk to the teacher about the test, she probably would not have used such angry language. Unfortunately, it is too easy to send an e-mail without thinking. The teacher was not pleased with her e-mail, and gave her a week’s detention.
Talking with somebody on the phone, or face to face, is the best way to solve a problem. When you are speaking with somebody, you can hear the mood in his voice, or see the expression on his face. Using these verbal and physical cues, you can understand his meaning more clearly. Conversations such as politics and relationships are most successful if done over the phone or face to face. This is why people do not propose marriage through e-mail and politicians do not write laws using text messaging. Using the phone also keeps you from getting into trouble by miscommunication or misunderstanding.
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