托福寫作話題之事實(shí)類
托福寫作考試中，大家針對不同的題目類型，也需要掌握不同的寫作技巧。今天我們重點(diǎn)來講解的是事實(shí)類話題的寫作。下面就跟隨小編一起來學(xué)習(xí)一下吧!
托福寫作事實(shí)類和故事類題目解析
舉例在托福獨(dú)立寫作中扮演著非常重要的角色，這在最新版《托?？荚嚬俜街改稀返臐M分評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中有著明確且充分的體現(xiàn)：“Is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details .”其中exemplifications正是“舉例”或“例證”之意;另外，details也即“細(xì)節(jié)”，而細(xì)節(jié)通常體現(xiàn)在具體的例子當(dāng)中——這一點(diǎn)進(jìn)一步說明了舉例的重要性。
事實(shí)上，從備考托福獨(dú)立寫作的策略來說，舉例有三大好處：
一、真實(shí)可信 。沒有具體例子，分論點(diǎn)就缺乏論據(jù)，缺乏論據(jù)，就缺乏可信度，導(dǎo)致論證不充分。
二、生動(dòng)有趣 。沒有具體例子，文章將缺乏“畫面感”，大量的“講道理”只能讓文章讀起來味同嚼蠟。
三、充實(shí)飽滿 。有相當(dāng)一部分托?？忌?，最開始練習(xí)托福獨(dú)立寫作的時(shí)候在30分鐘內(nèi)是寫不夠官方規(guī)定的300詞的，其中一個(gè)重要的原因就是沒有具體的例子，光是“假大空”的理論，使文章顯得十分干癟。
因此，備戰(zhàn)托福的考生們應(yīng)當(dāng)在平時(shí)有意識、有針對性地練習(xí)舉例的思路，并且應(yīng)當(dāng)熟練掌握如何用地道、多樣的英語句型將這些例子陳述開來。
首先，我們來討論在描述現(xiàn)象中會用到的舉例詞匯。描述現(xiàn)象就是羅列客觀存在的事實(shí)，寫出人們所熟知的，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在日常生活中的普遍現(xiàn)象，適合它的舉例詞匯一般有三種：such as與like，include與range from…to…以及for example與for instance。
為了能更加直觀地展現(xiàn)舉例的這種方法，現(xiàn)以TPO26的獨(dú)立寫作題目為例，“孩子們選擇與父母相同的工作比選擇與父母不同的工作要好”，并且選擇agree(其實(shí)也可選擇disagree，但舉例方法大同小異，所以在此只討論agree的情況)，假設(shè)孩子與父母一樣，都選擇教師這個(gè)職業(yè)，并且提出可以從父母的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)中獲得“備課經(jīng)驗(yàn)與恰當(dāng)?shù)纳险n方法論”，這就是一個(gè)客觀存在的事實(shí)，也即描述現(xiàn)象：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
It is better for children to choose jobs that are similar to their parents’ jobs than to choose jobs that are very different from their parents’ jobs.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
其次，我們來討論在敘述故事中會用到的舉例詞匯。敘述故事就是寫出真實(shí)發(fā)生的事件，這些事件可以是發(fā)生在其他人身上的，也可以是發(fā)生在自己身上的，適合它的舉例詞匯比較多，在此僅討論相對“高端”的兩種：illustrate與exemplify以及…deserves a special mention。為了能更加直觀地展現(xiàn)舉例的這種方法，現(xiàn)以TPO16的獨(dú)立寫作題目為例，“最佳的旅行方式是跟隨有導(dǎo)游的旅游團(tuán)”，并且選擇disagree(其實(shí)也可選擇agree，但舉例方法大同小異，所以在此只討論disagree的情況)，理由是“導(dǎo)游會把游客帶到商品價(jià)格極高的紀(jì)念品店”，例子是my cousin Joseph的一段親身經(jīng)歷，這就是一個(gè)真實(shí)發(fā)生的事件，也即敘述故事：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
The best way to travel is in a group led by a tour guide.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
17個(gè)托福寫作精彩語句 讓你托福寫作得高分
An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city . However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.
越來越多的專家相信移民對城市的建設(shè)起到積極作用.然而,越來越多的城市居民卻懷疑這種說法,他們抱怨民工給城市帶來了許多嚴(yán)重的問題,象犯罪和賣淫.
Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.
許多市民抱怨城市的公交車太少,以至于他們要花很長時(shí)間等一輛公交車,而車上可能已滿載乘客.
There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem :the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.
無可否認(rèn)，空氣污染是一個(gè)極其嚴(yán)重的問題：城市當(dāng)局應(yīng)該采取有力措施來解決它。
An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.
一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示婦女歡迎退休.
No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.
沒有一項(xiàng)發(fā)明象互聯(lián)網(wǎng)同時(shí)受到如此多的贊揚(yáng)和批評.
People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.
人們似乎忽視了教育不應(yīng)該隨著畢業(yè)而結(jié)束這一事實(shí).
Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person's physical fitness.
許多專家指出體育鍛煉直接有助于身體健康.
When it comes to education ,the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.
說到教育,大部分人認(rèn)為其是一個(gè)終生的學(xué)習(xí).
The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.
大部分學(xué)生相信業(yè)余工作會使他們有更多機(jī)會發(fā)展人際交往能力,而這對他們未來找工作是非常有好處的.
It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to fact the dangers of starvation and exposure.
無可爭辯,現(xiàn)在有成千上萬的人仍過著挨餓受冬的痛苦生活.
Although this view is widely held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.
盡管這一觀點(diǎn)被廣泛接受,很少有證據(jù)表明教育能夠在任何地點(diǎn)任何年齡進(jìn)行.
Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately ,for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.
當(dāng)前,一提到即將開始的學(xué)校生活,許多學(xué)生都會興高采烈.然而,對多數(shù)年輕人來說,校園剛開始的日子并不是什么愉快的經(jīng)歷.
In view of the seriousness of this problem ,effective measures should be taken before things get worse.
考慮到問題的嚴(yán)重性,在事態(tài)進(jìn)一步惡化之前,必須采取有效的措施.
Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.
應(yīng)該采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧┫拗仆鈬糜握叩臄?shù)量,努力保護(hù)當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境和歷史不受國際旅游業(yè)的不利影響.
A proper part-time job does not occupy student's too much time .In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy
一份適當(dāng)?shù)臉I(yè)余工作并不會占用學(xué)生太多的時(shí)間,事實(shí)上,把全部的時(shí)間都用到學(xué)習(xí)上并不健康,正如那句老話:只工作,不玩耍,聰明的孩子會變傻.
Any government which is blind to this point may pay a heavy price.
任何政府忽視這一點(diǎn)都將付出巨大的代價(jià).
An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.
越來越多的人開始意識到教育不能隨著畢業(yè)而結(jié)束.
【實(shí)例講解】如何把握好托福寫作結(jié)構(gòu)安排
“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? ”這是新托福獨(dú)立寫作的典型提問方式，正是因?yàn)橄鄬^統(tǒng)一的提問法，她降低了不少應(yīng)對難度。至少考生在完成獨(dú)立寫作前是可以有針對性的練習(xí)和研究的;然而，要想取得5分的好成績，單純知道題目的提問方式是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的，考官如何評分等一系列基本問題也是必須被考生所了解的，這其中就包括一個(gè)重要的信息：結(jié)構(gòu)安排。
新托福獨(dú)立寫作一共有3個(gè)評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：如何展開論點(diǎn)，如何組織結(jié)構(gòu)以及如何運(yùn)用語言表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)。語言的表達(dá)是項(xiàng)相對較耗時(shí)的任務(wù)，不是一朝一夕即可掌握的，因此急需考生的長期醞釀;而如何展開論點(diǎn)，相對應(yīng)其實(shí)與如何運(yùn)用語言是相輔相成的，同樣是需要時(shí)間。中國考生寫作分?jǐn)?shù)不高并不是因?yàn)椴恢勒f什么理由，而是不知道如何用英語恰當(dāng)?shù)谋磉_(dá)自己的中文思路。因此這3個(gè)評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中最有技巧最易提升的便是第二個(gè)：如何組織結(jié)構(gòu)。
因此，有了以上的大致信息后，考生就應(yīng)該多思考如何能在30分鐘內(nèi)締造出完美的文章結(jié)構(gòu)，來獲得考官的青睞?一篇好的結(jié)構(gòu)不僅包括必備的連接詞和過渡句，自然也離不開永恒的內(nèi)在統(tǒng)一。
任何形式的英語文章中都應(yīng)該具備一定量的連接詞(路標(biāo)詞)，因?yàn)樗鼈兪怯兄谧x者順利閱讀的“導(dǎo)航坐標(biāo)”;大多數(shù)考生在備考時(shí)也的確會準(zhǔn)備一系列此類連接詞，用于文章每個(gè)段落的段首;包括有表示“第一，第二，第三”等的連接詞。但是單純有段首連接詞還不足以支撐全文的結(jié)構(gòu)，因此考生應(yīng)該同時(shí)準(zhǔn)備段中連接詞，包括“比如說，因?yàn)?，但是，相對比而言”等，粗略估?jì)，全文完成下來可以達(dá)到15個(gè)以上的路標(biāo)詞，不僅承接了全文，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰明了，而且也為時(shí)間緊張下的寫作減輕了不少字?jǐn)?shù)壓力。
以下為常用連接詞：
1， 第一：in the first place/ first and foremost/ to start with/ to begin with/ first of all/ first/ firstly
2， 第二：in the second place/ secondly and equal importantly/ to continue/ second/ secondly
3， 第三：in the third place/ last but not least/ third/ thirdly
4， 一方面、另一方面：on one hand/ on the other hand; for one thing/ for another
5， 表原因：because/ because of/ since/ due to/ as/ thanks to/ for/ owing to
6， 表結(jié)果：so/ therefore/ as a result/ consequently/ as a consequence
7， 表舉例：for example/ for instance/ such as/ take…as an example/ to illustrate
8， 表承接：besides/ furthermore/ moreover/ what’s more/ in addition/ additionally
9， 表轉(zhuǎn)折：but/ while/ however/ nevertheless/ nonetheless
10，表比較對比: to compare with/ compared with/ in comparison with/ by contrast/ on the contrary
…
當(dāng)然，僅僅依靠連接詞是不足以表明全文的連貫性的，適當(dāng)?shù)奶砑舆^渡句也是很好的承接手段，如Official Guide To The New TOEFL P263中有一篇關(guān)于DISHONESTY KILLS RELIABILITY 的5分范文中就有出現(xiàn)多處明顯的段落過渡句，如第三段首“After stating that everyone’s opinion can be different about this, for me honesty, in other words, always telling…”用來承接上下兩段，以引出自己的觀點(diǎn)看法;第五段首“Although I would like to see altruistic, understanding, thoughtful and loyal behavior from people, an instance of the opposite…”等都明顯具備良好的過渡功能，讓全文更加流暢舒服，朗朗上口。
托福寫作模板 4大開篇方法教你如何起頭
一、可以先表明自己的立場，再闡述原因
Businesses are as likely as are governments to establish large bureaucracies， but bureaucracy is far more damaging to a business than it is to a government.
Contrary to the statement’s premise， my view is that businesses are less likely than government to establish large bureaucracies， because businesses know that they are more vulnerable than government to damage resulting from bureaucratic inefficiencies. My position is well supported by common sense and by observation.
二、比較新穎、有創(chuàng)意的開頭
“As technologies and the demand for certain services change， many workers will lose their jobs. The responsibility for those people to adjust to such change should belong to the individual worker， not to government or to business.
As a saying goes， “God helps those help themselves”， which is true in most cases. But as far as the large numbers of laid-off workers caused by the technological and market changes are concerned， I believe the government and the business certainly have an unshakable responsibility to take.
三、可以適當(dāng)?shù)膹?fù)述一下題目，然后稍作讓步，再表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)和立場
“Work greatly influences people’s personal lives—their special interests， their leisure activities， even their appearance way from the work place.”
The speaker claims that our jobs greatly influence our personal interests， recreational activities and even appearance. While I agree that the personal lives of some people are largely determined by their work， in my view it would be a mistake to draw this conclusion generally. In my observation， the extent to which occupation influences personal life depends on the nature of the work， and how central the work is to one’s sense of self.
“We shape our buildings and afterwards our buildings shape us.”
I believe this statement should be interpreted broadly—to mean that we are influenced by the exterior shape of buildings， as well as by the arrangement of multiple buildings and by a building’s various architectural and aesthetic elements. While I doubt that buildings determine our character or basic personality traits， I agree that they can greatly influence our attitudes， moods， and even life styles.
四、新托福寫作可以以提問方式開頭，闡述自己的觀點(diǎn)，再表明自己的立場
“As technologies and the demand for certain services change， many workers will lose their jobs. The responsibility for those people to adjust to such change should belong to the individual worker， not to government or to business.”
As technology and changing social needs render more and more jobs obsolete， who is responsible for helping displaced workers adjustWhile individuals have primary responsibility for learning new skills and finding work， both industry and government have some obligation to provide them the means of doing so.
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托福寫作話題之事實(shí)類
