托福閱讀與四六級閱讀難易度差距分析
對于很多備考托福的學(xué)生來說，也有很多人是大學(xué)生，也就是剛剛經(jīng)歷過四六級的英語考試。在備考托福的時(shí)候，往往也是很想了解一下，在托福閱讀考試中，其難度究竟和英語四六級考試有何差異呢?下面我們就為大家詳細(xì)分析一下。
托福閱讀與四六級閱讀難易度差距分析
分段閱讀做題，省去“掃讀”的時(shí)間
在四六級考試中，閱讀時(shí)間也很少，雖然單詞相對簡單，但是篇幅較長，逐字閱讀肯定是沒有時(shí)間的，所以做題技巧中掃讀是很重要的環(huán)節(jié)，目的是找到與題目相關(guān)的段落或者語句才能找到做題依據(jù)。而在托福考試中，是每閱讀完一段就做只涉及該段的題目，信息集中，重要的是節(jié)省了大量的時(shí)間，緩解了托福閱讀文章通篇的眩暈感。而這部分題目就是四六級中常說的細(xì)節(jié)題。
文章說明性強(qiáng)，生詞不必怕
托福閱讀考試中對單詞量的要求還是很大的，即使單詞量很大了，也難免會遇上生僻詞的情況，而托福考試中選用的文章說明性特別強(qiáng)，往往是自定義 — 自解釋的模式，遇到生詞，即使不知道什么意思，也可以根據(jù)上下文語境弄清它們之間的關(guān)系，運(yùn)用邏輯推理的方法作出正確的答案。其次，還可以分析選項(xiàng)，進(jìn)行對比，往往會發(fā)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)中通常會出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)意思相反的選項(xiàng)，此時(shí)再仔細(xì)重讀原文就可以排除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)了。
近義詞選擇有技巧
幾乎每段中都會有生詞意思辨析題，有些詞考生一看就認(rèn)識，這樣的題目就很容易了，但是也不能粗心大意，如果時(shí)間富裕或者把握不大，可以把選項(xiàng)帶入文章中檢查一遍。對于那些不認(rèn)識的詞匯，也是有許多技巧的。首先是分析詞性，采用排除法排除詞性不一致的選項(xiàng)。其次是用代入法。選項(xiàng)中給出的詞意一般就是考生認(rèn)識的，將選項(xiàng)帶入，分析一下是否能夠保證原文合情合理，通順。
分段閱讀打基礎(chǔ)，全篇文章心里明
在分段閱讀的同時(shí)，可以記下關(guān)鍵詞或者中心句，在文章結(jié)束時(shí)就可以有根據(jù)回想起整篇文章的脈絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)，邏輯關(guān)系，對14題的選擇有很大幫助。同時(shí)題目中也明確給了做題方法，即沒有提到的信息或者不重要的觀點(diǎn)就可以排除了。
總之，由此我們可以看出，托福的閱讀考試，雖然在詞匯量和內(nèi)容量上要高于四六級考試。同時(shí)，其閱讀內(nèi)容更加注重邏輯性，所以我們在備考的過程中，要更為講求方法的應(yīng)對。
托福閱讀TPO32第3篇:熱帶蜂群的分布
【1】In 1977 ecologists Stephen Hubbell and Leslie Johnson recorded a dramatic example of how social interactions can produce and enforce regular spacing in a population. They studied competition and nest spacing in populations of stingless bees in tropical dry forests in Costa Rica. Though these bees do no sting, rival colonies of some species fight fiercely over potential nesting sites.
Stingless bees are abundant in tropical and subtropical environments, where they gather nectar and pollen from a wide variety of flowers. They generally nest in trees and live in colonies made up of hundreds to thousands of workers. Hubbell and Johnson observed that some species of stingless bees are highly aggressive to members of their species from other colonies, while other species are not. Aggressive species usually forage in groups and feed mainly on flowers that occur in high-density clumps. Nonaggressive species feed singly or in small groups and on more widely distributed flowers.
【2】Hubbell and Johnson studied several species of stingless bees to determine whether there is a relationship between aggressiveness and patterns of colony distribution. They predicted that the colonies of aggressive species would show regular distributions, while those of nonaggressive species would show random or closely grouped (clumped) distribution. They concentrated their studies on a thirteen-hectare tract of tropical dry forest that contained numerous nests of nine species of stingless bees.
【3】Though Hubbell and Johnson were interested in how bee behavior might affect colony distributions, they recognized that the availability of potential nest sites for colonies could also affect distributions. So as one of the first steps in their study, they mapped the distributions of trees suitable for nesting. They found that potential nest trees were distributed randomly through the study area. They also found that the number of potential nest sites was much greater than the number of bee colonies. What did these measurements show the researchers? The number of colonies in the study area was not limited by availability of suitable trees, and a clumped or regular distribution of colonies was not due to an underlying clumped or regular distribution of potential nest sites.
【4】Hubbell and Johnson mapped the nests of five of the nine species of stingless bees accurately, and the nests of four of these species were distributed regularly. All four species with regular nest distributions were highly aggressive to bees from other colonies of their own species. The fifth species was not aggressive, and its nests were randomly distributed over the study area.
【5】The researchers also studied the process by which the aggressive species establish new colonies. Their observations provide insights into the mechanisms that establish and maintain the regular nest distribution of these species. Aggressive species apparently mark prospective nest sites with pheromones, chemical substances secreted by some animals for communication with other members of their species. The pheromone secreted by these stingless bees attracts and aggregates members of their colony to the prospective nest site; however, it also attracts workers from other nests.
【6】If workers from two different colonies arrive at the prospective nest at the same time, they may fight for possession. Fights may be escalated into protracted battles. The researchers observed battles over a nest tree that lasted for two weeks. Each dawn, fifteen to thirty workers from two competing colonies arrived at the contested nest site. The workers from the two colonies faced off in two swarms and displayed and fought with each other. In the displays, pairs of bees faced each other, slowly flew vertically to a height of about three meters, and then grappled each other to the ground. When the two bees hit the ground, they separated, faced off, and performed another aerial display. Bees did not appear to be injured in these fights, which were apparently ritualized. The two swarms abandoned the battle at about 8 or 9 a.m. each morning, only to re-form and begin again the next day just after dawn. While this contest over an unoccupied nest site produced no obvious mortality, fights over occupied nestssometimes kill over 1,000 bees in a single battle.
托福閱讀TPO32第3篇題目:熱帶蜂群的分布
1.The word "rival" in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to
A.established.
B.competing.
C.nearby.
D.different.
2.According to paragraph 2, some species of stingless bees are aggressive mainly toward
A.non-aggressive bees that forage on the same flowers.
B.aggressive bees of other species.
C.bees from their own colony.
D.bees of their own species from different colonies.
3.According to paragraph 3, Hubbell and Johnson hypothesized that
A.the distribution pattern of bee colonies determines the degree of aggressiveness the bees display.
B.nests of nonaggressive bees have either a random or a clumped distribution, while nests of aggressive bees have a regular distribution.
C.nests of nonaggressive bees are generally both closer together and more regularly distributed than those of aggressive bees.
D.nests of aggressive bees tend to be more regular in shape than those of non-aggressive bees.
4.According to paragraph 4, why did Hubbell and Johnson begin their study by mapping all the potential nest sites?
A.To determine whether the availability of potential nest sites played a role in the distribution of bee colonies.
B.To know exactly where in the study area the colonies of all the different bee species were located.
C.To be sure that suitable nesting sites were equally available in all parts of the study area.
D.To find out whether different species of bees preferred different types of trees as potential nest sites.
5.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.The limited number of colonies was not due to the distribution or availability of potential nesting sites.
B.There was no lack of suitable trees or potential nesting sites in the study area.
C.The number of nests was directly related to the number or the distribution of suitable trees.
D.Neither the number nor the distribution of colonies could be explained by the availability of suitable nest sites.
6.According to paragraph 5, Hubbell and Johnson determined
A.the order in which the colonies in the study area had been established.
B.the level of aggressiveness of each of the nine species.
C.the distribution pattern of the nests of five of the nine species.
D.the number of colonies of each of the nine species.
7.Why does the author indicate that "The fifth species was not aggressive, and its nests were randomly distributed over the study area"(paragraph 5)?
A.To identify research results that contradicted Hubbell and Johnson's original hypothesis.
B.To indicate that research results confirmed that nest distribution was related to aggressiveness.
C.To introduce the hypothesis that, within the same species, not all colonies are aggressive.
D.To point out that both aggressive and nonaggressive species are equally successful at finding nest sites.
8.The phrase "insights into〃 in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning to
A.tools to study.
B.opportunities for.
C.evidence of.
D.an understanding of.
9.According to paragraph 6, what is one result of using pheromones to mark nest sites?
A.The use of pheromones tends to result in nest clumping.
B.Pheromones attract animals other than bees to prospective nest sites.
C.Pheromones tend to make bees aggressive.
D.Pheromones secreted by bees of one colony also attract bees of other colonies.
10.The word "escalated" in the passage (paragraph 7) is closest in meaning to
A.intensified.
B.transformed.
C.combined.
D.lengthened.
11.Paragraph 7 supports which of the following ideas about fights over occupied nests?
A.They are more violent than battles over unoccupied nest sites.
B.They mostly occur between colonies of different species.
C.They are more frequent than battles over unoccupied sites.
D.They last longer than battles over unoccupied sites do.
12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where does the sentence best fit? For example, a clumped distribution of nests might simply reflect a clumped distribution of suitable nesting sites.
Though Hubbell and Johnson were interested in how bee behavior might affect colony distributions, they recognized that the availability of potential nest sites for colonies could also affect distributions.■【A】So as one of the first steps in their study, they mapped the distributions of trees suitable for nesting.■【B】They found that potential nest trees were distributed randomly through the study area.■【C】They also found that the number of potential nest sites was much greater than the number of bee colonies.■【D】What did these measurements show the researchers? The number of colonies in the study area was not limited by availability of suitable trees, and a clumped or regular distribution of colonies was not due to an underlying clumped or regular distribution of potential nest sites.
13.Select from the seven sentences below the three sentences that correctly characterize aggressive species of stingless bees and the two sentences that correctly characterize nonaggressive species.
A.Nests are regularly distributed.
B.Nests are sometimes located close together.
C.Nests always occur in large clumps.
D.Colonies are generally made up of fewer than 100 workers.
E.Members of a colony feed alone or in small groups.
F.Bees feed mainly on flowers that grow in high-density clumps.
G.Nest spacing is maintained by fighting nonaggressive Stingless Bees.
托福閱讀TPO32第3篇答案:熱帶蜂群的分布
1.rival 競爭的，對應(yīng)B。
2.該段第三句：aggressive to members of their species from other colonies。
3.該段第二句：他們預(yù)測攻擊性種群有規(guī)則分布然而非攻擊性種群展現(xiàn)出隨機(jī)或成群分布。
4.該段第一句：他們意識到潛在的巢穴也會影響分布。
5.原句表達(dá)了兩個(gè)意思: 1. 實(shí)際巢穴的數(shù)量不受潛在數(shù)量的限制; 2 成群還是規(guī)則分布也不受潛在巢穴的分布樣式的影響。A選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在limited number of colonies，原句沒有提到;B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在于原句意思完全無關(guān);C選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在意思與原句相反;
D選項(xiàng)neither nor的兩個(gè)否定完全表現(xiàn)出了原句中關(guān)系，正確。
6.該段第一句前半句：準(zhǔn)確描述了9個(gè)巢穴中的5個(gè)巢穴的樣式。
7.4個(gè)巢穴規(guī)則樣式，其蜜蜂就有攻擊性;1個(gè)巢穴隨機(jī)樣式，其蜜蜂就沒有表示出攻擊性，即肯定了前文的預(yù)測。
8.insight 洞察力，領(lǐng)悟，對應(yīng)D。
9.該段最后一句;分泌出信息素同樣可以吸引其他巢穴的工蜂。
10.escalate 升級，上升;對應(yīng)A選項(xiàng)，intensify(使)增強(qiáng)，(使)加劇。
11.該段最后一句: 爭奪空巢的戰(zhàn)斗沒有明顯的傷亡，然而爭奪已占巢穴會造成尸橫遍野。
12.題干for example表明是個(gè)例子，只要將其放在對應(yīng)的觀點(diǎn)句后即可。巢穴的成群分布反應(yīng)了合適巢穴的成群分布，對應(yīng)第一句的觀點(diǎn)句。
13.A選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)第5段第2句;
B選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)第3段第2句和第5段第2句，所以sometimes正確;
C選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在always;
D選項(xiàng)是原文中沒有明確說明的信息;
E選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)第2段最后1句;
F選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)第2段倒數(shù)第2句;
G選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)第6，7段。
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