托福閱讀最后一題順序解析
托福閱讀最后一題是多選題，需要考生六選三。且不說(shuō)能否能選到正確答案，選中答案的順序是否也會(huì)影響得分?例如，我的答案是ECA，而正確答案是ACE，那是否能得全分呢?TPO上這六個(gè)的排列順序很不固定，如何回答托福閱讀最后一題。下面小編就給大家分析一下!
托福閱讀最后一題順序解析
最后一道題是從6個(gè)中選3個(gè)，可是TPO上這六個(gè)的排列順序很不固定：
有的答案是按橫向：
A B
C D
E F
有的答案是按縱向：
A D
B E
C F
這樣選擇的時(shí)候雖然選對(duì)了，但那三個(gè)空沒(méi)有按順序，也會(huì)被判錯(cuò)。這是怎么回事?
小馬過(guò)河國(guó)際教育托福名師答：不會(huì)的，只要選的3個(gè)內(nèi)容是對(duì)的，不分順序的。
托福閱讀最后一題的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：
托福閱讀六選三的題滿分2分，選對(duì)2個(gè)得1分，選對(duì)1個(gè)不得分;
托福閱讀七選五的題滿分3分，選對(duì)4個(gè)得2分，選對(duì)3個(gè)得1分，選對(duì)兩個(gè)和兩個(gè)以下不得分
托福閱讀最后一題的答題方法
方法一：
選大意的題目：先用最快的速度按細(xì)節(jié)排除的原則作，一般能排除兩個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)選項(xiàng)，那么最多只錯(cuò)一個(gè)了，然后往往還有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)是被改動(dòng)過(guò)是錯(cuò)的，所以很快就做對(duì)了。
做托福閱讀時(shí)先瀏覽每個(gè)段落的首句(第一段短的話每句都要看)，然后按段落記錄關(guān)鍵詞。
方法二：
1、分清楚文章細(xì)節(jié)與主題。在讀文章的時(shí)候做好文章分析，那些是本段論點(diǎn)，那些是段落中的舉例，和離體內(nèi)容。那些肯定不是答案。除了一種情況，大段舉例可以作為主旨。
2、托福閱讀時(shí)做好簡(jiǎn)單筆記。理清文章思路。那些是論點(diǎn)及論點(diǎn)的支持論據(jù)，那些是轉(zhuǎn)折，作者態(tài)度，就這三點(diǎn)。
3、排除文章中沒(méi)有提到的選項(xiàng)。
用這些方法，相信多加練習(xí)是可以作對(duì)的。
方法三：
托福閱讀最后一題感覺(jué)大致分為兩種情況：比較普通的一種是選三個(gè)文章討論的主要內(nèi)容，另一種是僅針對(duì)文章某一部分的三個(gè)主要方面。
由此可見，一般情況下文章肯定是有三個(gè)中心論點(diǎn)(不管是并列或是順承或是遞進(jìn))，所以可以按照這樣的方法解題。
1、回原文
2、跳過(guò)首段(首段一般交代背景引出總話題，但最后一題問(wèn)的是分話題)
3、重讀每段首句，讀的時(shí)候主要確認(rèn)分話題的組成段落。一定是某個(gè)或某幾個(gè)自然段組成一個(gè)分話題，不可能出現(xiàn)一段中兩個(gè)分話題的，反正我沒(méi)見過(guò)。
4、心中確認(rèn)了三個(gè)分話題，可以提取出關(guān)鍵詞(如候鳥導(dǎo)航里三個(gè)：太陽(yáng)、生物鐘、星星)，在提取關(guān)鍵詞時(shí)候是基于做前面題對(duì)文章每段內(nèi)容的了解上，因?yàn)橛械脑诙温淠┚涠鞘拙?，有的在句中?/p>
5、最后找答案，很好使，不過(guò)注意文章的主要討論對(duì)象不能變(見蒸汽機(jī)那篇)。
6、所選答案都是結(jié)論性的。
托福閱讀備考有哪些關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)?
一、詞匯量的增加
如果考生想要提高自己的閱讀做題速度，那么首要任務(wù)就是積累單詞量，掌握一些高頻單詞的詞義、語(yǔ)法以及運(yùn)用。
對(duì)于托?？荚噥?lái)說(shuō)，閱讀每篇大概有700個(gè)單詞。而且其中有很多學(xué)術(shù)類詞匯，也就是我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪斜容^少見到的詞匯。由此可知，托福閱讀對(duì)中國(guó)考生的詞匯量、語(yǔ)法難度的要求是非常高的。因此考生在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中對(duì)那些最容易在托福閱讀文章里出現(xiàn)的高頻詞匯一定要多做歸納整理，然后對(duì)這些單詞加以熟練運(yùn)用、掌握。
二、長(zhǎng)難句的分析
長(zhǎng)難句的分析依賴于學(xué)生的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)和對(duì)于句子主干的提取。通過(guò)掌握語(yǔ)法知識(shí)、復(fù)雜句型和英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)句的結(jié)構(gòu)等來(lái)提高自己的分析能力。
大家在做托福閱讀的過(guò)程中應(yīng)該可以感覺(jué)到英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法內(nèi)容知識(shí)點(diǎn)的重要性。想要從容應(yīng)對(duì)這些托福閱讀，最關(guān)鍵的是對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析。提升句子結(jié)構(gòu)，就是指將主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)部分和定狀補(bǔ)修飾成分準(zhǔn)確把握。
三、靈活掌握閱讀方法：精讀與意群閱讀
托福閱讀中精讀就是把句子中的每一個(gè)詞認(rèn)真的讀一遍，從而理解整段話的全部?jī)?nèi)容以及句子間的邏輯關(guān)系。在閱讀理解中長(zhǎng)難句的理解上會(huì)出現(xiàn)花費(fèi)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)來(lái)理解，但是能夠精準(zhǔn)的掌握整個(gè)句子在文章中的影響，這就是閱讀精讀。
意群閱讀是在閱讀過(guò)程中準(zhǔn)確的獲取信息，準(zhǔn)確把握信息即可，所以想在比較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)獲得足夠的信息，意群閱讀是很合適的方法。意群閱讀的方法與精讀不同不用把注意力放在每一個(gè)單詞上，而意群閱讀是以詞組、固定搭配和完整詞意為單位的閱讀，只要掌握該句所表達(dá)的含義即可。
總體來(lái)說(shuō)，托福閱讀要想拿高分，詞匯量是基礎(chǔ)，掌握各種長(zhǎng)難句、英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)句結(jié)構(gòu)是關(guān)鍵，加快閱讀和分析速度是核心。
托福閱讀材料練習(xí)：Plant adaptation to the desert
Cactus adaptations.
The secret to the superior endurance of cacti lies in their adaptations. Over millions of years, through natural selection, only the strongest and best adapted species survived.
As you know, it is very dry in the desert. Plants that adapt to this are known as xerophytes (from xeros, dry and phyton, plant). There are plants that avoid the dry season by sprouting from seed just after the spring rain and growing very fast so that by the time the dry season comes, they have already produced a lot of seeds and died. These seeds lie on the soil for the dry season and sprout again in spring and the cycle repeats. Other xerophytes simply drop their leaves and stay dormant for the winter. But there is another special type of xerophyte which stores water in its fleshy tissues. Such plants are called succulents (from succus, juicy). The cactus is a typical example of a succulent.
If you cut a cactus open, you see a juicy, slimy tissue. This is where the moisture is stored for the dry season. The part between the middle circle (or pith) and just under the very green part of the plant (or palisade parenchyma) just under the skin is allocated for the storage of water and food for the plant. This is a type of spongy parenchyma and can take up up to 85% of the plant's volume. This is a major adaptation in the desert. Because the plant remains completely alive during the dry season and there is no need for it to dry up and lose everything, makes it possible for the plant to grow to large sizes. Another advantage is that the plant retains supplies (in the form of starch) for the winter so that it can flower right away in spring without accumulating more supplies (as most plants need to do in spring). The whole purpose of storing supplies for the winter is mostly to energize flowering in spring but it also lets the cactus start growing much sooner.
Flowering plants breathe and transpire (evaporate water from their surface) through closeable microscopic pores called stomates on the leaves or stems. To do this, their pores have to be open. In most plants these are open all day and on warm nights. But for cacti this is inconvenient as in daytime it is very hot and thus the plant would lose a lot of water through evaporation. So the cactus must close them in the daytime. But then it cannot breathe or photosynthesize (the process where sugars are made from carbon dioxide and water and releasing oxygen using the sun's energy). Succulents have an adaptation to that. Their stomates are closed during the day and are open at night, when it is not that hot and store carbon dioxide in its tissues as crassulean acid and then turn it back to carbon dioxide in the daytime. This process is called crassulean acid metabolism or CAM and it is a very smart way of respiring in the desert.
If we look at the outside of the plant, we notice that there is a tough leathery skin covering the plant, we can also notice the presence of ribs and spines and sometimes fur. These are all very smart adaptations. They serve mainly for surviving heat but are also used as defense.
The tough leathery skin is very impermeable to water, thus reducing evaporation from the surface of the plant. This skin often has a layer of plant wax on it which is often lightly coloured (Pilosocereus azures is an example of a plant with such wax), white or blue. This reflects light and also reduces evaporation from the inside.
The ribs are special structures that are also used for enduring extreme heat. The ribs (and spines) trap wind so that the plant is enveloped in a layer of extremely still air, and this is a very important factor in reducing evaporation. On a very windy days even the ribs don't help and cacti sometimes wilt because of high water loss.
The spines have different functions. They not only help shade the plant from the sun but are also known to help the cactus absorb water. They do it like this. On cool nights, dew settles on the spines of the plant. The spines are actually known to draw droplets of water towards the areole (the point out of which the spines grow) and here the droplets are absorbed. You can try this at home. Spray the plants with a very fine mist of water and watch what happens to the droplets that settle on the spines. They literally get attracted to the areole along the spine. The spine's structure allows them to do this. Even spines pointing downwards seem to suck the droplets up themselves.
Adaptation features are visible in this Pilosocereus glauchochorous. Notice the spines, ribs, fur and wax (the blue coloration). The top of a typically adapted plant.
Some plants have fur, sometimes all over the plant, sometimes only near the top. This fur shades the plant even further and is also known to attract water towards the areole. Some plants only have fur near the top. This is very beneficial because the top of the plant is very sensitive to sunlight, new tissues get formed there. Young areoles, with their spines not even wooded yet can get dried up completely in the sun. When an areole is born near the top of the plant, it starts developing spines. At this time the fur appears as well. This fur accompanies the areole as it moves down the plant, shading the growing point inside. By the time the areole is about 15cm away from the top, the fur wears out completely and the now inactive areole gets exposed to the sun.
As for the roots of cacti, they are also fully adapted to living in the desert. Some species (especially plants from very dry deserts) have very shallow root systems that spread very far from the plant. This way the plant can take advantage of tiny amounts of moisture from dew or light rain as the roots spread far away and are very shallow (less than 10cm deep while spreading up to 5 metres from the parent plant). On the other hand, some cacti send their roots deep down (like many Echinocacti) to reach the ground water.
Rainforest cacti often have aerial roots that can collect water all the time when it rains (and it rains very often in South American forests).
The shape of cacti itself is an adaptation. You may have noticed that cacti have a barrel like or candle like shape. This allows for maximum internal volume with a minimum surface area, which is also very smart adaption as a cactus can store a lot of water and have a small external surface area to reduce water loss.
【托福閱讀】長(zhǎng)難句解析——蓄水層水量不足
托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句實(shí)例
Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.
句子分析
本句逗號(hào)比較多，容易使人看不清主要意思。本句中的but unfortunately引起前后兩句的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，在前半句中，indicate that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)。在后半句中，核心意思是rates of addition of the aquifer are minimal，而其前面under the semiarid climatic conditions這個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)后有that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾前面的conditions，最后amounting to(相當(dāng)于)是現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)，對(duì)核心意思進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。
單詞回顧
本句有一些地質(zhì)學(xué)的詞匯，比如：aquifer 蓄水層，semiarid 半干旱的，rates of addition 補(bǔ)水的速率。另外，請(qǐng)注意rate除了有“比率”的意思，還可以作動(dòng)詞，表示“評(píng)估，評(píng)價(jià)”，比如：This is rated as a five-star hotel. 這家酒店被評(píng)為五星級(jí)。She doesn’t rate herself very highly. 她自視不高。最后，amount to表示“相當(dāng)于”，比如：a cargo amounting to 2,000 tons 共計(jì)2,000噸貨物。
句子翻譯
我們可以這樣翻譯：“據(jù)估計(jì)，蓄水層含有足夠的水來(lái)填滿休倫湖。但不幸的是，在目前處于該地區(qū)的半干旱氣候的影響下，該蓄水層的補(bǔ)水率極低，總計(jì)每年大概半厘米左右。”
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