雅思閱讀考點(diǎn)詞整理

雅思閱讀備考中，我們可以通過分類學(xué)習(xí)來掌握考點(diǎn)。今天小編為大家準(zhǔn)備的雅思閱讀考點(diǎn)詞，大家可以整理下來，方便我們利用備考中的寶貴時(shí)間進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)和掌握。接下來一起來看看小編為大家準(zhǔn)備的雅思閱讀考點(diǎn)詞。

雅思閱讀考點(diǎn)詞整理

考點(diǎn)詞

雅思判斷題的考點(diǎn)大致可以分為四類：

第一類：比較考點(diǎn)。

也就是考查單個(gè)事物或者多個(gè)事物就某一方面特性的比較。

通常來說特征詞有如下一些：橫向比較：better similar another the other relative most;縱向比較：future next second latter。對(duì)于這類考點(diǎn)，考點(diǎn)詞就是比較部分的關(guān)鍵詞。例如：10-1-3 39.It is easier for smaller companies to be innovative.

很顯然，按照我們剛才定位詞的原則來看，smaller companies應(yīng)該是這句話實(shí)際的主語，因此我們可以用它來做定位詞。至于考點(diǎn)詞，因?yàn)榇司鋭偤檬潜容^考點(diǎn)，因此考點(diǎn)詞就是easier。

第二類：數(shù)字考點(diǎn)。

顧名思義，只要是題干出現(xiàn)的數(shù)字、百分比、年份、時(shí)間區(qū)間等等，我們都可以稱之為數(shù)字考點(diǎn)。

數(shù)字考點(diǎn)考察的內(nèi)容，通常來說就兩類，第一，數(shù)字的準(zhǔn)確性;第二，百分比后的主題，或者說范圍的準(zhǔn)確性。例如：

10-1-2 25. The Gothenburg European Council was set up 30 years ago.

定位詞：Gothenburg European Council

考點(diǎn)詞：30 years ago

第三類：絕.對(duì)考點(diǎn)。

標(biāo)志詞：any never always impossible immediately most every none all fully correctly absolutely等。

只要出現(xiàn)了絕.對(duì)的副詞、形容詞，那么我們的關(guān)注重點(diǎn)就應(yīng)該是此類詞語在原文原句中有沒有相應(yīng)的表達(dá)。

仍然以10-1-1 Examples of ancient stepwells can be found all over the world.

剛才我們已經(jīng)判斷出定位詞是ancient stepwells, 而考點(diǎn)詞現(xiàn)在來看就非常清楚了，就是all。

第四類：是非考點(diǎn)。

此類考點(diǎn)多半是陳述句，沒有比較級(jí)的詞語，沒有數(shù)字，也沒有絕.對(duì)的形容詞或者副詞。這類考點(diǎn)反而是雅思考試中占比重比較大的一類考點(diǎn)。因?yàn)樽兓蛘呖疾斓狞c(diǎn)比較分散，所以在這里不展開來講。通常來說，是非考點(diǎn)的陳述句謂語部分是考點(diǎn)。

例如，10-2-3 37. The approach of art historians conflicts with that of art museums.

記?。褐髡Z是定位詞，謂語是考點(diǎn)詞。這樣的話：art historians 就是定位詞，而conflict 就是考點(diǎn)詞了。 如果文章說到?jīng)_突就對(duì)，說到一致就是錯(cuò)。

雅思閱讀材料大集合：美國(guó)人整形為了自拍?

Plastic surgeons say they're seeing more patients who want facial surgery, and they attribute the rise to social media and the growing "selfie" trend.

據(jù)CNET報(bào)道，整形外科醫(yī)務(wù)人員表示現(xiàn)在越來越多的病人想要進(jìn)行面部整形，他們認(rèn)為之所以會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象，是因?yàn)槭艿疆?dāng)下社交媒體和愈演愈烈的全民自拍風(fēng)潮的影響。

In response to a survey conducted by the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, one in three plastic surgeons reported seeing an increase in requests for facial procedures by patients who wanted to look better online. The doctors reported that between 2012 and 2013, they saw a 10 percent rise in nose jobs, a 7 percent rise in hair transplants, and a 6 percent rise in eyelid surgery.

據(jù)美國(guó)科學(xué)院外科整形和再造外科學(xué)會(huì)發(fā)表的報(bào)道：接受采訪的整形外科醫(yī)院中，有三分之一的整形醫(yī)師認(rèn)為，越來越多的人想要進(jìn)行整形手術(shù)，因?yàn)檫@些人都想在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上看起來更美麗更英俊。醫(yī)生表示，2012至2013年間，隆鼻顧客多出10%，頭發(fā)移植多出7%，雙眼皮手術(shù)多出6%。

"Social platforms like Instagram, Snapchat, and the iPhone app Selfie.im, which are solely image based, force patients to hold a microscope up to their own image and often look at it with a more self-critical eye than ever before," Dr. Edward Farrior, president of the academy, said in a news release. "These images are often the first impressions young people put out there to prospective friends, romantic interests, and employers, and our patients want to put their best face forward."

“Instagram, Snapchat，還有iPhone應(yīng)用Selfie.im等社交平臺(tái)，均為圖片社交，人們被迫仔細(xì)端摩自己的照片，用前所未有的自我批判視角對(duì)自己進(jìn)行審視，”該學(xué)會(huì)主席愛德華?法里奧博士說道?！澳贻p人在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上發(fā)布這些照片是為了結(jié)識(shí)新朋友，尋找艷遇，同事也能看到，所以前來整容的顧客都希望自己可以更上相?！?/p>

In part because of social media, surgeons reported that plastic-surgery patients are getting younger.

據(jù)報(bào)道，整形外科手術(shù)顧客呈低齡化趨勢(shì)，而這或多或少和社交媒體都有些關(guān)系。

The annual poll queries a select group of the organization's 2,700 members to get a sense of the latest trends in facial plastic surgery. This year, 58 percent of the doctors surveyed said they saw an increase in patients under 30 coming in for plastic surgery and injections in the last year.

這項(xiàng)年度調(diào)查詢問了這個(gè)學(xué)會(huì)的2700名成員，詢問他們對(duì)于近來面部整容手術(shù)風(fēng)潮的相關(guān)看法。今年有58%的醫(yī)生表示，去年一年，越來越多的三十歲以下年輕女性前來接受面部整形手術(shù)和面部注射整容。

The study found that bullying is also a factor in young people deciding to get surgery, "but most surgeons surveyed report children and teens are undergoing plastic surgery as a result of being bullied (69 percent) rather than to prevent being bullied (31 percent)."

研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，受到欺侮也是年輕人決定整容的一個(gè)原因，“醫(yī)患調(diào)查結(jié)果表明：青少年兒童整容病例中，69%是受到欺凌的結(jié)果，預(yù)防欺凌占31%?！?/p>

Women are still plastic surgery's primary customers, accounting for 81 percent of all procedures and injections, but men are increasingly becoming more interested in plastic surgery. Whereas women more often ask for facelifts and eye lifts, men are more interested in keeping their hair and combating wrinkles.

當(dāng)今，女性仍為整容手術(shù)的主要消費(fèi)群體，在所有療程、注射等整容項(xiàng)目中占有81%，但男性對(duì)整容也越發(fā)感興趣了。女性整容項(xiàng)目通常為拉皮，割雙眼皮，而男性整容項(xiàng)目通常是生發(fā)和抗皺。

Meanwhile, in the under-35 category, the nose job remained the most popular elective surgical procedure for both genders, accounting for 90 percent of procedures in women and 86 percent in men.

與此同時(shí)，35歲以下的整容者不論男女都很中意美鼻，此項(xiàng)目占女性整容病例的90%，男性整容病例的86%。

Have your selfies ever made you feel self-conscious about the way you look?

你的自拍照是否曾經(jīng)也讓你對(duì)自己的容貌有所思考呢?

雅思閱讀材料大集合：EQ高也是一把雙刃劍

如同其他能力一樣，情商也是一把雙刃劍，既能作為成功的墊腳石，又能成為危害他人和社會(huì)的利器。下面就和我們一同來揭開高情商的陰暗面。

Emotional intelligence, or EQ, is the ability to read and understand emotions in ourselves and others. It is said that emotional intelligence accounts for 80 percent of one’s success.

情商也稱EQ，是一種讀懂自身和他人情緒的能力。據(jù)說一個(gè)人的成功80%取決于情商的高低。

That’s almost certainly an exaggeration. But ever since the 1995 publication of US psychologist and science writer Daniel Goleman’s best-seller, Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ, EQ has been seen by leaders and educators as the solution to many social problems. In some Western countries such as the US, emotional intelligence is now taught widely in secondary, business and medical schools.

這一說法雖然略顯夸張。但是自從1995年美國(guó)心理學(xué)家兼科學(xué)作家丹尼爾?戈?duì)柭臅充N書《情商:它為什么比智商更重要》出版以來，很多領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者和教育家都將情商視為解決諸多社會(huì)問題的關(guān)鍵。如今，在美國(guó)等西方國(guó)家，在中學(xué)、商學(xué)院和醫(yī)學(xué)院中情商教學(xué)隨處可見。

Anti-social behavior

反社會(huì)行為

EQ is important. But our enthusiasm for it has obscured a dark side, says a recent article in The Atlantic.

美國(guó)《大西洋月刊》近日刊登文章稱，情商固然重要，但是人們的趨之若鶩卻掩蓋了它的黑暗面。

Weapon of mass emotion

操縱大眾情緒的武器

Recent research and studies show that as people improve their emotional skills, they become better at manipulating others. When someone knows what others are feeling, they can tug at their heartstrings and motivate them to act against their own best interests.

最新研究表明，隨著人們情商能力的提高，他們會(huì)更擅長(zhǎng)操縱他人。當(dāng)一個(gè)人能了解別人的感受時(shí)，他就可以撩動(dòng)他們的心弦，促使他們做出違背自身最大利益的行為。

Does this remind you of those “managers” at pyramid scheme companies? Hundreds of thousands of otherwise cautious and rational people have been brainwashed by their impassioned speeches and become bankrupt as a result.

這是否會(huì)令你聯(lián)想到那些非法傳銷公司的“經(jīng)理”們?無數(shù)處事理智而謹(jǐn)慎的人被他們激情澎湃的演講洗腦，最后卻落得個(gè)傾家蕩產(chǎn)的下場(chǎng)。

Social scientists have begun to document this dark side of emotional intelligence. A study by the University of Cambridge found that when a leader gave an inspiring speech filled with emotion, the audience was less likely to scrutinize the message and remembered less of the content.

社會(huì)科學(xué)家已經(jīng)開始研究情商的黑暗面。劍橋大學(xué)一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)一名領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人充滿激情地演講時(shí)，聽眾不會(huì)太注意其傳達(dá)的信息，并且記住的內(nèi)容也很少。

Researchers call this the “awestruck effect”, but it may just as easily be described as the dumbstruck effect, says The Atlantic article. Leaders who master emotions can rob us of our capacity to reason. If they have self-serving motives, or their values are out of step with our own, emotional intelligence becomes a weapon of manipulation and the results can be devastating.

據(jù)《大西洋月刊》報(bào)道，研究人員將其稱為“敬畏效應(yīng)”，但它也很容易被描述成“驚嚇效應(yīng)”。善于掌控情緒的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者會(huì)讓我們喪失辨別是非的能力。當(dāng)他們產(chǎn)生謀私利的動(dòng)機(jī)，或者他們的價(jià)值觀與我們的不合拍時(shí)，情商就會(huì)變成操控他人情緒的武器，其后果不堪設(shè)想。

Hidden agenda

隱藏的動(dòng)機(jī)

This is consistent with another recent study from Kyoto University. According to The Huffington Post, the study shows that “people with high interpersonal EQ influence others’ emotions based on their own goals”.

該觀點(diǎn)與日本京都大學(xué)的一項(xiàng)研究成果不謀而合。據(jù)《赫芬頓郵報(bào)》報(bào)道，該研究表明：“高情商者會(huì)根據(jù)自己的目標(biāo)去干擾他人情緒”。

A research team led by University College London professor Martin Kilduff shed more light on this dark side of emotional intelligence. According to them, emotional intelligence helps people disguise one set of emotions while expressing another for personal gain. Emotionally intelligent people “intentionally shape their emotions to fabricate favorable impressions of themselves”, Kilduff’s team writes in the journal Research in Organizational Behavior. “The strategic disguise of one’s own emotions and the manipulation of others’ emotions for strategic ends are behaviors evident not only on Shakespeare’s stage but also in the offices and corridors where power and influence are traded.”

倫敦大學(xué)學(xué)院的馬丁?吉爾達(dá)夫教授帶領(lǐng)一支研究小組揭開了情商的黑暗面。該小組稱，人們?yōu)榱酥\取私利，會(huì)掩飾情緒，當(dāng)面一套背后一套。情商高的人“會(huì)故意給人留下對(duì)自己有利的印象”。吉爾達(dá)夫率領(lǐng)的研究小組在《組織行為研究》期刊中寫道：“采取策略來偽裝個(gè)人情緒，同時(shí)為了達(dá)到戰(zhàn)略目的而操控他人情緒，這些行為不僅出現(xiàn)在莎翁的戲劇中，在交易權(quán)力和影響力的場(chǎng)所也十分常見?！?/p>

It seems that to better understand the dark side of EQ, we need look no further than Shakespeare’s Macbeth or its modern adaption on TV: House of Cards.

看來，要想更好地了解情商的黑暗面，我們只需看看莎翁名著《麥克白》或者它的現(xiàn)代電視劇版——《紙牌屋》就夠了

雅思閱讀材料大集合：小睡一個(gè)小時(shí)的作用有多大?

The average Briton gets six-and-a-half hours' sleep a night, according to the Sleep Council. Michael Mosley took part in an unusual experiment to see if this is enough.

It has been known for some time that the amount of sleep people get has, on average, declined over the years.

This has happened for a whole range of reasons, not least because we live in a culture where people are encouraged to think of sleep as a luxury - something you can easily cut back on. After all, that's what caffeine is for - to jolt you back into life. But while the average amount of sleep we are getting has fallen, rates of obesity and diabetes have soared. Could the two be connected?

We wanted to see what the effect would be of increasing average sleep by just one hour. So we asked seven volunteers, who normally sleep anywhere between six and nine hours, to be studied at the University of Surrey's Sleep Research Centre.

The volunteers were randomly allocated to two groups. One group was asked to sleep for six-and-a-half hours a night, the other got seven-and-a-half hours. After a week the researchers took blood tests and the volunteers were asked to switch sleep patterns. The group that had been sleeping six-and-a-half hours got an extra hour, the other group slept an hour less.

While we were waiting to see what effect this would have, I went to the John Radcliffe hospital in Oxford to learn more about what actually happens when we sleep.

In the Sleep Centre, they fitted me up with a portable electro-encephalograph, a device that measures brain wave activity. Then, feeling slightly ridiculous, I went home and had my seven-and-a-half hours of sleep.

The following day I went to discuss what had happened inside my head during the night with Dr Katharina Wulff.

The first thing she pointed out was that I had very rapidly fallen into a state of deep sleep. Deep sleep sounds restful, but during it our brains are actually working hard. One of the main things the brain is doing is moving memories from short-term storage into long-term storage, allowing us more short-term memory space for the next day. If you don't get adequate deep sleep then these memories will be lost.

You might think: "I'll cut back during the week and then make up for it at the weekend." Unfortunately it doesn't work like that, because memories need to be consolidated within 24 hours of being formed.

Since deep sleep is so important for consolidating memories it is a good idea if you are revising or perhaps taking an exam to make sure that you're getting a reasonable night's sleep. In one study, people who failed to do so did 40% worse than their contemporaries.

Deep sleep only lasts for a few hours. My electrode results showed that during the night my brain went through multiple phases of another kind of activity, called REM sleep.

"This is the phase when you are usually paralysed - so you can't move," Wulff explained. But the eye muscles are not paralysed, and that's why it's called rapid eye movement sleep."

During REM sleep an extraordinary thing happens. One of the stress-related chemicals in the brain, noradrenalin, is switched off. It's the only time, day or night, this happens. It allows us to remain calm while our brains reprocess all the experiences of the day, helping us come to terms with particularly emotional events.

We get more REM sleep in the last half of the night. Which means that if you are woken unexpectedly, your brain may not have dealt with all your emotions - which could leave you stressed and anxious. Drinking alcohol late at night is not a good idea as it reduces your REM sleep while it's being processed in your body.

Back at the University of Surrey our sleep volunteers had finished their second week of the experiment. What we wanted to see was the effect switching from six-and-a-half hours to seven-and-a-half hours, or vice versa, would have on our volunteers.

Computer tests revealed that most of them struggled with mental agility tasks when they had less sleep, but the most interesting results came from the blood tests that were run.

Dr Simon Archer and his team at Surrey University were particularly interested in looking at the genes that were switched on or off in our volunteers by changes in the amount that we had made them sleep.

"We found that overall there were around 500 genes that were affected," Archer explained. "Some which were going up, and some which were going down."

What they discovered is that when the volunteers cut back from seven-and-a-half to six-and-a-half hours' sleep a night, genes that are associated with processes like inflammation, immune response and response to stress became more active. The team also saw increases in the activity of genes associated with diabetes and risk of cancer. The reverse happened when the volunteers added an hour of sleep.

So the clear message from this experiment was that if you are getting less than seven hours' sleep a night and can alter your sleep habits, even just a little bit, it could make you healthier. "Have a lie-in, it will do you good" - that's the kind of health message that doesn't come along very often.

據(jù)英國(guó)睡眠委員會(huì)(Sleep Council)調(diào)查顯示，英國(guó)人平均每天只睡6.5小時(shí)。為了驗(yàn)證這樣的睡眠是否足夠，邁克爾·莫斯利醫(yī)生(Michael Mosley)參加了一項(xiàng)不尋常的實(shí)驗(yàn)。

近些年來，人們已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到了這樣的事實(shí)：我們的平均睡眠時(shí)間正在逐漸減少。

這一現(xiàn)象的原因是多方面的，其中之一便是我們所處的文化讓我們覺得睡覺是件奢侈的事情，可以輕而易舉地縮減。畢竟，咖啡因的功能就在這兒了：把你喚回清醒的狀態(tài)。然而，隨著睡眠量的不斷下降，肥胖和糖尿病的發(fā)病率卻在大幅升高——二者之間會(huì)不會(huì)有一定關(guān)系呢?

我們想看看把平均睡眠時(shí)間增加一小時(shí)會(huì)有什么效果，于是邀請(qǐng)了7位志愿者參加我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)。這7個(gè)人平日的睡眠在6—9個(gè)小時(shí)之間。實(shí)驗(yàn)由薩里大學(xué)(University of Surrey)的睡眠研究中心負(fù)責(zé)主持。

我們將志愿者隨機(jī)分為兩組，一組每晚睡6.5小時(shí)，另一組睡7.5小時(shí)。一周之后研究者對(duì)兩組人的血液進(jìn)行檢測(cè)，并調(diào)換兩組的睡眠量，原來睡6.5小時(shí)的一組多睡一小時(shí)，另一組則少睡一小時(shí)。

就在我們等待實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的過程中，我來到位于牛津的約翰·拉德克里夫醫(yī)院(John Radcliffe hospital)，看看我們睡覺時(shí)究竟發(fā)生了什么。

在該院的睡眠中心里，工作人員為我戴上一臺(tái)便攜式腦電圖儀。就這樣，我戴著儀器半覺好笑地回到家，睡了7.5個(gè)小時(shí)。

第二天，我來到醫(yī)院，向卡塔琳娜·伍爾夫醫(yī)生詢問了我的情況。

首先，她指出我很快就進(jìn)入了深睡眠。雖然聽上去挺安詳，大腦在深睡眠時(shí)其實(shí)在積極地工作，其中一件重要的事情便是將短期記憶轉(zhuǎn)存到長(zhǎng)期記憶中，從而為第二天的短期記憶騰出空間。如果睡得不夠，一些短期記憶便會(huì)丟失。

你也許會(huì)想：“我在工作日里縮減睡眠，到周末再補(bǔ)上不就行了嗎?” 遺憾的是，大腦的運(yùn)行機(jī)制并非如此，因?yàn)橛洃浶枰谧畛跣纬傻?4小時(shí)內(nèi)得到強(qiáng)化。

由于深睡眠對(duì)于強(qiáng)化記憶十分重要，復(fù)習(xí)和考試前睡夠覺就很有必要。在一項(xiàng)研究中，那些在復(fù)習(xí)和考試前沒能睡夠覺的學(xué)生比同齡人表現(xiàn)差了40%。

深睡眠只能持續(xù)幾個(gè)小時(shí)。我的腦電圖顯示，大腦在夜里經(jīng)歷了幾個(gè)稱為快速動(dòng)眼睡眠(REM)的階段。

“人處于這一階段時(shí)通常是麻痹的，所以動(dòng)不了。”伍爾夫解釋道。但由于這時(shí)的眼部肌肉并未麻痹，因此這一階段的睡眠稱作“快速動(dòng)眼睡眠”。

快速動(dòng)眼睡眠時(shí)，我們的體內(nèi)會(huì)發(fā)生一種奇特的變化：腦內(nèi)的去甲腎上腺素(一種與壓力有關(guān)的化學(xué)物質(zhì))會(huì)大量消失，使得我們能夠在平靜中對(duì)白天的經(jīng)歷進(jìn)行再加工，從而更好地應(yīng)對(duì)某些事件對(duì)我們?cè)斐傻那榫w影響。然而，無論黑夜還是白天，去甲腎上腺素只有在快速動(dòng)眼睡眠中才能大量消失。

由于快速動(dòng)眼睡眠更多地分布于后半夜，如果你在夜里突然醒來，大腦這時(shí)很有可能還沒完全處理掉你的情緒，從而導(dǎo)致壓力感和焦慮的產(chǎn)生。深夜飲酒可不是什么好事情，因?yàn)榇x酒精會(huì)縮短快速動(dòng)眼睡眠的時(shí)間。

兩周后，我們的睡眠志愿者們結(jié)束了實(shí)驗(yàn)。我們想看看，人在少睡一小時(shí)和多睡一小時(shí)時(shí)會(huì)有哪些變化。

計(jì)算機(jī)測(cè)試結(jié)果表明，少睡一個(gè)小時(shí)時(shí)，多數(shù)人在完成思維敏捷性的任務(wù)時(shí)顯得力不從心。不過更有趣的還是血液的檢測(cè)結(jié)果。

薩里大學(xué)的西蒙·阿徹博士和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，睡眠時(shí)間的變化會(huì)影響基因的活躍程度。

“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)一共約有500個(gè)基因受到影響?！卑卣f。“有些變得更加活躍，有些則相反?！?/p>

他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)志愿者的睡眠從7.5小時(shí)減少到6.5小時(shí)時(shí)，體內(nèi)與炎癥、免疫和應(yīng)對(duì)壓力相關(guān)的基因變得更加活躍，與糖尿病和癌癥相關(guān)的基因也是如此。而當(dāng)受試者的睡眠時(shí)間增加后，這些基因的活躍程度便減弱了。

因此，實(shí)驗(yàn)清楚地表明，對(duì)于那些睡不夠7個(gè)小時(shí)的人而言，如果他們能夠改變睡眠習(xí)慣，哪怕只是做出一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)改變，他們的身體都會(huì)變得更健康?！岸嗨瘯?huì)吧，對(duì)你有好處?！边z憾的是，這樣的建議我們聽到的太少了。

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