托福TPO4閱讀文本及題目答案Part3
托福TPO是我們托福閱讀的重要參考資料，為了方便大家備考，下面小編給大家整理了托福TPO4閱讀文本及題目答案Part3，希望大家喜歡。
托福TPO4閱讀真題原文Part3
Petroleum Resources
Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud. The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment. As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved.
Continued sedimentation-the process of deposits' settling on the sea bottom-buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment.
Oil pools are valuable underground accumulations of oil, and oil fields are regions underlain by one or more oil pools. When an oil pool or field has been discovered, wells are drilled into the ground. Permanent towers, called derricks, used to be built to handle the long sections of drilling pipe. Now portable drilling machines are set up and are then dismantled and removed. When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because of its density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it. Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past. Gas pressure gradually dies out, and oil is pumped from the well. Water or steam may be pumped down adjacent wells to help push the oil out. At a refinery, the crude oil from underground is separated into natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, and various oils. Petrochemicals such as dyes, fertilizer, and plastic are also manufactured from the petroleum.
As oil becomes increasingly difficult to find, the search for it is extended into more-hostile environments. The development of the oil field on the North Slope of Alaska and the construction of the Alaska pipeline are examples of the great expense and difficulty involved in new oil discoveries. Offshore drilling platforms extend the search for oil to the ocean's continental shelves-those gently sloping submarine regions at the edges of the continents. More than one-quarter of the world's oil and almost one-fifth of the world's natural gas come from offshore, even though offshore drilling is six to seven times more expensive than drilling on land. A significant part of this oil and gas comes from under the North Sea between Great Britain and Norway.
Of course, there is far more oil underground than can be recovered. It may be in a pool too small or too far from a potential market to justify the expense of drilling. Some oil lies under regions where drilling is forbidden, such as national parks or other public lands. Even given the best extraction techniques, only about 30 to 40 percent of the oil in a given pool can be brought to the surface. The rest is far too difficult to extract and has to remain underground.
Moreover, getting petroleum out of the ground and from under the sea and to the consumer can create environmental problems anywhere along the line. Pipelines carrying oil can be broken by faults or landslides, causing serious oil spills. Spillage from huge oil-carrying cargo ships, called tankers, involved in collisions or accidental groundings (such as the one off Alaska in 1989) can create oil slicks at sea. Offshore platforms may also lose oil, creating oil slicks that drift ashore and foul the beaches, harming the environment. Sometimes, the ground at an oil field may subside as oil is removed. The Wilmington field near Long Beach, California, has subsided nine meters in 50 years; protective barriers have had to be built to prevent seawater from flooding the area. Finally, the refining and burning of petroleum and its products can cause air pollution. Advancing technology and strict laws, however, are helping control some of these adverse environmental effects.
Paragraph 1: Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulatein marine mud. The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment. As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved.
托福TPO4閱讀真題題目Part3
1.The word "accumulate" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○grow up
○build up
○spread out
○break apart
2.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true about petroleum formation?
○Microscopic organisms that live in mud produce crude oil and natural gas.
○Large amounts of oxygen are needed for petroleum formation to begin.
○Petroleum is produced when organic material in sediments combines with decaying marine organisms.
○Petroleum formation appears to begin in marine sediments where organic matter is present.
Paragraph 1: Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud. The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment. As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved.
Paragraph 2: Continued sedimentation-the process of deposits' settling on the sea bottom-buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment.
3.In paragraphs 1 and 2, the author's primary purpose is to
○describe how petroleum is formed
○explain why petroleum formation is a slow process
○provide evidence that a marine environment is necessary for petroleum formation
○show that oil commonly occurs in association with gas
4.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○Higher temperatures and pressures promote sedimentation, which is responsible for petroleum formation.
○Deposits of sediments on top of organic matter increase the temperature of and pressure on the matter.
○Increase pressure and heat from the weight of the sediment turn the organic remains into petroleum.
○The remains of microscopic organisms transform into petroleum once they are buried under mud.
Paragraph 3: Oil pools are valuable underground accumulations of oil, and oil fields are regions underlain by one or more oil pools. When an oil pool or field has been discovered, wells are drilled into the ground. Permanent towers, called derricks, used to be built to handle the long sections of drilling pipe. Now portable drilling machines are set up and are then dismantled and removed. When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because of its density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it. Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past. Gas pressure gradually dies out, and oil is pumped from the well. Water or steam may be pumped down adjacent wells to help push the oil out. At a refinery, the crude oil from underground is separated into natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, and various oils. Petrochemicals such as dyes, fertilizer, and plastic are also manufactured from the petroleum.
5.The word "adjacent" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○nearby
○existing
○special
○deep
6.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about gushers?
○They make bringing the oil to the surface easier.
○They signal the presence of huge oil reserves.
○They waste more oil than they collect.
○They are unlikely to occur nowadays.
Paragraph 4: As oil becomes increasingly difficult to find, the search for it is extended into more-hostile environments. The development of the oil field on the North Slope of Alaska and the construction of the Alaska pipeline are examples of the great expense and difficulty involved in new oil discoveries. Offshore drilling platforms extend the search for oil to the ocean's continental shelves-those gently sloping submarine regions at the edges of the continents. More than one-quarter of the world's oil and almost one-fifth of the world's natural gas come from offshore, even though offshore drilling is six to seven times more expensive than drilling on land. A significant part of this oil and gas comes from under the North Sea between Great Britain and Norway.
7.Which of the following strategies for oil exploration is described in paragraph 4?
○Drilling under the ocean's surface
○Limiting drilling to accessible locations
○Using highly sophisticated drilling equipment
○Constructing technologically advanced drilling platforms
8.What does the development of the Alaskan oil field mentioned in paragraph 4 demonstrate?
○More oil is extracted from the sea than from land.
○Drilling for oil requires major financial investments.
○The global demand for oil has increased over the years.
○The North Slope of Alaska has substantial amounts of oil.
9.The word "sloping" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○shifting
○inclining
○forming
○rolling
Paragraph 5: Of course, there is far more oil underground than can be recovered. It may be in a pool too small or too far from a potential market to justify the expense of drilling. Some oil lies under regions where drilling is forbidden, such as national parks or other public lands. Even given the best extraction techniques, only about 30 to 40 percent of the oil in a given pool can be brought to the surface. The rest is far too difficult to extract and has to remain underground.
10.According to paragraph 5, the decision to drill for oil depends on all of the following factors EXCEPT
○permission to access the area where oil has been found
○the availability of sufficient quantities of oil in a pool
○the location of the market in relation to the drilling site
○the political situation in the region where drilling would occur
Paragraph 6: Moreover, getting petroleum out of the ground and from under the sea and to the consumer can create environmental problems anywhere along the line. Pipelines carrying oil can be broken by faults or landslides, causing serious oil spills. Spillage from huge oil-carrying cargo ships, called tankers, involved in collisions or accidental groundings (such as the one off Alaska in 1989) can create oil slicks at sea. Offshore platforms may also lose oil, creating oil slicks that drift ashore and foul the beaches, harming the environment. Sometimes, the ground at an oil field may subside as oil is removed. The Wilmington field near Long Beach, California, has subsided nine meters in 50 years; protective barriers have had to be built to prevent seawater from flooding the area. Finally, the refining and burning of petroleum and its products can cause air pollution. Advancing technology and strict laws, however, are helping control some of these adverse environmental effects.
11.The word "foul" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○reach
○flood
○pollute
○alter
12.In paragraph 6, the author's primary purpose is to
○provide examples of how oil exploration can endanger the environment
○describe accidents that have occurred when oil activities were in progress
○give an analysis of the effects of oil spills on the environment
○explain how technology and legislation help reduce oil spills
Paragraph 2: Continued sedimentation-the process of deposits' settling on the sea bottom-buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. █As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. █Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. █Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment. █
13.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Unless something acts to halt this migration, these natural resources will eventually reach the surface.
Where would the sentence best fit?
14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
"Petroleum" is a broad term that includes both crude oil and natural gas.
●
●
●
Answer choices
○Petroleum formation is the result of biological as well as chemical activity.
○The difficulty of finding adequate sources of oil on land has resulted in a greater number of offshore drilling sites.
○Petroleum extraction can have a negative impact on the environment.
○Petroleum tends to rise to the surface, since it is lower in density than water.
○Current methods of petroleum extraction enable oil producers to recover about half of the world's petroleum reserves.
○Accidents involving oil tankers occur when tankers run into shore reefs or collide with other vessels
托福TPO4閱讀真題題目答案Part3
參考答案：
1. ○2
2. ○4
3. ○1
4. ○3
5. ○1
6. ○4
7. ○1
8. ○2
9. ○2
10. ○4
11. ○3
12. ○1
13. ○4
14. Petroleum formation is the…
The difficulty of finding…
Petroleum extraction can…
托福TPO4閱讀真題翻譯Part3
參考翻譯：石油資源
石油是由原油和天然氣組成，似乎都源自于海洋的有機(jī)物沉淀。微小的有機(jī)物沉積到海底并堆聚在海泥里，有機(jī)物會(huì)局部分解，消耗沉淀里的溶解氧，當(dāng)氧氣消耗殆盡分解便停止，留下剩余的有機(jī)物。
持續(xù)的沉積--堆積物沉積到海底的過程將有機(jī)物埋在海底使之受到海底溫度、高壓的影響，最終轉(zhuǎn)變成石油和天然氣。當(dāng)泥狀沉積物被擠壓在一起時(shí)，天然氣和石油液滴會(huì)被擠出泥層，然后進(jìn)入附近的沙層。經(jīng)過很長(zhǎng)的一個(gè)周期(數(shù)百萬年)，積聚的天然氣和石油會(huì)在沙層中聚集。因?yàn)槭秃吞烊粴獾拿芏榷急人?，所以他們通常通過飽含水的巖層和沉積物往上升。
油床是寶貴的地下石油積聚處，而油田是被一個(gè)或多個(gè)油藏覆蓋區(qū)域。當(dāng)人們發(fā)現(xiàn)油藏或油田時(shí)，就會(huì)把井鉆到地下。固定的塔稱為井架，建造井架是為了控制長(zhǎng)距離的鉆桿?，F(xiàn)代使用的便攜式鉆井機(jī)安裝使用完成后，會(huì)被拆除和移走。因?yàn)槭偷拿芏扰c在下層的水不同，或者因?yàn)槭蜕厦娴臍怏w擴(kuò)張形成的壓力，當(dāng)井探至油藏時(shí)，石油通常會(huì)上升至井內(nèi)。現(xiàn)在石油的上升已經(jīng)可以很好的進(jìn)行控制，但在過去，井噴或管涌經(jīng)常發(fā)生。氣體壓力逐漸減小，然后油從井中被抽出。水或蒸汽會(huì)通過相鄰的井被注入，以幫助推出石油。在煉油廠，地下的原油被分離成天然氣、汽油、煤油和各種油類。石油還可用來生產(chǎn)石油化工產(chǎn)品，如染料、化肥、塑料制品等。
隨著石油越來越難以找到，石油勘探已經(jīng)開始到更惡劣的環(huán)境中進(jìn)行。比如，在最新發(fā)現(xiàn)的油田案例中，阿拉斯加北坡油田的開發(fā)和阿拉斯加管道建設(shè)就是成本高、難度大的例子。海底鉆探平臺(tái)將尋找石油的區(qū)域延伸到了海洋大陸架上--陸地附近淺海下緩緩的斜坡。世界上1/4以上的石油和近1/5的天然氣都來自近海，盡管近海鉆井的成本比陸地鉆井高6至7倍。世界上相當(dāng)一部分的石油和天然氣來自英國和挪威之間的北海。
當(dāng)然，地下還能發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的石油。油藏可能太小或遠(yuǎn)離潛在的市場(chǎng)因而鉆井費(fèi)用過高而不適宜開采。一些石油存在于禁止鉆井的地區(qū)，如國家公園或其他公共土地。即使提供最好的采油技術(shù)，油藏中也只有大約30%到40%的石油可以抽至地面。其余的因?yàn)樘y抽取而不得不留在地下。
此外，從地下和海底開采石油并運(yùn)送到消費(fèi)者的途中的任何地方都會(huì)產(chǎn)生環(huán)境問題。如果石油運(yùn)輸管道因?yàn)楣收匣蛩綋p壞，將會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重的石油泄漏。運(yùn)載石油的油輪在發(fā)生碰撞或意外擱淺(如在1989年阿拉斯加發(fā)生的油輪擱淺)的情況下，石油泄露會(huì)導(dǎo)致海上產(chǎn)生浮油。海上鉆井平臺(tái)也可能會(huì)泄露石油，導(dǎo)致油污漂流到岸上造成海灘污染，危害環(huán)境。有時(shí)一個(gè)油田的石油被抽取后，地面會(huì)發(fā)生下沉。加利福尼亞州長(zhǎng)灘附近的威爾明頓油田在50年內(nèi)下沉了9米;人們不得不建造保護(hù)圍墻以防止海水灌進(jìn)這個(gè)地區(qū)。最后，石油煉制、燃燒以及其產(chǎn)品也會(huì)造成空氣污染。不過不管怎樣，先進(jìn)的技術(shù)和嚴(yán)格的法律正在協(xié)助控制這些對(duì)環(huán)境的不利影響。
托福TPO4閱讀文本及題目答案Part3相關(guān)文章：