雅思寫(xiě)作高分必備：定語(yǔ)從句
為了幫助大家備考雅思寫(xiě)作，下面小編給大家?guī)?lái)雅思寫(xiě)作高分必備：定語(yǔ)從句，希望對(duì)你們有所幫助。
雅思寫(xiě)作利用定語(yǔ)從句寫(xiě)出寫(xiě)作高分
定語(yǔ)從句綜述：
在雅思寫(xiě)作這種半書(shū)面英語(yǔ)(精品課)中，定語(yǔ)從句既可以修飾一個(gè)名詞或部分代詞，也可以修飾其前面整句話(這個(gè)時(shí)候定語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)從句必須是單數(shù)哦，而且引導(dǎo)詞必須是“，which”)。
比如：Anything which encourages language learning benefits society culturally and economically. 任何鼓勵(lì)外語(yǔ)(課程)學(xué)習(xí)的事情有利于社會(huì)的文化和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。這句話中的which 修飾不定代詞anything。
再如：children spend much time watching TV,which gives rises to many health problems like obesity and poor eyesight.小孩花大量時(shí)間看電視，這樣會(huì)引起很多健康問(wèn)題，比如肥胖癥以及視力下降。這里的which就在修飾其面整句話(children spend much time watching TV.)
改造定語(yǔ)從句的3大方法：
但是這樣的句子在大部分的學(xué)員作文中出現(xiàn)的比較多，那怎么樣讓屌絲定語(yǔ)從句逆襲呢。其實(shí)有多種方法，今天我們先介紹大家容易掌握的3個(gè)方法。
1：如果定語(yǔ)從句修飾名詞，而且定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是be動(dòng)詞，也就是N 關(guān)系代詞BE 形式，這個(gè)時(shí)候我們可以把關(guān)系代詞+be動(dòng)詞省略
比如：
A vast majority of people who are invited to the party are well-known scientists.
我們就可以把who are省略，改為：A vast majority of people invited to the party are well-known scientists.
這樣我們就把原來(lái)普通的定語(yǔ)從句做定語(yǔ)改為了過(guò)去分詞(非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的一種)做定語(yǔ)，而分詞在書(shū)面英語(yǔ)中是一種常用而且比較書(shū)面的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，所以建議想考6分以上的烤鴨們多多使用。
Employees who are from rural areas will confronted with many problems in major cities.(定語(yǔ)從句做定語(yǔ))
Employees from rural areas will confronted with many problems in major cities.(介詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ))
The number of students who cannot attend university is decreasing.
The number of students who are unable to have access to tertiary education is decreasing.
The number of students unable to have access to tertiary education is decreasing.(形容詞短語(yǔ)做后置定語(yǔ))
再比如：
Television which has been as one of the most fascinating inventions in the 20th century is now penetrating into every family.
Television, one of the most fascinating inventions in the 20th century, is now penetrating into every family.(同位語(yǔ))
所以當(dāng)作文中有多出類(lèi)似的定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，我們可以省略關(guān)系代詞be動(dòng)詞或者把實(shí)意動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為be動(dòng)詞之后再省略，這樣作文中就可以出現(xiàn)其他語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)做定語(yǔ)，例如非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，介詞短語(yǔ)，形容詞短語(yǔ)，或同位語(yǔ)，而不單單是定語(yǔ)從句。那這樣句型是不是就多樣化了呢?
2：如果出現(xiàn)“名詞關(guān)系代詞實(shí)意動(dòng)詞”，這個(gè)時(shí)候我們可以替換為：n doing sth 形式。
比如：
Education, which helps children develop their thinking and accumulate their knowledge , is a deciding factor of one's success.
Education,helping children develop their thinking and accumulate their knowledge , is a deciding factor of one's success.
We told them they were the victims who deserved sympathy the most.
We told them they were the victims deserving sympathy the most
3:如果作文中出現(xiàn)了“，which”修飾其前面整句話的時(shí)候怎么改呢?
A-非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語(yǔ): SVO, (thus)doing sth
B-概括性同位語(yǔ): SVO，a/an 概括性名詞that SVO
比如剛才提到的例句：
children spend much time watching TV,which gives rises to many health problems like obesity and poor eyesight.
children spend much time watching TV, giving rises to many health problems like obesity and poor eyesight.
children spend much time watching TV,a bad habit that gives rises to many health problems like obesity and poor eyesight.
雅思寫(xiě)作中如何正確應(yīng)用定語(yǔ)從句
雅思寫(xiě)作定語(yǔ)從句之用法不當(dāng)
很多中國(guó)考生認(rèn)為因?yàn)閣hich使用次數(shù)更少，所以在定語(yǔ)從句中which會(huì)比that使用分?jǐn)?shù)更高，這其實(shí)是一個(gè)誤區(qū)，因?yàn)閣hich不能取代that在所有的定語(yǔ)從句中的使用。
A. 可共用的e799bee5baa6e79fa5e98193e78988e69d8331333365653739地方——指代一般物
例如：
The amount of the rubbish that we produce is increasing at an alarming rate.
在這句話中，that就可以用which取代，而且建議考生當(dāng)that和which在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的情況下能省略就省略。
再如：
The problem that has been under debate for several decades is that the basic facilities and infrastructureare unlikely to satisfy the needs of more tourists.
B. 不能共用的地方——只能用which，不能用that
例如：
Students living in their own homes would live a more comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which has a beneficial impact on the development of their personalcharacter.
再如：
Television, the most pervasive means of entertainment for the average public, is advancing towards an entirely new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which is likely to reshape the world.
在這兩句話中，which都是不可以用that取代的，因?yàn)閣hich在文章中指代的是前面的整句話，所以which后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用的也是單三形式。當(dāng)which在從句里面用來(lái)表示前面整句話造成的影響時(shí)，which前面要用逗號(hào)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
C. 只能使用that，不能使用which的地方
1. 當(dāng)先行詞為all、little、much、few、everything、none等不定代詞時(shí)關(guān)系代詞用that而不用which。
Many people hold the view that they can do nothing to protect the fragile environment, andeverything that does have good impacts on the environment can only be implemented with the political will.
There would be few that could pursue a career without future.
2. 當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that，不用which。
There are a great number of ignorant people and large companies that sacrifice the environment to get the maximum profits.
The most important thing is concerned with the reaction of workers and factories that do not agree with this new scheme.
3. 當(dāng)先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that，而不用which。
Many people have extraordinary willingness to bombard their brains with new experiences, while others avoid the latest things that they think would make them have the feeling of fear.
4. 當(dāng)先行詞有序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that，不用which。
The first sight that was caught at the Great Wall has made a lasting impression on him.
The first impression that you leave to the interviewer is the most important thing that determines whether you are admitted by the company.
5. 當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the right等修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that，不用which。
Travelling exposes the students to a variety of cultures and natural beauty by themselves, the very experience that school education cannot provide to them.
This is the very hotel that we lived last year.
6. 當(dāng)先行詞被all, every, any, much, little, few, no等修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that，不用which。
Much of the blame that needs to be taken should be placed on tourists themselves, who foolishly clambered all over the revered Buddha statues.
Every child that has auditory deficit would have difficulty in learning to reach the maximum potential.
7. 當(dāng)主句是以which開(kāi)頭的特殊問(wèn)句時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞一般用that而不用which.
Which of the books that had pictures was worth reading?
Many people wonder which of the problems that they are facing is the most pressing one and should be researched and solved immediately.
8. 指代人時(shí)，只可以使用that以及who，而不可以使用which。
In my opinion, there are plenty of opportunities for everyone in our society, but only thosethat are adequately prepared and highly qualified can make full use of them.
that不可以用which取代，因?yàn)閠hat前面的先行詞是人，所以只能用that或者who來(lái)引導(dǎo)。
9. 在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型“It is ... that ...”中，只用that，不用which。
It is the lack of financial incentive that is responsible for the shortage of talents in the athletic field.
It is talent that determines whether a person can succeed in any field, particularly in theartistic and mathematic field.
雅思寫(xiě)作定語(yǔ)從句之高級(jí)表達(dá)用法
定語(yǔ)從句高分的用法——將定語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)換成非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，修飾前面的先行詞
例如：Those people who strongly support capital punishment have the following reasons.
改成：Those people strongly supporting capital punishment have the following reasons.
再如：Those students who study in a foreign country seem to be more self-confident,independent and well-informed.
改成：Those students studying in a foreign country seem to be more self-confident, independent and well-informed.
將從句中的關(guān)聯(lián)詞who去掉，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變成了ing形式
例如：The buildings that were knocked down several years ago are with neither financial nor aesthetic values.
改成The buildings knocked down several years ago are with neither financial nor aesthetic values.
Foods that are exported from a foreign market are more expensive than the local products of the same kind.
改成Foods exported from a foreign market are more expensive than the local products of the same kind.
從句中的that照樣去掉，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變成了過(guò)去分詞。
例如：The forest and bush that have been cleared for agriculture are now suffering from soil erosion.
改成The forest and bush having been cleared for agriculture are now suffering from soil erosion.
從句中的that去掉，構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)的have變成having，這與主被動(dòng)沒(méi)有關(guān)系。
雅思寫(xiě)作語(yǔ)法詳解-限定性定語(yǔ)從句
像這樣由句子擔(dān)當(dāng)定語(yǔ)，對(duì)被修飾的先行詞進(jìn)行有限定制約，使該詞的含義更具體，更明確，我們稱(chēng)之為限定性定語(yǔ)從句，下面我們結(jié)合例句進(jìn)行對(duì)比學(xué)習(xí)：
a)I don’t like lazy people(形容詞做定語(yǔ)放在名詞前面).
b)I don’t like the people who never keep their words. 我不喜歡從不遵守諾言的人.
在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，有兩個(gè)比較重要的概念。以b句為例,獨(dú)立主句是：I don’t like the people;定語(yǔ)從句為“who never keep their words”，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞，做定語(yǔ)修飾名詞“the people”， 且從句和主句是由who來(lái)連接的。在定語(yǔ)從句中，“the people”被稱(chēng)為先行詞，指被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾或限制的對(duì)象?！皐ho”被稱(chēng)為關(guān)系詞即重復(fù)指代先行詞，并在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一定成分的連詞。
從上面的解析不難看出，關(guān)系詞在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中很重要，是連接主句和從句的關(guān)鍵。關(guān)系詞可以分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞，下面我們一起來(lái)進(jìn)行具體的學(xué)習(xí)。
I.關(guān)系代詞主要有：who, whom, whose, which, that.
A. 當(dāng)先行詞為人時(shí)，可用關(guān)系代詞who,whom,whose 和that.
a. 若關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，選用 who 或that.
eg：The woman is a responsible teacher who /that is loved by her students.
= The woman is a responsible teacher and she is loved by her students.
b. 若關(guān)系代詞在從句中做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，選用 whom(首選),who 或that.
eg: The girl whom we are talking about is a good friend of us.
c. 若關(guān)系代詞在從句中做定語(yǔ),表示人的所有關(guān)系時(shí)，選用 whose 或of whom.
Eg:I know a friend whose sister is a famous dancer.
= I know a friend. His sister is a famous dancer. (whose 代替了his,指人 friend)
B.當(dāng)先行詞為物時(shí)，可用關(guān)系代詞which, that 或whose.
a. 若關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，選用 which 或that.
Eg:These are the trees which / that are destroyed in the fire(做主語(yǔ)).
b. 若關(guān)系代詞在從句中做定語(yǔ),表示物的所有關(guān)系時(shí)，選用 whose 或of which.
Eg:The children saw an elephant whose legs were hurt badly.
綜上所述，當(dāng)先行詞為人和物時(shí)，若在從句中做主語(yǔ)或是賓語(yǔ)，這時(shí)可用選用關(guān)系代詞that，做定語(yǔ)時(shí)用whose.
II. 關(guān)系副詞主要有：where,when 和why.
A. 當(dāng)先行詞為表示地點(diǎn)的名詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句由副詞where引導(dǎo).
In the sixth century BC, ancient Greece was a country where there were a lot of new ideas.
B. 當(dāng)先行詞為表示時(shí)間的名詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句由副詞when引導(dǎo).
Plato lived at a time when philosophy was very fashionable.
C. 當(dāng)先行詞為表示原因的名詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句由副詞why引導(dǎo).
Can you tell me the reason why you lied to me?
需要注意的是，限制性定語(yǔ)從句不能被省略，否則句意就不完整，例如I met someone who said he knows you.
雅思寫(xiě)作高分必備定語(yǔ)從句
1.that ——用來(lái)指人或物 I personally think that some people do have talents that are probably inherited via their genes. But there are various other measures that could be implemented that would have a huge effect on these problems. It takes ten days for each egg to become a silkworm larva that feeds on mulberry leaves. Find someone thatcan assist the students to improve their social skills. 2.who —— 用來(lái)指人 The students, who have acquired practical skills, can hunt for jobs in a short time. Some people believe that innate talent is what differentiates a person who has been trained to play a sport or an instrument, from those who become good players. As the policy would also affect the cost of public transport, it would be very unpopular with everyone who needs to travel on the roads. 3.which ——用來(lái)指物 France used coal as a source for only 25 units of electricity in 1980, which was matched by natural gas. But by 2000 nuclear power, which was not used at all in Australia, had developed into the main source, producing almost 75% of electricity, at 126 units. 4.where ——用來(lái)指地方 The biggest gender difference is at the lowest post-school level, where 90% of those who held a skilled vocational diploma were men. 5.when ——用來(lái)指時(shí)間 This cost decreased to only 5% of total expenditure in 1991 but rose dramatically in 2001 when it represented 23% of the school budget. 6.whose ?——用來(lái)指所有 The result was a remarkably cohesive ensemble whose members seemed to have telepathic powers of communication. Consumers, whose purchases account for about 70% of economic activity, face a variety of challenges. 7.why——用在the reason / reasons 后面 The pie chart shows the main reasons why agricultural land becomes less productive. There are two important reasons why the Underground is safer than the overground railways. 定語(yǔ)從句什么時(shí)候加逗號(hào)，什么時(shí)候不加逗號(hào)?這是一個(gè)讓很多學(xué)生位置抓狂的事情。其實(shí)，只需記住下面這個(gè)表格，逗號(hào)就不會(huì)再成為你的困惑! 限定性定語(yǔ)從句： 1.在名詞后面給出限定名詞的信息?！ ind someone that can assist the students to improve their social skills. 2.如果沒(méi)有這些關(guān)系從句，所指的人，地點(diǎn)或物都是不清楚的?！ ind someone that can assist the students to improve their social skills. (we do not know who) 3.關(guān)系代詞指的限定性關(guān)系從句中的賓語(yǔ)從句中的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以省略?！ aybe there's a method (that) students can use. 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句從句： 1.給出事物額外信息?！ he students, who have acquired practical skills, can hunt for jobs in a short time. 2.不使用that France used coal as a source for only 25 units of electricity in 1980, which was matched by natural gas.(which 不能換成that)?！ ?.必須要逗號(hào)來(lái)隔開(kāi)從句和主句?！ ut by 2000 nuclear power, which was not used at all in Australia, had developed into the main source, producing almost 75% of electricity, at 126 units. (逗號(hào)不能省略) 4.不能省略關(guān)系代詞?！ he biggest gender difference is at the lowest post-school level, where 90% of those who held a skilled vocational diploma were men. (not The biggest gender difference is at the lowest post-school level, 90% of those who held a skilled vocational diploma were men)
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雅思寫(xiě)作高分必備：定語(yǔ)從句
