如何做托福閱讀總結(jié)題
對于托福閱讀考試部分，大家也可以從題型的角度出發(fā)，掌握題型的特點(diǎn)，可以輔助我們更好地來解答這類題型內(nèi)容。本篇文章整理的是關(guān)于托福閱讀總結(jié)題的內(nèi)容解析，詳細(xì)內(nèi)容如下：
如何做托福閱讀總結(jié)題
托?？偨Y(jié)題主要目的：
考查學(xué)生理解和識別主要內(nèi)容和文中所提及重要的信息。
這類考題的特點(diǎn)：
有六個(gè)選項(xiàng)，你可以從中選出三個(gè)最能表達(dá)主要思想的句子。這類考題分值是2分，選出三個(gè)得2分，選出2 個(gè)得1分，順序選擇不影響得分。
Direction:
An introductory sentence or a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the three answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points
解決這類考題的方法：
一、清楚文章的論證類型
總分型一般容易出這類考題。我以中文為例，麗麗老師是一個(gè)非常好的人。首先，她很樂于助人例如一次我看見她扶一個(gè)盲人過馬路，其次麗麗老師很慷慨，有一次我看見她為希望工程捐了她當(dāng)時(shí)兜里的全部錢(50元)，第三麗麗很謙虛和平易近人。
這樣的文章特別容易出總結(jié)題
Lily is a nice person
1、 麗麗樂于助人
2、 麗麗扶一個(gè)盲人過馬路
3、 麗麗老師很慷慨，
4、 老余捐了100元
5、 麗麗很謙虛和平易近人
6、 麗麗經(jīng)常打架
正確答案應(yīng)該是 1、3、5
二、解決方法：
一)主體詞排除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)法
首先抓住要總結(jié)的關(guān)鍵詞也就是主體詞，就是要問哪方向的內(nèi)容，如上個(gè)例子，主體題麗麗一定會在正確答案中出現(xiàn)，不然問的是麗麗可以答案談?wù)摰氖莿e人，就變得完全不相關(guān)了，根據(jù)這個(gè)特點(diǎn)我們可以排除 4老余捐了100元
如OG上的一道總結(jié)題可以直接使用主體詞排除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的方法
The technology of modern cinema evolved at the end of the nineteenth century.
1、 Kinetoscope parlors or viewing films were modeled on phonograph parlors
2、 Thomas Edison’s design of the Kinetoscope inspired the development of large screen projection.
3、 Early cinema allowed individuals to use special machines to view films privately.
4、 Slides-and-lantern shows had been presented.
5、 The development of projection technology made it possible to project images on a large screen
6、 once films images could be projected, the cinema became a form of mass consumption
其中只有三個(gè)選項(xiàng)有本問題的關(guān)鍵詞，本問題的關(guān)鍵詞是 the technology of cinema.
二)細(xì)節(jié)信息排除法
總結(jié)題是對對文章的高度概括所以細(xì)節(jié)的出現(xiàn)犯了以偏概全的錯(cuò)誤，如中文例子中的2、麗麗扶一個(gè)盲人過馬路。 這是一個(gè)具體的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，我們要繞過例子看總結(jié)。所以在排除它。
如OG中的一道題目
This passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceans-whales, porpoises and dolphins
Answer choices
1 Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show he link between land mammals and cetaceans(這是本文的主題)
2、The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.(總結(jié)性信息)
3、The skeleton of Basilosaurus are found in what had been the Tehys Sea, an area rich in fossil evidence. (絕對的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié))-排除
4 Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found((絕對的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié))-排除
5、Fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found..(主題)
6、Ambulocetus’hind legs were used for propulsion in the water. ((絕對的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié))-排除
三)新信息出現(xiàn)排除
如6、麗麗經(jīng)常打架，原文沒有出現(xiàn)，所以正確答案中一定沒有。
托福閱讀真題練習(xí)：美國人口
托福閱讀文本：
Although only 1 person in 20 in the Colonial period lived in a city, the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America. They were at the cutting edge of
social change. It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared — the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coat or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools. "The cities predicted the future," wrote historian Gary. B. Nash, "even though they were but overgrown villages compared to the great urban centers of Europe, the Middle East and China."
Except for Boston, whose population stabilized at about 16,000 in 1760, cities grew by exponential leaps through the eighteenth century. In the fifteen years prior to the outbreak of the War for independence in 1775, more than 200,000 immigrants arrived on North American shores.
This meant that a population the size of Boston was arriving every year, and most of it flowed into the port cities in the Northeast. Philadelphia's population nearly doubted in those years, reaching about 30,000 in 1774, New York grew at almost the same rate, reaching about 25,000 by 1775.
The quality of the hinterland dictated the pace of growth of the cities. The land surrounding Boston had always been poor farm country, and by the mid-eighteenth century it was virtually stripped of its timber. The available farmland was occupied, there was little in the region beyond the city to attract immigrants. New York and Philadelphia, by contrast, served a rich and fertile hinterland laced with navigable watercourses. Scots, Irish, and Germans landed in these cities and followed the rivers inland. The regions around the cities of New York and Philadelphia became the breadbaskets of North America, sending grain not only to other colonies but also to England and southern Europe, where crippling droughts in the late 1760's created a whole new market.
托福閱讀題目：
1. Which of the following aspects of North America in the eighteenth century does the passage
mainly discuss?
(A) The effects of war on the growth of cities
(B) The growth and influence of cities
(C) The decline of farming in areas surrounding cities
(D) The causes of immigration to cities
2. Why does the author say that "the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of
NorthAmerica" (lines 1-2)?
(A) The influence of the cities was mostly negative
(B) The populations of the cities were small, but their influence was great.
(C) The cities were growing at a great rate.
(D) Most people pretended to live in cities
3. The phrase "in place of " in lines 4-5 is closest in meaning to
(A) connected to
(B) in addition to
(C) because of
(D) instead of
4. The word "attendant" in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) avoidable
(B) accompanying
(C) unwelcome
(D) unexpected
5. Which of the following is mentioned as an element of modern capitalism?
(A) Open competition
(B) Social deference
(C) Social hierarchy
(D) Independent craftspeople
6. It can be inferred that in comparison with North American cities, cities in Europe, the Middle
East, and China had
(A) large populations
(B) little independence
(C) frequent social disorder
(D) few power sources
7. The phrase "exponential leaps" in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) long wars
(B) new laws
(C) rapid increases
(D) exciting changes
8. The word "it" in line 15 refers to
(A) population
(B) size
(C) Boston
(D)Year
9. How many immigrants arrived in NorthAmerica between 1760 and 1775?
(A)About 16,000
(B)About 25,000
(C)About 30,000
(D) More than 200,000
10. The word "dictated" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) spoiled
(B) reduced
(C) determined
(D) divided
11. The word "virtually" in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) usually
(B) hardly
(C) very quickly
(D) almost completely
12. The region surrounding New York and Philadelphia is contrasted with the region surrounding
Boston in terms of
(A) quality of farmland
(B) origin of immigrants
(C) opportunities for fishing
(D) type of grain grown
13. Why does the author describe the regions around the cities of New York and Philadelphia as
"breadbaskets"?
(A) They produced grain especially for making bread.
(B) They stored large quantities of grain during periods of drought
(C) They supplied grain to other parts of North America and other countries.
(D) They consumed more grain than all the other regions of NorthAmerica.
托福閱讀答案：
BBDBAACADC DAC
托福閱讀真題練習(xí)：大城市的偏見
托福閱讀文本：
Throughout the nineteenth century and into the twentieth, citizens of the United States maintained a bias against big cities. Most lived on farms and in small towns and believed cities to be centers of corruption, crime, poverty, and moral degradation. Their distrust was caused, in part,by a national ideology that proclaimed farming the greatest occupation and rural living superior to urban living. This attitude prevailed even as the number of urban dwellers increased and cities became an essential feature of the national landscape. Gradually, economic reality overcame ideology. Thousands abandoned the precarious life on the farm for more secure and better paying jobs in the city. But when these people migrated from the countryside, they carried their fears and suspicious with them. These new urbanities, already convinced that cities were overwhelmed with great problems, eagerly embraced the progressive reforms that promised to bring order out of the chaos of the city.
One of many reforms came in the area of public utilities. Water and sewerage systems were usually operated by municipal governments, but the gas and electric networks were privately owned. Reformers feared that the privately owned utility companies would charge exorbitant rates for these essential services and deliver them only to people who could afford them. Some city and state governments responded by regulating the utility companies, but a number of cities began to supply these services themselves. Proponents of these reforms argued that public ownership and regulation would insure widespread access to these utilities and guarantee a fair price.
While some reforms focused on government and public behavior, others looked at the cities as a whole. Civic leaders, convinced that physical environment influenced human behavior, argued that cities should develop master plans to guide their future growth and development. City planning was nothing new, but the rapid industrialization and urban growth of the late nineteenth century took place without any consideration for order. Urban renewal in the twentieth century followed several courses. Some cities introduced plans to completely rebuild the city core. Most other cities contented themselves with zoning plans for regulating future growth. Certain parts of town were restricted to residential use, while others were set aside for industrial or commercial development.
托福閱讀題目：
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A)A comparison of urban and rural life in the early twentieth century
(B) The role of government in twentieth century urban renewal
(C) Efforts to improve urban life in the early twentieth century
(D) Methods of controlling urban growth in the twentieth century
2. The word "bias" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) diagonal
(B) slope
(C) distortion
(D) prejudice
3. The first paragraph suggests that most people who lived in rural areas
(A) were suspicious of their neighbors
(B) were very proud of their lifestyle
(C) believed city government had too much power
(D) wanted to move to the cities
4. In the early twentieth century, many rural dwellers migrated to the city in order to
(A) participate in the urban reform movement
(B) seek financial security
(C) comply with a government ordinance
(D) avoid crime and corruption
5. The word "embraced" in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) suggested
(B) overestimated
(C) demanded
(D) welcomed
6. What concern did reformers have about privately owned utility companies?
(A) They feared the services would not be made available to all city dwellers.
(B) They believed private ownership would slow economic growth
(C) They did not trust the companies to obey the government regulations.
(D) They wanted to ensure that the services would be provided to rural areas.
7. The word "exorbitant" in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) additional
(B) expensive
(C) various
(D) modified
8.All of the following were the direct result of public utility reforms EXCEPT
(A) local governments determined the rates charged by private utility companies
(B) some utility companies were owned and operated by local governments
(C) the availability of services was regulated by local government
(D) private utility companies were required to pay a fee to local governments
9. The word "Proponents" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) Experts
(B) Pioneers
(C) Reviewers
(D) Supporters
10. Why does the author mention "industrialization" (line 24)?
(A) To explain how fast urban growth led to poorly designed cities
(B) To emphasize the economic importance of urban areas
(C) To suggest that labor disputes had become an urban problem
(D) To illustrate the need for construction of new factories
托福閱讀答案：
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