托?？谡Z(yǔ)特點(diǎn)以及答題技巧
新托福口語(yǔ)和老托福口語(yǔ)有很大的區(qū)別，尤其是新托?？谡Z(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)性要求更強(qiáng)了，對(duì)于很多考生而言，講好英語(yǔ)不是問(wèn)題，但是要講好學(xué)術(shù)性的口語(yǔ)，就有一定難度了。為了幫助大家更好地備考，小編給大家整理了托?？谡Z(yǔ)考試特點(diǎn)和答題技巧。
托?？谡Z(yǔ)特點(diǎn)以及答題技巧
一、考察方向
新托福口語(yǔ)的第六道題，通常被考生視為難度最大的一道，就是因?yàn)樗目疾煨问?-總結(jié)聽(tīng)到的1-2分鐘的學(xué)術(shù)講座。難點(diǎn)體現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面：1. 純粹的聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容使聽(tīng)力較弱的考生無(wú)所適從;2. 學(xué)術(shù)講座的專業(yè)性太強(qiáng)，如果考生不熟悉講座的方向，會(huì)聽(tīng)得云里霧里。朗閣海外考試研究中心分析認(rèn)為，其實(shí)此題也是有章可循的：講座通常圍繞一個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)概念展開(kāi)，然后給出此概念的定義，并運(yùn)用具體的例子來(lái)對(duì)此概念進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充，或給出實(shí)驗(yàn)的過(guò)程來(lái)論證此科學(xué)概念的科學(xué)性;或者，會(huì)圍繞著一個(gè)科學(xué)現(xiàn)象展開(kāi)，繼而給出產(chǎn)生此現(xiàn)象的原因以及影響。因此，常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式如下：
1. Using points and examples from the talk, explain the two definitions of money presented by the professor.
2. Using points and examples from the talk, explain the two types of motivation.
3. Using the examples from the talk, explain how persuasive strategies are used in advertising.
4. Using the research described by the professor, explain what scientists have learned about the mathematical abilities of babies.
前兩種提問(wèn)方法常出現(xiàn)在概念--定義型的講座中，而后兩種提問(wèn)方法常出先在實(shí)驗(yàn)型的講座中。備考的考生須知，在聽(tīng)講座的過(guò)程中，是看不到問(wèn)題的。在講座結(jié)束后，屏幕上會(huì)顯示如上的問(wèn)題，同時(shí)會(huì)有narrator將問(wèn)題讀出，以便考生熟悉題目中關(guān)鍵詞的讀音。
二、評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
那么考官是如何評(píng)分的呢?《新托?？谡Z(yǔ)考試官方指南》指出第六題的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是：考生需要充分展示自己的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)(發(fā)音)和語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用(語(yǔ)法及詞匯)能力，能“完整地回答問(wèn)題”。許多考生在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)無(wú)法完成回答，因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)诟拍羁偨Y(jié)上花費(fèi)了太多的時(shí)間。若回答“遺漏關(guān)鍵信息”或“沒(méi)有對(duì)重要信息展開(kāi)論述”，那么評(píng)分人會(huì)只給2分。記住，第六題想要得高分，考生的回答要持續(xù)(很少或者沒(méi)有不恰當(dāng)?shù)耐ｎD)并且連貫(邏輯流暢)，容易使人理解。
三、講座內(nèi)容
Task 6的講座通常為90-120秒，有些話題可能持續(xù)的時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)，會(huì)超過(guò)2分鐘。在講座中，教授通常會(huì)先介紹一個(gè)概念或現(xiàn)象，然后一般情況下，會(huì)用兩個(gè)例子或者兩個(gè)下級(jí)分類來(lái)進(jìn)行深入的解釋。而有關(guān)于一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程的講座可能會(huì)描述一個(gè)過(guò)程的兩個(gè)步驟。在講述一件事件的講座中，教授可能會(huì)描述一個(gè)事件的前因后果。在關(guān)于某科學(xué)社會(huì)理論的講座中，教授則會(huì)舉出一些例子來(lái)說(shuō)明這一理論在日常生活中起的作用及對(duì)人們?nèi)粘Ｉ町a(chǎn)生的影響。
由于第六道題目是純粹的聽(tīng)力講座而沒(méi)有閱讀材料，那么講座中的主要內(nèi)容通常情況下是會(huì)在第一句話中體現(xiàn)出來(lái)的。有時(shí)候教授會(huì)非常直接明顯地點(diǎn)明話題，例如：Today we’ll talk about how companies determine the initial prices for their products. 然后教授會(huì)講述主要概念涉及的過(guò)程或者基本原理及舉例。
講座結(jié)束后，考生將聽(tīng)到并在電腦屏幕上看到題目。如上文所示，第六題的題目會(huì)要求考生解釋講座所討論的核心概念。由于此部分沒(méi)有閱讀內(nèi)容，相較于Task 3和Task 4, 考生只有20秒的準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間，在此期間，考生可依據(jù)自己的筆記進(jìn)行思考和準(zhǔn)備。在聽(tīng)到“嗶”的提示聲后，考生將有60秒的時(shí)間作答。
綜上所述，在新托福口語(yǔ)的聽(tīng)力中，會(huì)存在非常明顯的規(guī)律，在考生聽(tīng)懂大方向的情況下，不難將講座的outline找出。讓我們來(lái)看一篇新托福TPO真題。
So, let’s talk about money. What is money? Well, typically people think of coins and paper “bills” as money... but that’s using a somewhat narrow definition of the term.
A broad definition is this: money is anything that people can use to make purchases with. Since many things can be used to make purchases, money can have many different forms. Certainly, coins and bills are one form of money. People exchange goods and services for coins or paper bills, and they use this money ... these bills ... to obtain other goods and services. For example, you might give a taxi driver five dollars to purchase a ride in his taxi. And he in turn gives the five dollars to a farmer to buy some vegetables...
But, as I said, coins and bills aren’t the only form of money under this broad definition. Some societies make use of a barter system. Basically, in a barter system people exchange goods and services directly for other goods and services. The taxi driver, for example, might give a ride to a farmer in exchange for some vegetables. Since the vegetables are used to pay for a service, by our broad definition the vegetables are used in barter as a form of money.
Now, as I mentioned, there’s also a second ... a narrower definition of money. In the United States only coins and bills are legal tender—meaning that by law, a seller must accept them as payment. The taxi driver must accept coins or bills as payment for a taxi ride. OK? But in the U.S., the taxi driver is not required to accept vegetables in exchange for a ride. So a narrower definition of money might be whatever is legal tender in a society, whatever has to be accepted as payment.
Using points and examples from the talk, explain the two definitions of money presented by the professor.
在此講座中，教授在第一句話中就直接地指出講座的中心內(nèi)容—Money, 隨后的內(nèi)容圍繞著對(duì)Money的定義展開(kāi)。整個(gè)講座講述了Money的兩種定義，一種是廣義的，一種是狹義的。教授首先講述了廣義的錢的定義，并以出租車和菜農(nóng)的兩個(gè)具體的例子來(lái)解釋廣義錢的定義內(nèi)容。隨后講述了狹義的錢的定義，同樣，在給出了定義之后，教授依然用出租車和菜農(nóng)的例子來(lái)進(jìn)行解釋。
有了這樣的一個(gè)outline后，考生需要提取出來(lái)的關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容為：
-- A broad definition is this: money is anything that people can use to make purchases with.
-- Coins and bills are one form of money.
-- In a barter system people exchange goods and services directly for other goods and services.
-- So a narrower definition of money might be whatever is legal tender in a society, whatever has to be accepted as payment.
-- In the United States only coins and bills are legal tender-meaning that by law, a seller must accept them as payment.
如考生能夠抓住以上幾句關(guān)鍵句，那么在結(jié)合了例子之后，就可以有一份非常完美的答案了。例如，綜合上述關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)，高分例文為：
The professor talks about two definitions of money, a broad one and a narrow one. By the broad definition, money is everything with which we can make purchases. For example, coins and bills can be money, because we can use them to buy goods such as vegetables and pay for services such as taxi. But in a barter system, vegetables can be money, because farmers can give drivers vegetables in exchange for a drive. By the narrow definition, in a society, the legal tender is money. For instance, in the US, drivers and farmers must accept dollars as payment. People can use dollars to pay for taxi and buy vegetables because dollar is the legal tender in the US. So, dollar in the form of coin and bill is money.
此范文邏輯清晰，并包含了講座的各個(gè)方面，亦可為考生提供一定的關(guān)于定義類的模板：總起句引出話題--第二句講兩個(gè)下級(jí)分類--關(guān)鍵的定義及舉例。一份完整的答案需要包含文中所提到的各個(gè)方面。例如，在講述廣義的定義時(shí)，教授提到兩個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容--傳統(tǒng)的紙幣及硬幣和在以物換物社會(huì)下的任何物品。如果考生沒(méi)有涉及到以物換物的錢的概念，那么答案將是不完整的，沒(méi)有辦法得到較高的成績(jī)。
四、答題技巧
1. 避免原句照搬閱讀和聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容，適當(dāng)進(jìn)行詞匯和語(yǔ)法的替換。由于Task 6是要求考生復(fù)述聽(tīng)力講座中的內(nèi)容，因此很容易出現(xiàn)考生直接原文復(fù)述所聽(tīng)所記內(nèi)容的現(xiàn)象。要知道這樣是會(huì)對(duì)考生的成績(jī)產(chǎn)生一定的影響的，考生需要在總結(jié)出中心句的同時(shí)，對(duì)中心句進(jìn)行一定的paraphrase。例如，聽(tīng)力原文的對(duì)話為：money is anything that people can use to make purchases with, 在范文中，被替換為money is everything with which we can make purchases。同樣的一句話，同為定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)，只是將介詞的位置稍作改變，依舊是漂亮的一句話。很多考生存在疑問(wèn)：是不是同義替換要把一整句話全部替換掉?其實(shí)不一定要一句話內(nèi)沒(méi)有絲毫重合，朗閣海外考試研究中心分析認(rèn)為，考生只需將原句中的一、兩個(gè)詞替換成自己的表達(dá)，已經(jīng)算是高效的同義替換了。
2. 學(xué)會(huì)記筆記。在第六道題里，考生記筆記的能力顯得尤為重要，由于沒(méi)有過(guò)多的準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間，大多數(shù)考生會(huì)將自己記的內(nèi)容稍加潤(rùn)色就直接讀出來(lái)，因此筆記的量直接影響了回答的內(nèi)容。然而，就像聽(tīng)力里的lecture, 如果筆記記得過(guò)多，又可能會(huì)影響聽(tīng)后面的內(nèi)容。那么應(yīng)該如何記筆記呢?筆者在上文中提到，講座的主題一般會(huì)出現(xiàn)在第一句話，因此，在講座一開(kāi)始的時(shí)候，考生要全神貫注地去聽(tīng)核心概念，并用縮寫記下關(guān)鍵術(shù)語(yǔ)，還要記下足夠的信息來(lái)幫助自己定義這個(gè)核心概念。可能某個(gè)專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)聽(tīng)不懂，但是又重復(fù)了好多遍，那么就標(biāo)注其發(fā)音，甚至用中文拼音將其記錄下來(lái)，因?yàn)楹竺婵隙ㄓ玫玫?。其次，考生需要記下支撐關(guān)鍵術(shù)語(yǔ)的例子或者實(shí)驗(yàn)的過(guò)程，通常有兩個(gè)例子或者兩個(gè)步驟，將步驟記得盡可能詳盡。同時(shí)，由于聽(tīng)力的量比較大，考生需要學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用適當(dāng)?shù)姆?hào)、箭頭和縮寫來(lái)完成自己的筆記。
此外，考生在備考的過(guò)程中，也需要多積累可以加分的語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)，如：使役動(dòng)詞的用法。由于講座需復(fù)述的內(nèi)容較多，考生亦需要去積累適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞來(lái)使表達(dá)連貫、有層次，以便形成高效的答案。
托?？谡Z(yǔ)模板：大學(xué)新增設(shè)施
托福口語(yǔ)題目：Your university has decided to build a new space near students’ dormitory buildings. Which of the following choices do you think should your university build most? Give specific explanation in your response.
---a café
---a game room
---a study room
你的大學(xué)決定在學(xué)生宿舍建一個(gè)新的設(shè)施，你認(rèn)為以下哪個(gè)最應(yīng)該建：咖啡店、游戲室、學(xué)習(xí)室。
郝新宇老師的Sample response:
Personally speaking, I think building a café is the best choice. The main reason is now there is not an appropriate place for students to hang out in my university, it is common to see many students talk or discuss under the trees on the campus when the weather is extremely hot or cold. Thus, if building a spacious café, then in the day time some students can choose to read books or study there, and in the evening or at night many youngsters can drink, talk and relax there, keeping a balance between countless homework and relaxation. I think many students will support such an idea.
托福口語(yǔ)模板：學(xué)生選課還是教授選課
托?？谡Z(yǔ)題目：Some students believe that students should choose what courses they learn by themselves, while some students believe that professors should make decisions for students. Which opinion do you support? Give specific explanation in your response.一些學(xué)生認(rèn)為學(xué)生應(yīng)該自己選課，另一些認(rèn)為應(yīng)該由教授替學(xué)生選課。你支持哪種觀點(diǎn)，給出理由。
郝新宇老師的Sample response:
Personally speaking, I prefer professors make decisions. The main reason is professors’ choices tend to be mature and informed. They are clear about what students should learn and master for certain subjects. Taking the economics for example, professors have been investigating in this field for decades, they know students should learn courses like mathematics, econometrics, statistics, finance and so on, so as to master the skills needed in economics. However, if choosing by students, they are likely to be in a puzzle or at a loss about which courses to learn, consequently they may not learn necessary knowledge and achieve desired results.
托福口語(yǔ)模板：是否允許孩子犯錯(cuò)
托?？谡Z(yǔ)題目：Some parents always try to prevent their children from making mistakes, while some parents allow their kids to commit mistakes, thinking such experience helpful. Which opinion do you agree and why? 一些家長(zhǎng)總是試圖防止孩子犯錯(cuò)誤，而另一些家長(zhǎng)則允許孩子犯錯(cuò)誤，認(rèn)為這些經(jīng)歷對(duì)孩子的成長(zhǎng)是有幫助的。你同意哪種觀點(diǎn)，為什么。
郝新宇老師的Sample response:
Personally speaking, I think parents should allow their children to make mistakes, because children can gain experience from mistakes. For example, if children mistakenly spell English words, after realizing that, they will obtain a clear impression on the right spelling. Also when studying mathematics, if kids’calculation did not reach the right result, they will try to find their mistakes, correcting them, after that next time when they do the similar calculation, they may not commit the same mistake. In a word, sometimes mistakes are the good teachers, helping children to grow.
托?？谡Z(yǔ)特點(diǎn)以及答題技巧相關(guān)文章：
托?？谡Z(yǔ)特點(diǎn)以及答題技巧
