英語(yǔ)文摘的閱讀
英語(yǔ)文摘的閱讀
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無(wú)意識(shí)行為和心理學(xué)
Unconscious Behavior And Psychology
無(wú)意識(shí)行為與心理學(xué)
Social psychologists have long been intrigued by what they call automatic behavior–the ways people react to stimuli without consciously thinking about their actions.
社會(huì)心理學(xué)家一直對(duì)所謂的"自動(dòng)行為"存有濃厚興趣，這是人們對(duì)刺激產(chǎn)生的未經(jīng)過(guò)有意識(shí)思考的反應(yīng)方式。
All Hot And Bothered
焦慮不安
In fact, it seems that most people can be unconsciously influenced to behave in certain ways. For example, in one experiment, participants were told to unscramble sentences using words such as “bother”, “disturb”, and “obnoxious.” When they completed the task, these participants were more likely to act rudely than participants who were given words such as “patient” and “appreciate.”
實(shí)際上，絕大部分人會(huì)被無(wú)意識(shí)地影響，做出特定的行為。例如，在一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，參與者被要求用“煩擾”，“打攪”和“可惡”等詞來(lái)整理語(yǔ)句。在完成任務(wù)時(shí)，這些參與者比那些用“耐心”和“贊賞”這類詞整理語(yǔ)句的參與者更容易表現(xiàn)得粗魯一些。
But wait, things get even more interesting. After being asked to unscramble sentences using words such as “old, ancient, Florida, and retired,” participants tended to walk more slowly when leaving the experiment, even though slowness was not mentioned.
但是，等一下。事情變得更加有趣。參與者在被要求用“老年，古老，佛羅里達(dá)，退休”等詞整理句子之后，當(dāng)他們離開(kāi)實(shí)驗(yàn)室時(shí)，他們更傾向于慢慢行走，雖然實(shí)驗(yàn)中并未提及“慢”這個(gè)詞。
Why?
為什么?
Researchers speculate that words such as “Florida” and “retired” invoke stereotypes of the elderly, and these stereotypes also include slowness.
研究者們猜想，類似于“佛羅里達(dá)”和“退休”的詞語(yǔ)讓人腦中浮現(xiàn)老人的特定印象，而緩慢就是人們對(duì)老人的特定印象之一。
This experiment also confirms the power of what is commonly known as self-fulfilling prophecy, the idea that our expectations make us behave (consciously or unconsciously) in a way that makes those expectations come true.
這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)同時(shí)也驗(yàn)證了通常被認(rèn)為“自我應(yīng)驗(yàn)預(yù)言”的力量。這是一種“我們的期望讓我們(有意識(shí)或無(wú)意識(shí)地)按能讓期望成真的方式行動(dòng)”的思想。
When you meet someone who fits into a stereotype, you automatically act toward him or her in a manner consistent with that stereotype. So if you think men in red baseball caps tend to be hostile, when you run into such a man you unconsciously begin to act defensively. That causes the man to react defensively, which then confirms the original stereotype. In short, it’s a vicious cycle, and one that’s not entirely under our control.
當(dāng)你遇到特定模式的人時(shí)，你會(huì)自覺(jué)地用那種特定方式回應(yīng)他(她)。因此，如果你認(rèn)為戴紅色棒球帽的男人可能有敵意，當(dāng)你撞上這樣的男人時(shí)你會(huì)下意識(shí)地表現(xiàn)出防御姿態(tài)，這也導(dǎo)致這個(gè)男人以防御姿態(tài)回應(yīng)你。如此就印證了你原來(lái)設(shè)想的印象。簡(jiǎn)言之，這是個(gè)惡性循環(huán)，完全超出我們的掌控。
為什么明明熱卻感到冷?
Ow! Why Hot Feels Cold
噢!為什么明明是熱的卻讓人感到冰冷呢?
Kids don’t try this at home!
小孩子不要在家嘗試以下實(shí)驗(yàn)!
Have you ever dipped your toe into a very hot bath and felt a flash of icy cold just before you realize that its really burning? After you pull your toe out, you might wonder what causes very hot water to feel cold.
你是否嘗試過(guò)把腳趾伸進(jìn)很燙的浴盆里卻感到瞬間的冰冷，回過(guò)神來(lái)才意識(shí)到水是滾燙的?也許抽出腳趾之后你很想知道，是什么原因讓人覺(jué)得這滾燙的熱水很冷。
This odd sensation is called paradoxical cold and is caused by the temperature receptors in the skin. There are separate, specific receptors that respond to decreases or increases in skin temperature. If skin temperature drops, the cold receptors fire and if it increases, the warmth receptors fire.
這種怪異的感受稱為詭冷覺(jué)，其實(shí)是皮膚內(nèi)的溫度感受器在作祟。皮膚內(nèi)分布著獨(dú)立的專門(mén)感受器，能對(duì)皮膚溫度的升降作出反應(yīng)。如果皮膚溫度下降了，冷感受器就發(fā)出警告，如果皮膚溫度上升了，暖感受器則發(fā)出警告。
However, if a strong stimulus, like very hot water, can stimulate not only the warmth receptors but also stimulate the pain receptors. These warn us that we are doing ourselves damage, and should take action to prevent it. The strong stimulus can also cause the abnormal stimulation of the cold receptors.
可是，如果遇到很強(qiáng)烈的外部刺激，比如很燙的水，不僅能激發(fā)暖感受器，而且會(huì)激發(fā)痛感受器。這些反應(yīng)提醒我們，我們正在傷害自己，應(yīng)該馬上采取措施制止傷害的繼續(xù)。這種強(qiáng)烈的刺激也會(huì)導(dǎo)致冷感受器被異常激發(fā)。
Over-stimulation can cause the confusing sensation of cold, hot and pain, but as long as we’re clear about pulling the toe out to safety, paradoxical cold is just another strange trick of the senses.
過(guò)度刺激會(huì)使人體對(duì)冷、暖和痛覺(jué)的感受發(fā)生錯(cuò)亂，但只要我們清醒地意識(shí)到應(yīng)該把腳趾挪到安全的地方，詭冷覺(jué)也只是一種奇怪的感官游戲而已。
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