優(yōu)秀的英語(yǔ)文摘閱讀
優(yōu)秀的英語(yǔ)文摘閱讀
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鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)智商不算太糟
Research Shows Bird Brains Aren’t So Bad
鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)并不笨頭笨腦
The next time someone calls you a “bird brain,” you should thank them.
下次有人對(duì)你說(shuō)“頭笨如鳥(niǎo)”的話，你要謝謝他。
Changing Opinions
轉(zhuǎn)變觀點(diǎn)
Neuroscientists’ opinions about the brains of birds have changed. In humans and other mammals, the roof of the forebrain has evolved into the cerebral cortex, a structure responsible for flexible learning and reasoning.
神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)科學(xué)家關(guān)于鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)大腦的傳統(tǒng)觀念發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)變。人類(lèi)和其他哺乳動(dòng)物的前腦頂層已經(jīng)進(jìn)化為大腦皮層，這一結(jié)構(gòu)主管彈性學(xué)習(xí)和推理能力。
Early neuroanatomists thought that the forebrain roof was small and simple in birds, with its forebrain instead being dominated by structures in its base, called the basal ganglia. Without an elaborate forebrain roof, it seemed that birds couldn’t be very smart.
早期的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)科學(xué)家認(rèn)為鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)的前腦頂層在大腦中面積小，構(gòu)造簡(jiǎn)單，且并非由大腦基底部名為基底神經(jīng)節(jié)的結(jié)構(gòu)組成。因此，鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)并不擁有復(fù)雜精妙的前腦頂層，這似乎決定了鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)智商有限。
New Research
新研究
Recent research shows that birds are a lot smarter than scientists once thought. To give just a few examples, the New Caledonian crow can manufacture and use tools. The African grey parrot can learn to classify objects into categories, and the Florida scrub jay stores food in dozens of caches and can remember their locations for future use.
最近的研究表明鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)要比科學(xué)家想象的聰明得多。例如，新喀里多尼亞烏鴉會(huì)制作和使用工具。非洲灰鸚鵡能學(xué)會(huì)對(duì)東西進(jìn)行分類(lèi)，佛羅里達(dá)灌叢鴉會(huì)將食物存儲(chǔ)在不同的地方，并且能記住位置，以備將來(lái)之需。
It turns out that neuroanatomists had it all wrong about bird forebrains. During more than 300 million years of separate evolution, the forebrain roofs of birds and of mammals each grew larger and more elaborate, but in different ways. The roof of a bird’s forebrain is so different from the cerebral cortex of a mammal that the neuroanatomists had confused most of it with enlarged basal ganglia.
結(jié)果是神經(jīng)解剖學(xué)家 對(duì)鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)前腦的研究完全錯(cuò)誤。在3億多年各自的進(jìn)化過(guò)程中，鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)和哺乳動(dòng)物的前腦頂層分別以不同的方式變大變精。鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)的大腦頂層與哺乳動(dòng)物的大腦皮層差別如此之大以至于神經(jīng)解剖學(xué)家 將其與增大的基底神經(jīng)節(jié)基本都弄混了。
玫瑰不叫玫瑰
A Rose By Any Other Name
玫瑰不叫玫瑰
Just saying the word “rose” conjures up images of romance, secret admirers, Valentines gifts, and bridal bouquets. Romantics imagine soft, red petals and long, graceful stems, but practical gardeners know all about painful, pointy thorns. As the saying goes, every rose has its thorn. But, what we call thorns are actually not thorns at all.
“玫瑰”很容易讓人聯(lián)想到浪漫的場(chǎng)景，神秘的愛(ài)慕者，情人節(jié)的禮物和結(jié)婚的花束。浪漫的人會(huì)想象出柔軟的、紅色的花瓣和修長(zhǎng)的，優(yōu)雅的花莖，但是實(shí)際上園丁們才知道那些尖銳的刺帶來(lái)的痛楚。常言道，每朵玫瑰都有刺。但是，我們所說(shuō)的這種刺其實(shí)根本就不是刺。
Thorns
刺
Thorns, like those found on the Hawthorn tree, are modified branches that project from the stem and branches of a woody plant.
刺，例如山楂樹(shù)上的刺，實(shí)際上是一種改良的分枝，它會(huì)從木本植物的莖和分枝中生長(zhǎng)出來(lái)。
They are very sharp and quite strong because they are made of the same stuff as the stem of the tree or bush. Thorns are deeply embedded in the woody structure of the plant and can’t be broken off easily. Those nasty points on the stem of the rose are not true thorns: they are what scientists call “prickles.”
它們非常鋒利并且相當(dāng)堅(jiān)硬，因?yàn)樗鼈兊馁|(zhì)地與灌木或樹(shù)的莖是一樣的。這些刺都深深地嵌在植物的木紋狀組織結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)，不會(huì)被輕易破壞。這些令人討厭的長(zhǎng)在玫瑰莖上的刺其實(shí)并不是真正的刺，科學(xué)家們稱(chēng)它們?yōu)?ldquo;皮刺”。
Prickles
皮刺
Prickles are smaller than thorns: they are sharp outgrowths of the plant’s outer layers, the skin-like epidermis, and the sub-epidermal layer just beneath it. Unlike a thorn, a prickle can be easily broken off the plant because it is really a feature of the outer layers rather than part of the wood, like a thorn.
皮刺比刺要小了許多：它們是這些植物外層的附屬物，看上去像皮膚的表皮，其下還有亞表皮層。不像刺，皮刺能夠被輕易地從植物莖上剝落，因?yàn)樗鼉H僅是植物外層的一種特征，而不像刺那樣是莖的一部分。
Both prickles and thorns protect the plant from predators, and, maybe, from lovers looking for a free bouquet. But perhaps we call the rose prickles “thorns” because saying “every rose has its prickle” doesn’t seem to do justice to the pain of unrequited love.
不管是刺抑或荊棘，都可以保護(hù)這些植物不被捕食者所獵食，同樣，或許也能免于被那些尋找免費(fèi)花束的情人所折斷。但是或許，我們應(yīng)該叫這些皮刺為“刺”，因?yàn)?ldquo;每一朵玫瑰都有它的刺”的說(shuō)法似乎對(duì)那些暗戀者所感受的痛苦來(lái)說(shuō)不太公平。
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