培根經(jīng)典隨筆雙語(yǔ)閱讀
弗朗西斯·培根是英國(guó)文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期最重要的散文家、哲學(xué)家。他不但在文學(xué)、哲學(xué)上多有建樹(shù)，在自然科學(xué)領(lǐng)域里，也取得了重大成就。他的第一部重要著作《隨筆》最初發(fā)表于1597年，以后又逐年增補(bǔ)。該書文筆言簡(jiǎn)意賅、智睿奪目，它包含許多洞察秋毫的經(jīng)驗(yàn)之談，其中不僅論及政治而且還探討許多人生哲理。下面學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為大家?guī)?lái)培根經(jīng)典隨筆雙語(yǔ)閱讀，希望大家喜歡!
培根經(jīng)典隨筆雙語(yǔ)閱讀：論殖民地
Plantations are amongst ancient, primitive, and heroical works. When the world was young, it begat more children; but now it is old, it begets fewer: for I may jusuy account new plantations, to be the children of former kingdoms. I like a plantation in a pure soil; that is, where people are not displanted, to the end to plant in others.
殖民地是古昔的，初民的，英雄的工作之一。當(dāng)世界還在年少的時(shí)候，它生了許多的子女;但是它現(xiàn)在老了，所生的子女也就少了，因?yàn)槲也环琳f(shuō)新的殖民地乃是舊有的國(guó)家底子女也。我以為一個(gè)殖民地最好是在一片處女地上;那就是說(shuō)，在那個(gè)地方殖起民來(lái)，無(wú)須乎因?yàn)橐嘀残抡咭蚨纬f者。
For else, it is rather an extirpation, then a plantation. Planting of countries, is like planting of woeds; for you must make account, to lose almost twenty years' profit, and expect your recompense in the end. For the principal thing, that hath been the destruction of most plantations, hath been the base and hasty drawing of profit, in the first years. It is true, speedy profit is not to be neglected, as far as may stand with the good of the plantation, but no further. It is a shameful and unblessed thing, to take the scum of people, and wicked condemned men, to be the people with whom you plant: and not only so, but it spoileth the plantation; for they will ever live like rogues, and not fall to work, but be la2y, and do mischief, and spend victuals, and be quickly weary, and then certify over to their country, to the discredit of the plantation.
因?yàn)榉駝t不算是殖民，倒成了滅民了。培植一個(gè)新國(guó)家有如造林：必須先打算好了預(yù)備折本二十年，到末了再獲利。大多數(shù)的殖民地之所以毀滅，其主要的原因就是在殖民事業(yè)之初年底卑污而且欲速的取利。當(dāng)然，如果迅速的利潤(rùn)能與殖民地底利益相符，那自然是不可忽視的，但應(yīng)以此為限，不可多求。把本國(guó)人中的廢物敗類，以及作奸犯科之徒搜集起來(lái)作為移殖新土的人民乃是一件可恥而不祥的事;不但如此，這種辦法還會(huì)破壞殖民地的;因?yàn)檫@些人將永遠(yuǎn)過(guò)其敗類底生活，不務(wù)正業(yè)而游惰作亂，消耗食糧，并且很快地就生厭倦，于是就會(huì)給故土寫信敗壞殖民地底名譽(yù)。
The people wherewith you plant, ought to be gardeners, ploughmen, labourers, smiths, carpenters, joiners, fishermen, fowlers, with some few apothecaries, surgeons, cooks, and bakers. In a country of plantation, first look about, what kind of victual the country yields of itself, to hand: as chestnuts, walnuts, pineapples, olives, dates, plums, cherries, wild honey, and the like: and make use of them. Then consider, what victual or esculent things there are, which grow speedily, and within the year, as parsnips, carrots, turnips, onions, radish, artichokes of Jerusalem, maize and the like. For wheat, barley and oats, they ask too much labour: but with peas and beans, you may begin; both because they ask less labour, and because they serve for meat, as well as for bread. And of rice likewise cometh a great increase, and it is a kind of meat Above all, there ought to be brought store of biscuit, oat-meal, flower, meal, and the like, in the beginning, till bread may be had.
用作移民的人民當(dāng)是園丁、耕者、工人、鐵匠、木匠、細(xì)木匠、漁夫、獵鳥(niǎo)者，以及少數(shù)的藥劑師、外科醫(yī)生、廚師、面包師。在欲殖民的國(guó)土中，第一先要各處考察，看那個(gè)地方天然野生的有何食物，如栗子、胡桃、波羅蜜、橄欖、棗、李、櫻桃、野蜂蜜之類，并且利用這些東西。然后再看那個(gè)地方有什么食物可以迅速生長(zhǎng)，在一年以內(nèi)可以成熟者，如防風(fēng)草、胡蘿卜、蕪菁、洋蔥、萊菔、菊芋、玉蜀黍等等是也。至于小麥、大麥、燕麥、它們需要的勞力太多;但是你卻不妨先種點(diǎn)豌豆，大豆，一則因?yàn)樗鼈兯璧膭诹^少，再則因?yàn)樗鼈兗瓤梢灾泼姘?，也可以?dāng)菜吃。類此，稻米底收獲是很大的，并且它也是一種的菜。尤要者，應(yīng)當(dāng)在殖民之始帶多量的餅干、燕麥粉、面粉等等到殖民地去，直到能得到面包為止。
For beasts, or birds, take chiefly such as are least subject to diseases, and multiply fastest: as swine, goats, cocks, hens, turkeys, geese, house-doves, and the like. The victual in plantations ought to be expended, almost as in a besieged town; that is, with certain allowance. And let the main part of the ground employed to gardens or corn, be to a common stock; and to be laid in, and stored up, and then delivered out in proportion; besides some spots of ground, that any particular person will manure, for his own private.
至于家畜家禽之類，主要地應(yīng)當(dāng)帶那些不易生病而蕃殖最速的去;如豬、山羊、雄雞、雌雞，火雞、鵝、家鴿以及這一類的生物是也。殖民地底食物之消耗，應(yīng)當(dāng)和一個(gè)被圍的城里一樣;就是說(shuō)，每人應(yīng)有規(guī)定的消耗量。那作為園圃或麥田的土地，其最大的部分應(yīng)當(dāng)為輸入公倉(cāng)之用;所收的農(nóng)產(chǎn)物應(yīng)當(dāng)先儲(chǔ)藏在這些公倉(cāng)里，然后按固定的數(shù)量分配：此外卻還應(yīng)當(dāng)有些田地，可以讓任何私人為自己而耕種。
Consider likewise, what commodities the soil, where the plantation is, doth naturally yield, that they may some way help to defray the charge of the plantation: so it be not, as was said, to the untimely prejudice of the main business; as it hath fared with tobacco in Virginia. Wood commonly aboundeth but too much; and therefore, timber is fit to be one. If there be iron ore, and streams whereupon to set the mills; iron is a brave commodity, where wood aboundeth. Making a bay salt, if the climate be proper for it, would be put in experience. Growing silk likewise, if any be, is a likely commodity. Pitch and tar, where store of firs and pines are, will not fail. So drugs, and sweet woods, where they are, cannot but yield great profit Soap ashes likewise, and other things that may be thought of. But moil not too much under ground: for the hope of mines is very uncertain, and useth to make the planters lazy in other things. For government let it be in the hands of one, assisted with some counsel: and let them have commission to exercise martial laws, with some limitation.
同樣，也應(yīng)當(dāng)留心殖民地底土壤適于出產(chǎn)何種物品，好讓這些物品可以在某方面稍為減輕殖民地底擔(dān)負(fù)(只要，如以上所說(shuō)，不因?yàn)闀r(shí)機(jī)未熟的緣故而為害于首要的事業(yè)就行了)，如委吉尼亞底煙葉是也。在許多地方森林是只會(huì)多而不會(huì)少的，因此木材也可算是上述的物產(chǎn)之一。如果有鐵礦底礦苗，并且還有河流，可以令人在河邊上設(shè)起磨來(lái)的話，那末在森林多的地方鐵就是一種可貴的產(chǎn)物了。在氣候適宜的地方，煮鹽是應(yīng)當(dāng)試辦的。類此，苧麻之屬，如果有之，也是一種可貴的物品。在富有松杉的地方，瀝青和焦油是不會(huì)缺乏的。同樣地，藥材，香木這一類的東西，只要出得多，一定是可獲大利的?？捎米龇试淼膲A灰，以及其他可以發(fā)現(xiàn)的物品，也都是可以借之得利的。但是不可過(guò)于注重礦產(chǎn);因?yàn)殛P(guān)于礦產(chǎn)的希望是很不可靠的，而且常使移民在別的方面成為懶惰。至于統(tǒng)治之事，最好使一人掌權(quán)，而由若干議事官輔佐之：并且最好讓他們有施行有限度的戒嚴(yán)法令之權(quán)。
And above all, let men make that profit of being in the wilderness, as they have God always, and his service before their eyes. Let not the government of the plantation depend upon too many counsellors, and undertakers, in the country that planteth, but upon a temperate number, and let those be rather noblemen, and gentlemen, than merchants: for they look ever to the present gain. Let there be freedoms from custom, till the plantation be of strength: and not only freedom from custom, but freedom to carry their commodities, where they may make their best of them, except there be some special cause of caution. Cram not in people, by sending too fast company after company; but rather hearken how they waste, and send supplies proportionably; but so, as the number may live well in the plantation, and not by surcharge be in penury. It hath been a great endangering to the health of some plantations, that they have built along the sea, and rivers, in marsh and unwholesome grounds.
尤要者，讓人們受益于居于荒野的心理，而心目中永遠(yuǎn)保持著敬上帝和為上帝服務(wù)的觀念。殖民地底政府不可依靠過(guò)多的居留在母國(guó)的議事官和司長(zhǎng)，委員之流，這些人底人數(shù)應(yīng)該適中才好;而且這些人頂好是貴族，紳士，而不是商人，因?yàn)樯倘丝偸侵啬壳爸摹Ｖ敝林趁竦馗畹俟桃郧?，最好不要以關(guān)稅來(lái)束縛它;不但要不受關(guān)稅底束縛，還要使殖民地底人有把他們底物產(chǎn)運(yùn)到可以獲利最豐的地方去底自由——除非是有特殊理由應(yīng)當(dāng)防止這種情形。不要太快地一批又一批地送移民到殖民地去，以致有人滿之患。反之，應(yīng)該留意殖民地底人口之減少而按比例補(bǔ)充之;但是務(wù)要使殖民地底人可以安居樂(lè)業(yè)，而不可使他們因?yàn)槿藬?shù)過(guò)多而陷于貧乏。有些殖民地，因?yàn)榻ㄖ诤I河岸，沮洳不良之地的原故，其居民底健康曾大受危害。
Therefore, though you begin there, to avoid carriage, and other like discommodities, yet build still rather upwards, from the streams, than along. It concerneth likewise the health of the plantation, that they have good store of salt with them, that they may use it in their victuals, when it shall be necessary. If you plant, where savages are, do not only entertain them with trifles, and gingles; but use them justly, and graciously, with sufficient guard nevertheless: and do not win their favour, by helping them to invade their enemies, but for their defence it is not amiss: and send oft of them, over to the country that plants, that they may see a better condition then their own, and commend it when they return.
因此，雖然在起初你無(wú)妨在上述的那種地方建筑，以避運(yùn)輸上及其他的不便，但是此后為長(zhǎng)久計(jì)，應(yīng)當(dāng)往河岸之上的高處建筑，而不可沿河建筑。殖民地的人并且還應(yīng)當(dāng)存儲(chǔ)多量的食鹽以便于必要時(shí)腌藏食物，毋使腐敗，這也是與他們底健康有關(guān)的。如果你在有野蠻人的地方殖民，不要僅僅以不值錢的零碎物件或玩具得他們底歡心，應(yīng)當(dāng)以公道與恩惠待他們，而同時(shí)妥為防備;也不可幫助他們攻襲他們底敵人以取悅于他們，惟在他們受敵人攻擊的時(shí)候幫他們自衛(wèi)，那是不錯(cuò)的：此外還應(yīng)當(dāng)常常在他們之中選派若干送到殖民底本國(guó)去觀光，好讓他們可以看見(jiàn)比他們自己底生活情形好的生活情形，并且在回來(lái)的時(shí)候稱揚(yáng)這種情形。
When the plantation grows to strength, then it is time to plant with women, as well as with men; that the plantation may spread into generations, and not be ever pieced from without. It is the sinfullest thing in the world, to forsake or destitute a plantation, once in forwardness: for besides the dishonour, it is the guiltiness of blood of many commiserable persons.
殖民地底力量增強(qiáng)之后，就可以不但移殖男子，婦女也可以去了;這樣那殖民地就可以世代蕃衍下去而不至于永遠(yuǎn)由外面補(bǔ)充了。在一個(gè)殖民地已經(jīng)有進(jìn)展的時(shí)候而棄絕之乃是世界上最大的罪惡，因?yàn)檫@不僅是一種恥辱，而且是一種殘殺了許多可憐人的殺人罪也。
培根經(jīng)典隨筆雙語(yǔ)閱讀：論邦國(guó)底真正偉大之處
The speech of Themistocles the Athenian, which was haughty and arrogant, in taking so much to himself, had been a grave and wise observation and censure, applied at large to others. Desired at a feast to touch a lute, he said; He could not fiddle, but yet he could make a small town, a great city. These words (holpen a little with a metaphor) may express two differing abilities, in those mat deal in business of estate. For if a true survey be taken, of counsellors and statesmen, there may be found (though rarely) those which can make a small state great and yet cannot fiddle: as on the other side, there will be found a great many, that can fiddle very cunningly, but yet are so far from being able to make a small state great as their gift lieth the other way; to bring a great and flourishing estate to ruin and decay. And certainly, those degenerate arts and shifts, whereby many counsellor and governors gain both favour with their masters, and estimation with the vulgar, deserve no better name then fiddling; being things rather pleasing for the time, and graceful to themselves only, than tending to the weal and advancement of the state which they serve.
雅典人塞密斯陶克立斯在某次宴會(huì)上有人想請(qǐng)他彈琵琶。他說(shuō)他不會(huì)弄琴可是會(huì)把一個(gè)小城弄成一座大邦。這句話因?yàn)檫^(guò)于歸功自己，所以是驕傲不遜;但是如果一般地用在別人身上，則可算是很莊肅賢明的評(píng)論。這句話(再用譬喻底說(shuō)法引申一下)就可以把從事國(guó)政者之中兩種不同的才能表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。因?yàn)?，如果把議事和執(zhí)政的各官真正地觀察一下，其中也許可以發(fā)見(jiàn)(雖然這是很稀有的)幾個(gè)能使小國(guó)變?yōu)榇蟀?，而不能弄琴的?同時(shí)，在另一方面，卻可以發(fā)現(xiàn)許多巧于弄琴可是不但不能使小國(guó)變?yōu)榇蟀?，而且是有相反的天才的人，他們是能把一個(gè)偉大而興盛的國(guó)家?guī)У剿〉蛄愕牡夭降摹２⑶?，那些墮落的技巧智能，許多公卿大夫借之以邀寵于主上釣名于流俗者，確是除了“弄琴”之名，不值得更好的名稱的：因?yàn)檫@些技巧智能不過(guò)是一時(shí)歡樂(lè)之資，在會(huì)者本人雖可借以炫耀，而于他們所事的國(guó)家之幸福與進(jìn)步，則無(wú)所裨益也。
There are also (no doubt) counsellor and governors, which may be held sufficient (negotus pares), able to manage affairs, and to keep them from precipices and manifest inconveniences; which nevertheless, are far from the ability to raise and amplify an estate, in power, means, and fortune. But be the workmen what they may be, let us speak of the work; that is, the true greatness of kingdoms and estates; and the means thereof. An argument, fit for great and mighty princes to have in their hand; to the end, that neither by over-measuring their forces, they lose themselves in vain enterprises; nor on the other side, by undervaluing them, they descend to fearful and pusillanimous counsels.
當(dāng)然，也有些公卿大夫夠得上一個(gè)“能”字的(即所謂“干才”)。他們能夠調(diào)理國(guó)政，不使陷于危難和明顯的困境，可是若要把國(guó)家在力量，財(cái)富，國(guó)運(yùn)上都增強(qiáng)長(zhǎng)大，則他們斷斷無(wú)此能力?，F(xiàn)在我們不管做事的人怎么樣，且一談事務(wù)底本身;就是，國(guó)家底真正偉大之處以及達(dá)到這種情形的方法。這是一個(gè)值得雄王英主常?？紤]的題目;為的是他們既可以不至于因?yàn)檫^(guò)于相信自己底力量而多事妄為，虛耗實(shí)力;又可以不至于因?yàn)檫^(guò)于卑視自己底力量而屈尊以從怯懦畏葸的計(jì)議也。
The greatness of an estate in bulk and territory doth fall under measure; and the greatness of finances and revenue doth fall under computation. The population may appear by musters: and the number and greatness of cities and towns, by cards and maps. But yet there is not anything amongst civil affairs more subject to error, than the right valuation, and true judgement,
concerning the power and forces of an estate.
一個(gè)國(guó)家底疆土之大小是可以測(cè)量的;其財(cái)賦收入之多少是可以計(jì)算的。它底人口可由戶口冊(cè)卷而得見(jiàn)，城鎮(zhèn)之多少及大小則可由圖表而知之。然而在人事中沒(méi)有比關(guān)于一國(guó)底力量的真正估計(jì)推斷更為易于錯(cuò)誤的。
The kingdom of Heaven is compared, not to any great kernel or nut, but to a grain of mustard-seed; which is one of the least grains, but hath in it a property and spirit, hastily to get up and spread. So are there states, great in territory, and yet not apt to enlarge, or command; and some, that have but a small dimension of stem, and yet apt to be the foundations of great monarchies.
基督把天國(guó)不譬做任何巨大的果核或種子而譬做一粒芥子;即是一種最小的種子，但是卻有一種迅速發(fā)芽及長(zhǎng)大底特性與精神。類此，有些國(guó)家底疆土很大，可是不能伸張國(guó)力或領(lǐng)袖他國(guó);又有些國(guó)家幅員很小，有如一種軀干微小的植物，然而卻能為強(qiáng)大的帝國(guó)之基礎(chǔ)
Walled towns, stored arsenals and armouries, goodly races of horse, chariots of war, elephants, ordnance, artillery, and the like: all this is but a sheep in a lion\'s skin, except the breed and disposition of the people be stout and warlike. Nay, number (itself) in armies, importeth not much, where the people is of weak courage: for (as Virgil saith) It never troubles a wolf how many the sheep be. The army of the Persians in the plains of Arbela was such a vast sea of people, as it did somewhat astonish the commanders in Alexander\'s army; who came to him therefore, and wished him to set upon them by night; but he answered, he would not pilfer the victory.
堅(jiān)城、武庫(kù)、名馬、戰(zhàn)車、巨象、大炮等等不過(guò)是披著獅子皮的綿羊，除非人民底體質(zhì)和精神是堅(jiān)強(qiáng)好戰(zhàn)的。不特如此，若是民無(wú)勇氣，則兵士數(shù)目之多是無(wú)關(guān)緊要的，委吉爾所謂“一只狼從不介意有多少只羊”者即指此也。在阿比拉(Arbela)平原中的波斯軍有如一片人海，竟使亞歷山大軍中的將領(lǐng)不免驚惶;因此他們來(lái)到亞歷山大面前，并建議在夜間進(jìn)攻;但是他說(shuō)：“我不愿偷取勝利”。
And the defeat was easy. When Tigranes the Armenian, being encamped upon a hill, with four hundred thousand men, discovered the army of the Romans being not above fourteen thousand marching towards him, he made himself merry with it, and said; Yonder men are too many for an ambassage and too few for a fight. But before the sun set, he found them enough to give him the chase, with infinite slaughter. Many are the examples, of the great odds between number and courage: so that a man may truly make a judgement, that the principal point of greatness in any state is to have a race of military men. Neither is money the sinews of war (as it is trivially said), where the sinews of men\'s arms, in base and effeminate people, are failing. For Solon said well to Croesus (when in ostentation he showed him his gold), Sir, if any other come that hath better iron than you he will be master of all this gold. Therefore let any prince or state think soberly of his forces, except his militia of natives be of good and valiant soldiers.
結(jié)果是容容易易地打敗了敵人。阿米尼亞王蒂格拉奈斯率四十萬(wàn)大軍駐于一座山頭，當(dāng)他看見(jiàn)那不過(guò)一萬(wàn)四千的羅馬軍向他進(jìn)攻的時(shí)候，他就說(shuō)笑話道：“那些人若是使節(jié)則太多，若為戰(zhàn)斗而來(lái)則太少了”。但是，那天底太陽(yáng)落之前，他已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)這些人很夠追逐他并大戮他底軍隊(duì)了。關(guān)于數(shù)目不敵勇氣的例子是很多的：因此我們不妨斷言，任何國(guó)家若要偉大，其主要之點(diǎn)，就在要有一個(gè)善戰(zhàn)的民族?！敖疱X是戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)底筋肉”，這是句平常的老套，然而是人民卑污淫靡，其兩臂底筋肉無(wú)力，則金錢也不能算是戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)底筋肉了。因?yàn)樗鱾悓?duì)克瑞薩斯(當(dāng)克瑞薩斯為了炫示他底富有起見(jiàn)把他底藏金給索倫看的時(shí)候)所說(shuō)的話是說(shuō)得很好的。“陛下，若是另一人前來(lái)，他底勝于陛下底鐵，那末他就要變成這些金子底主人了”。所以任何君王或國(guó)家，除非自己底國(guó)民組成的軍隊(duì)是優(yōu)良驍勇的話，最好不要對(duì)自己底力量估價(jià)過(guò)高。
And let princes, on the other side, that have subjects of martial disposition, know their own strength; unless they be otherwise wanting unto themselves. As for mercenary forces (which is the help in this case), all examples show; that, whatsoever estate or prince doth rest upon them, he may spread his feathers for a time but he will mew them soon after.
在另一方面，那些有強(qiáng)悍好戰(zhàn)的臣民的君王則應(yīng)當(dāng)知道自己力量——除非這些臣民在別的方面是有缺陷的。至于用金錢募集的客軍(那就是自己底臣民不可靠的時(shí)候的助力)，所有的先例都證明任何倚仗客軍的政府或君主雖然可以得意一時(shí)，如鳥(niǎo)之張翼，然而不久將不免于鎩羽也。
The blessing of Judah and Issachar will never meet; that the same people or nation, should be both the lion\'s whelp and the ass between burthens: neither will it be, that a people over-laid with taxes should ever become valiant, and martial. It is true, that taxes levied by consent of the estate, do abate men\'s courage less; as it hath been seen notably, in the excises of the Low Countries; and in some degree, in the subsidies of England. For you must note, that we speak now of the heart, and not of the purse. So that, although the same tribute and tax laid by
consent, or by imposing, be all one to the purse, yet it works diversely upon the courage. So that you may conclude; that no people over-charged with tribute is fit for empire.Let states that aim at greatness, take heed how their nobility and gentlemen do multiply too fast. For that maketh the common subject grow to be a peasant, and base swain, driven out of heart, and in effect but the gentleman\'s labourer.
猶大和以薩迦底命運(yùn)是永不會(huì)相合的，同一個(gè)民族或國(guó)家不會(huì)既是幼獅而又是負(fù)重的驢子一樣;再者，一個(gè)困于租稅的民族而要變?yōu)槲溆潞脩?zhàn)，這也是不可能的。經(jīng)國(guó)民同意而征收的租稅比僅由掌權(quán)者片面征收的租稅，減人勇氣較少;荷蘭底國(guó)稅就是一個(gè)很明顯的例子;在某種程度上，英國(guó)底特稅也可算是一個(gè)例子。讀者必須注意我們現(xiàn)在所論的是心膽的問(wèn)題而不是錢包的問(wèn)題。一樣的賦稅，不論是經(jīng)國(guó)民同意與否，對(duì)于錢包的作用是同一的，但是對(duì)于人民底勇氣，其作用可就不同了。因此你可以斷定，凡是困于租稅的人民是不適于建立帝國(guó)的。凡是志欲強(qiáng)大的國(guó)家應(yīng)當(dāng)小心，不可使國(guó)內(nèi)的貴族和紳士階級(jí)繁殖過(guò)速。因?yàn)檫@種情形將使平民變?yōu)檗r(nóng)奴村夫，使他們意志沮喪，實(shí)際上成為上流階級(jí)底奴仆而已。
Even as you may see in coppice woods; if you leave your staddles too thick, you shall never have clean underwood, but shrubs and bushes. So in countries, if the gentlemen be too many, the commons will be base; and you will bring it to that, that not the hundred poll will be fit for an helmet: especially as to the infantry, which is the nerve of an army: and so there will be
great population, and little strength. This, which I speak of, hath been nowhere better seen, then by comparing of England and France; whereof England, though far less in territory and population, hath been (nevertheless) an overmatch; in regard, the middle people of England make good soldiers, which the peasants of France do not And herein, the device of King Henry the Seventh, (whereof I have spoken largely in the history of his life) was profound, and admirable; in making farms, and houses of husbandry, of a standard; that is, maintained with such a proportion of land unto mem, as may breed a subject to live in convenient plenty, and no servile condition; and to keep the plough in the hands of the owners, and not mere hirelings.
這就好象你在叢林中可以見(jiàn)到的情形一樣;假如你把小樹(shù)留得過(guò)密，那末你就永不會(huì)有清清楚楚的叢林，而只能有矮樹(shù)野藪。類此，在國(guó)家之內(nèi)，如果上流階級(jí)人數(shù)過(guò)多，則平民必降為卑下，其結(jié)果將至于一百個(gè)頭顱沒(méi)有一個(gè)配戴盔的;尤其對(duì)于那為軍隊(duì)之神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的步兵為然;如此的國(guó)家將有很大的人口而很小的力量了。我所談的這一點(diǎn)，若要找個(gè)例子來(lái)證明它，那末最好是把英國(guó)和法國(guó)比較一下：兩國(guó)之中，雖然英國(guó)在疆土和人口方面都不及法國(guó)，然而和法國(guó)敵對(duì)起來(lái)，卻居然不止是個(gè)敵手;這就因?yàn)橛?guó)底一般民眾能成為優(yōu)良的兵士，而法國(guó)底鄉(xiāng)農(nóng)則不能也。在這一點(diǎn)上英王亨利第七底法度(關(guān)于這個(gè)法度曾在拙著《亨利第七本紀(jì)》中詳言之)真是用意深遠(yuǎn)，值得欽佩的。他把田莊農(nóng)舍都規(guī)劃齊一了。所謂規(guī)劃齊一者，就是依他底規(guī)定，凡是田莊農(nóng)舍必須要受一定限度的田地底維持，這限度就在要使那田莊農(nóng)舍里的人能以生活裕如不至淪入賤役;他這種制度又使耕田的人就是田底主人而非僅僅是雇傭之徒。
And thus indeed, you shall attain to Virgil\'s character, which he gives to ancient Italy: terra potens arrnis atque ubere glebae. Neither is that state (which for anything I know, is almost peculiar to England and hardly to be found anywhere else, except it be perhaps in Poland) to be passed over; I mean die state of free servants and attendants upon noblemen and gentlemen; which are no ways inferior unto the yeomanry for arms.
這樣就可以達(dá)到委吉爾所形容的古意大利底性質(zhì)了：一個(gè)兵強(qiáng)土肥因而偉大的國(guó)家。還有一種情形(這種情形據(jù)我所知幾乎是英國(guó)特有的，除了或者在波蘭以外，別處恐怕是遇不到的)也是不可忽略的：就是服侍貴族和紳士的都是自由人;而這些人在武事上毫不劣于中產(chǎn)的平民。
And therefore, out of all question, the splendour, and magnificence, and great retinues, and hospitality of noblemen and gentlemen received into custom, doth much conduce unto martial greatness. Whereas, contrariwise, the close and reserved living of noblemen and gentlemen causeth a penury of military forces.
因此，貴族和上流人士底生活中那種種的榮華豪氣，賓客之盛，禮儀之隆，一旦成為風(fēng)習(xí)之后，的確都是很能引人到武功底偉大上去的。反之，貴族與上流人士底生活若是吝嗇隱秘，則將使國(guó)內(nèi)底武力大為削弱。
By all means, it is to be procured, that the trunk of Nebuchadnezzar\'s tree of monarchy be great enough to bear the branches, and the boughs; that is, that the natural subjects of the crown or state bear a sufficient proportion to the stronger subjects that they govern. Therefore all states, that are liberal of naturalisation towards strangers, are fit for empire. For to think that an handful of people can, with the greatest courage and policy in the world, embrace too large extent of dominion, it may hold for a time, but it will fail suddenly. The Spartans were a nice people, in point of naturalisation; whereby, while they kept their compass, they stood firm; but when they did spread, and their boughs were becoming too great for their stem, they became a windfall upon the sudden. Never any state was, in this point, so open to receive strangers into their body, as were the Romans.
無(wú)論用何種方法，務(wù)須使尼布甲尼撒夢(mèng)中所見(jiàn)的王國(guó)底軀干強(qiáng)大到能夠支持枝葉的程度;這句話底意思就是，皇帝或政府底本族臣民同他們統(tǒng)屬治理的異族人民比起來(lái)，其多寡須有正當(dāng)?shù)谋壤?。因此，所有那些使異族人容易入籍歸化的國(guó)家都是適于成為帝國(guó)的。若以為小小的民族，因其智勇絕倫，竟足以征服并保有過(guò)大的國(guó)度，這種事短時(shí)間是可能的，但是這樣的國(guó)度不久將會(huì)突然滅亡的。斯巴達(dá)人對(duì)于入籍一事過(guò)于嚴(yán)密;因此，當(dāng)他們守著自己底小小的國(guó)境的時(shí)候，他們底地位是很鞏固的;但是到了他們底國(guó)境擴(kuò)張，枝葉變得為軀干所不能支持的時(shí)候，他們就突然覆亡，如風(fēng)吹果落一樣。在入籍的這一點(diǎn)上，從來(lái)沒(méi)有一國(guó)如羅馬之易于容納異族者。
Therefore it sorted with them accordingly; for they grew to the greatest monarchy. Their manner was, to grant naturalisation (which they called ins civitatis), and to grant it in the highest degree; that is, not only ins conmercci, ius connubii, ius heredHatis; but also, ius suffragii, and ius honorum. And this, not to singular persons alone, but likewise to whole families; yea to cities, and sometimes to nations. Add to this, their custom of plantation of colonies; whereby the Roman plant was removed into the soil of other nations. And putting both constitutions together, you will say, that it was not the Roman that spread upon the world; but it was the world that spread upon the Romans: and that was the sure way of greatness. I have marvelled sometimes at Spain, how they clasp and contain so large dominions, with so few natural Spaniards: but sure, the whole compass of Spain is a very great body of a tree; far above Rome and Sparta at the first And besides, though they have not had that usage, to naturalise liberally; yet they have that, which is next to it; that is, to employ almost indifferently all nations in their militia of ordinary soldiers: yea, and sometimes in their highest commands. Nay, it seemeth at this instant, they are sensible of this want of natives; as by the Pragmatical Sanction, now published, appeareth.
因此羅馬人底結(jié)局也因之而很好;因?yàn)樗麄兂闪耸澜缟献顐ゴ蟮牡蹏?guó)。羅馬人底辦法是不僅把國(guó)籍權(quán)(他們叫做市民權(quán))給予愿入籍的人而且是把這種權(quán)益極為充分地給予他：這就是說(shuō)，他們不但把交易權(quán)，婚娶權(quán)和承繼權(quán)給予愿入籍的人而且還把選舉權(quán)和任官權(quán)給予這種人。并且這種的授權(quán)其受者不限于個(gè)人，一個(gè)家族也可以受這些權(quán)利;不但如此，一城的人，有時(shí)一國(guó)的人也可如此得享羅馬公民底權(quán)利。此外再加上羅馬人移民殖民底習(xí)慣，由于種習(xí)慣羅馬這個(gè)植物就由本土而移植到異鄉(xiāng)底土壤中了。把這兩種制度加在一起，你盡可以說(shuō)并不是羅馬人發(fā)展到全世界去，而全世界發(fā)展到羅馬來(lái)了;而這種情形確是大國(guó)之道。我曾對(duì)西班牙感覺(jué)驚異，就是道地的西\班牙人如此之少，而何以他們能夠占據(jù)并統(tǒng)轄這么大的屬地呢?但是西班牙本國(guó)底疆土的確是一棵大樹(shù)，較之羅馬和斯巴達(dá)初起的時(shí)候，優(yōu)勝得多了。并且，雖然他們沒(méi)有容易準(zhǔn)人入籍的慣例，可是他們有僅次于這\個(gè)慣例的辦法;就是，在他們底普通兵士組成的軍隊(duì)中所用的人是差不多毫無(wú)本國(guó)人與異族底分別的;不但如此，有時(shí)在他們底最高將領(lǐng)中也有異族人。又，就西王腓力普所頒的特詔看來(lái)，他們現(xiàn)在對(duì)于本國(guó)人口不足的這種情形似乎是很感覺(jué)到的。
It is certain, that sedentary and within-door arts, and delicate manufactures (that require rather the finger than the arm) have, in their nature, a contrariety to a military disposition. And generally, all warlike people are a little idle; and love danger better then travail: neither must they be too much broken of it, if they shall be preserved in vigour. 坐著作的，戶內(nèi)的技藝，以及精密的制造(需用手指之巧而不需用臂力之強(qiáng)者)在本性中就與好戰(zhàn)的心理不合，這是無(wú)疑的。一般言之，所有好戰(zhàn)的民族都有點(diǎn)游蕩，愛(ài)危險(xiǎn)甚于愛(ài)勞作。如果我們要他們?nèi)耘f保持那種武勇的精神，那我們就不可過(guò)于禁制或改移他們底好尚。
Therefore, it was great advantage, in the ancient states of Sparta, Athens, Rome and others, that they had the use of slaves which commonly did rid those manufactures.
因此，古代的斯巴達(dá)、雅典、羅馬，以及其他的國(guó)家都蓄養(yǎng)奴隸，讓他們擔(dān)任那些勞作，這是他們那些國(guó)家底一個(gè)大便宜。
But that is abolished, in greatest part, by the Christian law. That which cometh nearest to it, is to leave those arts chiefly to strangers (which for that purpose are the more easily to be received), and to contain the principal bulk of the vulgar natives, within those three kinds; tillers of the ground; free servants; and handy-craftsmen of strong and manly arts, as smiths, masons, carpenters, etc.; not reckoning professed soldiers.
但是蓄奴之制已由____底教律而大部廢除了。最和蓄奴制相近的辦法就是把那些技藝大部留給異族人去做(異族人為了這個(gè)原故也易在所在國(guó)里容身)而把本國(guó)人中一般民眾底大多數(shù)限于三種工作或職業(yè)——耕者，自由的仆役;從事強(qiáng)力健壯的工作的工匠，如鐵匠、泥匠、木匠等等：正式的軍人還不算在內(nèi)
But above all, for empire and greatness, it importeth most; that a nation do profess arms, as their principal honour, study, and occupation. For the things, which we formerly have spoken of, are but habitations towards arms: and what is habilitation without intention and act? Romulus, after his death (as they report, or feign) sent a present to the Romans; that, above all, they should intend arms; and then, they should prove the greatest empire of the world. The fabric of the state of Sparta was wholly (though not wisely) framed, and composed, to that scope and end. The Persians and Macedonians had it for a flash. The Gauls, Germans, Goths, Saxons, Normans and others, had it for a time. The Turks have it, at this day, though in great declination.
但是，最要者，若欲國(guó)家強(qiáng)大，威權(quán)伸張，則一國(guó)之人務(wù)須把軍事認(rèn)為舉國(guó)唯一的榮譽(yù)、學(xué)問(wèn)和職業(yè)。因?yàn)槲乙陨纤f(shuō)的那些事不過(guò)是軍事底準(zhǔn)備而已;但是若沒(méi)有目的和行動(dòng)，則準(zhǔn)備又有何用?羅繆剌斯死后(這是人家傳說(shuō)或寓言的)給羅馬人送來(lái)了一個(gè)忠告，教他們最要留心武事;若果他們這樣做，他們將成為世界上最大的帝國(guó)。斯巴達(dá)底國(guó)家結(jié)構(gòu)是全然(雖然不甚巧妙地)以武事為目的準(zhǔn)則而建造組織成的。波斯人與馬其頓人在很短的一瞬間有過(guò)這樣舉國(guó)皆兵的情形。高爾人、日耳曼人、戈斯人、薩克遜人、諾曼人和其他的民族在某一時(shí)代都有過(guò)這樣的情形。土耳其人在如今還是這樣的情形，雖然已經(jīng)大為衰頹了。
Of Christian Europe, they that have it, are, in effect, only the Spaniards. But it is so plain, that every man profiteth in that he most intendeth, that it needeth not to be stood upon. It is enough to point at it; that no nation, which doth not directly profess arms, may look to have greatness fall into their mouths. And, on the other side, it is a most certain oracle of time; that those states, that continue long in that profession (as the Romans and Turks principally have done) do wonders. And those that have professed arms but for an age, have notwithstanding commonly attained that greatness in that age, which maintained them long after, when their profession and exercise of arms hath grown to decay.
在歐洲的____國(guó)中，有這種情形的國(guó)家實(shí)際只有西班牙一國(guó)。但是無(wú)論何人，其所最得力者就是平日所最致力者，這個(gè)道理太明顯了，不必多說(shuō)，我們只有略加指點(diǎn)就行了：就是，不干脆尚武的國(guó)家是不必希望會(huì)突然變?yōu)閺?qiáng)大的。在相反的一方面，那些長(zhǎng)期尚武的國(guó)家(如羅馬人和土耳其人之所為)將成大業(yè)立奇功，這是歷史底最可靠的教訓(xùn)。那些僅僅在某一時(shí)期曾經(jīng)尚武的國(guó)家卻也曾多半變?yōu)閺?qiáng)大，而這種強(qiáng)大的情形，是到了后來(lái)他們對(duì)武事的崇尚與運(yùn)用已經(jīng)衰頹的時(shí)候，仍然為他們底支持物的。
Incident to this point is; for a state, to have those laws or customs, which may reach forth unto them just occasions (as may be pretended) of war. For there is that justice imprinted in the nature of men, that they enter not upon wars (whereof so many calamities do ensue) but upon some, at the least specious, grounds and quarrels.
同這一點(diǎn)相連的還有一點(diǎn)，就是，一個(gè)國(guó)家頂好有一些法律或風(fēng)俗，這種法律和風(fēng)俗要使他們有作戰(zhàn)的正當(dāng)理由(或至少有所借口)才好。因?yàn)槿诵灾凶杂幸环N天賦的公道，除非有一點(diǎn)爭(zhēng)戰(zhàn)底根據(jù)或理由(至少是勉強(qiáng)可以算做理由的話頭)，他們是不肯加入那兇險(xiǎn)甚多的戰(zhàn)事的。
The Turk hath at hand, for cause of war, the propagation of his law or sect; a quarrel that he may always command. The Romans, though they esteemed the extending the limits of their empire to be great honour to their generals, when it was done, yet they never rested upon that alone, to begin a war. First therefore, let nations, that pretend to greatness, have this; that they be sensible of wrongs, either upon borderers, merchants, or politic ministers; and mat they sit not too long upon a provocation.
土耳其的君主為了作戰(zhàn)，常以傳播他底宗教為理由：這是一種很方便的，隨時(shí)可以利用的理由。羅馬人雖然在開(kāi)疆拓土底事業(yè)已經(jīng)成功之后，把這種事認(rèn)為是統(tǒng)兵將帥底大榮耀，然而他們從未把開(kāi)拓疆土一事認(rèn)為起釁底好理由。因此，凡是志在強(qiáng)大的國(guó)家，第一應(yīng)當(dāng)有這點(diǎn)性質(zhì)，就是，對(duì)于別國(guó)底侮辱傷害，要敏感，無(wú)論這種侮辱傷害是加于邊鄰，或施于本國(guó)底商人或使節(jié)的;并且對(duì)別人底撩撥，不可縱容過(guò)久。
Secondly, let them be pressed and ready to give aids and succours, to their confederates: as it ever was with the Roman: in so much, as if the confederate had leagues defensive with divers other states, and upon invasion offered, did implore their aids severally, yet the Romans would ever be the foremost, and leave it to none other to have the honour. As for the wars which were anciently made on the behalf of a kind of party, or tacit conformity of estate, I do not see how they may be well justified: as when the Romans made a war for the liberty of Greece: or when the Lacedaemonians and Athenians made wars, to set up or pull down democracies, and oligarchies: or when wars were made by foreigners, under the pretence of justice, or protection, to deliver the subjects of others from tyranny, and oppression; and the like. Let it suffice, that no estate expect to be great that is not awake, upon any just occasion of arming.
第二，他們應(yīng)當(dāng)常常準(zhǔn)備著對(duì)他們底與國(guó)或同盟加以援助，如羅馬人從來(lái)之所為一樣;羅馬人底辦法是這樣的，假令有一國(guó)與羅馬之外的許多國(guó)家也曾締結(jié)盟約互為保障，到了有敵國(guó)來(lái)犯的時(shí)候，并曾向這各國(guó)分頭乞援，羅馬人總是首先赴援，不讓別的任何國(guó)家有這種榮譽(yù)。至于古人為了擁護(hù)一黨一派或?qū)嵸|(zhì)相同的政體而起的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，我不懂那是有什么正當(dāng)理由的：例如羅馬人為了希臘底自由而戰(zhàn)，斯巴達(dá)人和雅典人為了建立或傾覆民主政治和寡頭政治而戰(zhàn)，又如某一國(guó)底人，假借公道或人道底名義，來(lái)解除他一國(guó)中的專制與壓迫，諸如此類者皆是也?？傊彩遣粶?zhǔn)備有了正當(dāng)理由就立即動(dòng)兵的國(guó)家，不必希冀強(qiáng)大也。
No body can be healthful without exercise, neither natural body, nor politic: and certainly, to a kingdom or estate, a just and honourable war is the true exercise. A civil war, indeed, is like the heat of a fever, but a foreign war is like the heat of exercise, and serveth to keep the body in health: for in a slothful peace, both courages will effeminate, and manners corrupt But howsoever it be for happiness, without all question, for greatness it maketh to be still, for the most part, in arms: and the strength of a veteran army (though it be a chargeable business), always on foot, is that, which commonly giveth the law, or at least the reputation amongst all neighbour states; as may well be seen in Spain; which hath had, in one part or other, a veteran army, almost continually, now by the space of six-score years.
不論是個(gè)人底身體或國(guó)家底團(tuán)體，如不運(yùn)動(dòng)則其體不強(qiáng)：而對(duì)于一個(gè)王國(guó)或共和國(guó)，一個(gè)有理由有光榮的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)乃是一種真實(shí)的運(yùn)動(dòng)，這是無(wú)疑的。內(nèi)戰(zhàn)真有如患病發(fā)熱;但是對(duì)外作戰(zhàn)則有如運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)熱，是可以保持身體健康的;因?yàn)樵谝环N偷惰的和平中，民氣將變?yōu)槿崦叶竦聦⒆優(yōu)楦瘮∫病５?，不管為了幸福是怎么樣，為了?guó)家底強(qiáng)大起見(jiàn)，國(guó)民大部分常常從事武備是很有利的;一個(gè)常在行動(dòng)中的，久經(jīng)戰(zhàn)陣的軍隊(duì)底力量(雖然這種力量是代價(jià)很高的)，正即是使我在所有的鄰國(guó)中能有發(fā)號(hào)施令之權(quán)(或者至少能有這種名譽(yù))的工具也;西班牙就是一個(gè)很明顯的例子，西班牙在歐洲各處差不多長(zhǎng)期駐有精兵，已經(jīng)約有120年之久了。
To be master of the sea is an abridgement of a monarchy. Cicero writing to Atticus, of Pompey his preparation against Caesar, saith; consilium Pompeii plane Themistocum est; putat enim, qui mari potitur, eum rerum potiri. And, without doubt, Pompey had tired out Caesar, if upon vain confidence, he had not left that way. We see the great effects of battles by sea. The battle of Actium decided the empire of the world. The battle of Lepanto arrested the greatness of the Turks.
一個(gè)國(guó)家若能成為海上底主人就等于已成了一個(gè)帝國(guó)。西塞羅致書阿蒂苦斯論龐拜對(duì)愷撒的軍事準(zhǔn)備時(shí)說(shuō)道：“龐拜所遵循的是一種真正的塞密斯陶立克斯式的策略：他以為那掌握海權(quán)的人，就是掌握一切的人”。無(wú)疑地，如果龐拜不因一時(shí)自大輕敵而舍舟從陸，他一定會(huì)使愷撒疲于奔命的。海戰(zhàn)底重大影響是我們看得見(jiàn)的。?？伺d之戰(zhàn)決定了羅馬帝國(guó)之誰(shuí)屬。勒盤陶之戰(zhàn)制止了土耳其人底強(qiáng)橫。
There be many examples, where sea-fights have been final to the war; but this is, when princes or states have set up their rest upon the battles. But thus much is certain; that he that commands the sea is at great liberty, and may take as much, and as little of the war, as he will. Whereas those that be strongest by land, are many times nevertheless in great straits. Surely, at this day, with us of Europe, the vantage of strength at sea (which is one of the principal dowries of this kingdom of Great Britain) is great: both because, most of the kingdoms of Europe are not merely inland, but girt with the sea, most part of their compass; and because, the wealth of both Indies seems in great part but an accessory to the command of the seas.
海戰(zhàn)為全部戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之最后決戰(zhàn)者其例甚多。這種情形固然是君主或國(guó)家們把一切都憑海戰(zhàn)來(lái)決定底結(jié)果，然而這點(diǎn)是確定的，就是握有海上霸權(quán)的一方是很自由的，在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)上它是可多可少，一隨己意的。在相反的一方面，那些陸軍最強(qiáng)的國(guó)家卻往往感受極大的困難。無(wú)疑地，在今日，我們歐洲的諸國(guó)中，海上的勢(shì)力(這種勢(shì)力是大不列顛底主要的天賦優(yōu)點(diǎn)之一)是一種很大的長(zhǎng)處;一則因?yàn)闅W洲底各國(guó)，大多數(shù)不是純粹內(nèi)陸的，而是國(guó)境底大部分臨著海的;再則因?yàn)闁|西印度底財(cái)富底大部分似乎是唯有握著海上底霸權(quán)的人才能得著的。
The wars of latter ages seem to be made in the dark, in respect of the glory and honour, which reflected upon men, from the wars in ancient time. There be now, for martial encouragement, some degrees and orders of chivalry; which nevertheless, are conferred promiscuously upon soldiers and no soldiers; and some remembrance perhaps upon the scutcheon; and some hospitals for maimed soldiers; and such like things. But in ancient times; the trophies erected upon the place of the victory; the funeral laudatives and monuments for those that died in the wars; the crowns and garlands personal; the style of emperor, which the great kings of the world after borrowed; the triumphs of the generals upon their return; the great donatives and largesses upon the disbanding of the armies; were things able to inflame all men\'s courage. But above all, that of the triumph, amongst the Romans, was not pageants or gaudery, but one of the wisest and noblest institutions that ever was.
與古代底戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)所給予人的光輝榮耀相形之下，近代底戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)簡(jiǎn)直是在黑暗中打的。為鼓勵(lì)士氣起見(jiàn)，現(xiàn)在也有些爵位勛章等等，然而這些東西是雜亂地頒發(fā)，無(wú)分軍人或非軍人的;此外也許還有些楯上的銘語(yǔ)，傷兵病院，諸如此類的東西。但是在古時(shí)，那在戰(zhàn)勝地點(diǎn)樹(shù)立的紀(jì)念品，追悼的頌辭，以及紀(jì)念陣亡將士的碑坊，獎(jiǎng)給個(gè)人的花冠，大元帥底名義，(就是后來(lái)的各國(guó)君主所借用的)，凱旋將帥底勝利游行;兵隊(duì)復(fù)員時(shí)的重大犒賞;這都是能引起人人底勇氣的事物。但是，最重要者，莫過(guò)于羅馬人底凱旋式，這種凱旋式并不僅是儀式或夸耀，而是一種極其聰明偉大的制度。
For it contained three things; honour to the general; riches to the treasury out of the spoils; and donatives to the army. But that honour, perhaps, were not fit for monarchies; except it be in the person of the monarch himself, or his sons; as it came to pass, in the times of the Roman emperors, who did appropriate the actual triumphs to themselves, and their sons, for such wars as they did achieve in person: and left only, for wars achieved by subjects, some triumphal garments, and ensigns, to the general.
因?yàn)樗锩姘龢邮虑?在將帥方面是尊榮;在國(guó)庫(kù)方面是由戰(zhàn)利品而增進(jìn)了財(cái)富;在軍隊(duì)方面是賞賜。不過(guò)那種尊榮也許是不適于君主國(guó)的;除非把它歸之于君主本人或他底子嗣們，如后來(lái)的羅馬皇帝們之所為一樣，他們把自己或子嗣曾經(jīng)親自參加的戰(zhàn)役底凱旋式由自己或子嗣包辦了，而在臣子得來(lái)的勝仗中，則僅對(duì)統(tǒng)兵將帥予以慶功的衣服和勛章。
To conclude; no man can, by care taking (as the scripture saith) add a cubit to his stature, in this little model of man\'s body: but in the great frame of kingdoms, and commonwealths, it is in the power of princes, or estates, to add amplitude and greatness to their kingdoms. For by introducing such ordinances, constitutions, and customs, as we have now touched, they may sow greatness to their posterity, and succession. But these things are commonly not observed, but left to take their chance.
總之;如《圣書》所說(shuō)，誰(shuí)也不能因?yàn)橛昧诵乃嫉脑识鴮?duì)這個(gè)小結(jié)構(gòu)——人體——加高一寸;但是在大結(jié)構(gòu)如王國(guó)或共和國(guó)中，則為君主者或執(zhí)政者可以使他們底國(guó)家增強(qiáng)滋大的;因?yàn)槿绻麄兛习盐覀兩厦嬲摷暗姆睿瑧椪?，?xí)俗試行國(guó)內(nèi)，則他們是可以給后世或繼位者種下強(qiáng)大之因的。然而這些事普通多不受人注意，一任其自己隨時(shí)運(yùn)而晦明焉。