英語句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)分析
隨著全球一體化的發(fā)展，我國急需高水平的外語人才。英語作為一門國際性語言，其地位的重要性不容忽視。小編精心收集了英語句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)，供大家欣賞學(xué)習(xí)!
英語句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)1
一、句子成分
(一)句子成分的定義:構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主語和謂語;次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。
(二)主語:主語是一個句子所敘述的主體,一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句(當(dāng)主語不疑問詞時)和倒裝句中,主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如:
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.(名詞)
We often speak English in class.(代詞)
One-third of the students in this claare girls.(數(shù)詞)
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式)
Smoking does harm to the health.(動名詞)
The rich should help the poor.(名詞化的形容詞)
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.(主語從句)
It is necessary to master a foreign language.(it作形式主語,真正的主語為后面的不定式)
(三)謂語:謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語,一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下:
1、簡單謂語:由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如:He practices running every morning.
2、復(fù)合謂語:(1)由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成。如:You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. (2)由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。如:We are students.
(四)表語:表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài),它一般位于系動詞(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如:
Our teacher of English is an American.(名詞)
Is it yours?(代詞)
The weather has turned cold.(形容詞)
The speech is exciting.(分詞)
Three times seven is twenty one?(數(shù)詞)
His job is to teach English.(不定式)
His hobby(愛好)is playing football.(動名詞)
The machine must be out of order.(介詞短語)
Time is up. The clais over.(副詞)
The truth is that he has never been abroad.(表語從句)
(五)賓語:賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者,一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如:
They went to see an exhibition(展覽)yesterday.(名詞)
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.(代詞)
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.(數(shù)詞)
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.(名詞化形容詞)
He pretended not to see me.(不定式短語)
I enjoy listening to popular music.(動名詞短語)
I think(that)he is fit for his office.(賓語從句)
賓語種類:(1)雙賓語(間接賓語+直接賓語),例如:Lend me your dictionary, please.(2)復(fù)合賓語(賓語+賓補(bǔ)),例如:They elected him their monitor.
(六)賓語補(bǔ)足語:英語中有些及物動詞,除有一個直接賓語以外,還要有一個賓語補(bǔ)語,才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為:某些及物動詞(如make等+賓語+賓補(bǔ))。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如:
His father named him Dongming.(名詞)
They painted their boat white.(形容詞)
Let the fresh air in.(副詞)
You mustn't force him to lend his money to you.(不定式短語)
We saw her entering the room.(現(xiàn)在分詞)
We found everything in the lab in good order.(介詞短語)
We will soon make our city what your city is now.(從句)
(七)定語:修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示:
Guilin is a beautiful city.(形容詞)
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.(分詞)
There are thirty women teachers is our school.(名詞)
His rapid progrein English made us surprised.(代詞)
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.(不定式短語)
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.(動名詞)
He is reading an article about how to learn English.(介詞短語)
(八)狀語:修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子,說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分,叫做狀語?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎?
Light travels most quickly.(副詞及副詞性詞組)
He has lived in the city for ten years.(介詞短語)
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.(不定式短語)
He is in the room ma-ki-ng a model plane.(分詞短語)
Wait a minute.(名詞)
Once you begin, you must continue.(狀語從句)
狀語種類如下:
How about meeting again at six?(時間狀語)
Last night she didn't go to the dance party because of the rain.(原因狀語)
I shall go there if it doesn't rain.(條件狀語)
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.(地點狀語)
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.(方式狀語)
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.(伴隨狀語)
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.(目的狀語)
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.(結(jié)果狀語)
She works very hard though she is old.(讓步狀語)
I am taller than he is.(比較狀語)
英語句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)2
英語語法看上去很復(fù)雜，很多句型要記，但其實只要深入研究，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)其實也不過是圍繞這五個基本句子來展開，分別是：
S十V主謂結(jié)構(gòu)
S十V十p主系表結(jié)構(gòu)
S十V十O主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)
S十V十O1十O2 主謂雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)
S十V十O十C 主謂賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)
說明：S=主語;V=謂語;P=表語;O=賓語;O1=間接賓語;O2=直接賓語;C=賓語補(bǔ)足語
五個基本句式詳細(xì)解釋如下：
1.S十V句式
在此句式中，V是不及物動詞，又叫自動詞(vi.)。例如：
He runs quickly.
他跑得快。
They listened carefully.
他們聽得很仔細(xì)。
He suffered from cold and hunger.
他挨凍受餓。
China belongs to the third world country.
中國屬于第三世界國家。
The gas has given out.
煤氣用完了。
My ink has run out.
我的鋼筆水用完了。
2.S十V十P句式
在此句式中，V是系動詞(link v.)，常見的系動詞有：look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fall ill/asleep，stand/sit still，become，turn等。例如：
He is older than he looks.
他比看上去要老。
He seen interested in the book.
他似乎對這本書感興趣。
The story sounds interesting.
這個故事聽起來有趣。
The desk feels hard.
書桌摸起來很硬。
The cake tastes nice.
餅嘗起來很香。
The flowers smell sweet and nicc.
花聞起來香甜。
You have grown taller than before.
你長得比以前高了。
He has suddenly fallen ill.
他突然病倒了。
He stood quite still.
他靜靜地站看。
He becomes a teacher when he grew up.
他長大后當(dāng)了教師。
He could never turn traitor to his country.
他永遠(yuǎn)不會背叛他的祖國。
注意：有些動詞同時也是及物動詞，可構(gòu)成SVO句式，例如：
He looked me up and down.
他上下打量我。
He reached his hand to feel the elephant.
他伸出手來摸象。
They are tasting the fish.
他們在品嘗魚。
They grow rice in their home town.
他們在家鄉(xiāng)種水稻。
He‘s got a chair to sit on.
他有椅子坐。
Please turn the sentence into English.
請把這個句于澤成英語。
3.S十V十O句式
在此句式中，V是及物動詞(vt.)，因此有賓語。例如：
I saw a film yesterday.
我昨天看了一部電影。
Have you read the story?
你讀過這個故事嗎?
They found their home easily.
他們很容易找到他們的家。
They built a house last year.
他們?nèi)ツ杲艘凰孔印?/p>
They‘ve put up a factory in the village.
他們在村里建了一座工廠。
They have taken good care of the children.
這些孩子他們照看得很好。
You should look after your children well.
你應(yīng)該好好照看你的孩子。
4.S十V十O1十O2句式
在此句式中，V是帶有雙賓語的及物動詞。常見的須帶雙賓語的動詞有g(shù)ive，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get;rob，warn等。例如：
He gave me a book/a book to me.
他給我一本書。
He brought me a pen/a pen to me.
他帶給我一枝鋼筆。
He offered me his seat/his seat to me.
他把座位讓給我。
注意下邊動詞改寫后介詞的變化：
Mother bought me a book/a book for me.
媽媽給我買了一本書。
He got me a chair/a chair for me.
他給我弄了一把椅子。
Please do me a favor/a favor for me.
請幫我一下。
He asked me a question/a question of me.
他問我個問題。
注意，下邊動詞只有一種說法：
They robbed the old man of his money.
他們搶了老人的錢。
He‘s warned me of the danger.
他警告我注意危險。
The doctor has cured him of his disease.
醫(yī)生治好了他的病。
We must rid the house of th erats.
我們必須趕走屋里的老鼠。
They deprived him of his right to speak.
他們剝奪了他說話的權(quán)利。
5.S十V十O十C句式
在此句式中，V是有賓語補(bǔ)足語的及物動詞。常帶賓語補(bǔ)足語的詞有形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、名詞、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞。
常見的可接賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞很多，哪些動詞可接哪幾種形式作賓補(bǔ)，須根據(jù)動詞的慣用法而定，不能統(tǒng)而概論。請看下面的例子。
They made the girl angry.
他們使這個女孩生氣了。
They found her happy that day.
他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那天她很高興。
I found him out.
我發(fā)現(xiàn)他出去了。
I saw him in.
我見他在家。
They saw a foot mark in the sand.
他們發(fā)現(xiàn)沙地上有腳印。
They named the boy Charlie.
他們給這個男孩起名為查理。
I saw him come in and go out.
我見他進(jìn)來又出去。
They felt the car moving fast.
他們感到汽車行駛得很快。
I heard the glass broken just now.
我剛才聽到玻璃碎了。
He found the doctor of study closed to him.
他發(fā)現(xiàn)研究所的大門對他關(guān)閉了。
英語句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)3
主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)：
1、主語：可以作主語的成分有名詞(如boy),主格代詞(如you),數(shù)詞,動詞不定式,動名詞等.主語一般
在句首.注意名詞單數(shù)形式常和冠詞不分家!
eg: The boy comes from America.
He made a speech.
2、謂語：謂語由動詞構(gòu)成,是英語時態(tài)、語態(tài)變化的主角,一般在主語之后.謂語可以是不及物動詞(vi.)沒
有賓語,形成主謂結(jié)構(gòu),
eg:We come.
Many changes took place in my home town.
注(以下這些詞是不及物動詞：表發(fā)生、出現(xiàn)的,如：take place, appear, happen, break out; 表來、去,如：com
e, go 等)
3、賓語：賓語位于及物動詞之后,一般同主語構(gòu)成一樣,不同的是構(gòu)成賓語的代詞必須是‘代詞賓格’,如：me,
him,them等.除了代詞賓格可以作賓語外,名詞,動名詞,不定式等可以作賓語.
eg：I will do it tomorrow.
The boy needs a pen.
(二)主系表結(jié)構(gòu)：
1、主語：同‘主謂賓’結(jié)構(gòu).
2、謂語：聯(lián)系動詞(Link verb)：be動詞(am,is,are,was,were,have been);其他聯(lián)系動詞如：become成為,turn變
成,go變和感官動詞如：feel, touch, hear, see等.其特點是聯(lián)系動詞與其后的表語沒有動賓關(guān)系,表語多為形容詞
或副詞,既,不可能是賓語.
3、表語：說明主語的狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、等.可為形容詞、副詞、名詞、代詞、不定式、分詞.(1)當(dāng)聯(lián)系動詞不是
be,而其后是名詞和代詞時,多表達(dá)‘轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)?rsquo;之意,注意與動賓關(guān)系的區(qū)別.
eg: He became a teacher at last.
His face turned red.
(2)感官動詞多可用作聯(lián)系動詞
eg: He looks well.他面色好.
It sounds nice.這個聽起來不錯.
I feel good.我感覺好.
The egg smells bad.這個雞蛋難聞.
例：Tom is a boy.(Tom是個男孩)主語為Tom,系詞為be動詞的第三人稱單數(shù)is,表語為a boy
(三)There be 結(jié)構(gòu)：
There be 表示‘存在有’.這里的there沒有實際意義,不可與副詞‘there那里’混淆.
此結(jié)構(gòu)后跟名詞,表示‘(存在)有某事物’
試比較：There is a boy there.(那兒有一個男孩.)/前一個there無實意,后一個there為副詞‘那里’.
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