銀行資金是如何運(yùn)用的

　　你是不是很好奇銀行到底是怎么運(yùn)用資金的。接下來(lái)小編為大家整理了銀行資金是如何運(yùn)用的，希望對(duì)你有幫助哦!

　　A banker must always remember that he is dealing with other people's money and that he is responsible for its safety. But he cannot keep his deposits lying idle in his safes and strongrooms. He must use them----and he is expected to use them to produce an income. A banker also earns money from the charges which he makes for some of his services, but much the greater part of a bank's income comes from investing and lending its deposits. From these various receipts the banker has to meet the expenses of running the bank----including, for example, the salaries of its staff---pay interest to its depositors and earn a profit for shareholders.

　　How do the clearing banks meet these requirements? Their first concern is to see that they always have sufficient notes and coin in their tills, or in reserve, to meet instantly all the demands for cash that may be made upon them. Customers are constantly drawing cash from their accounts to spend and to pay wages and salaries, but this money is quickly returned to the banks by the shops and traders who receive it and who pay it into their own bank accounts. Cash is a banker's stock in trade but it earns nothing and costs him a great deal to store, safeguard and transport, so he will keep as little of it as he can.

　　To reinforce their cash reserves, banks keep another sizeable chunk of their money in assets which can be quickly turned back into money with little risk of loss. These “liquid assets” include loans made for very short periods----often overnight----to discount houses (which are special financial organizations in the London Money Market). Other liquid assets are commercial bills and Treasury bills issued by the Government. These “bills”are traded in the money market and can always be sold quickly.

　　The banks' short-term assets earn interest but less than that obtained through “Investments” and “Advances to customers”. The banks investments are nearly all in securities issued or guaranteed by the British Government and quoted on the Stock Exchange. Like the short-term assets, they too can be readily sold, should the need arise, but their price can vary.

　　Advances are the amounts which the banks lend to their customers. They earn a higher rate of interest than the banks' other assets, but as we shall see, there is a lot of work involved in managing them and, despite all the precautions which a bank may take, they are seldom entirely free from risk. Advances cannot be so conveniently and quickly turned into cash as most of a bank's other assets.

　　銀行家會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)記住，他在和別人的錢(qián)打交道，對(duì)錢(qián)的安全負(fù)有責(zé)任。但銀行家不能將存款一直閑置在保險(xiǎn)箱和保險(xiǎn)庫(kù)里，必須運(yùn)用這些錢(qián)——而且想用這些錢(qián)獲得收益。銀行家還從其提供服務(wù)的手續(xù)費(fèi)中獲得貨幣收入，除此而外，銀行的絕大部分收入是通過(guò)投資和出借儲(chǔ)蓄資金而獲得的。銀行家必須用這些各種各樣的收入來(lái)支付銀行的經(jīng)營(yíng)費(fèi)用——包括，比如職工薪酬，支付存款人的利息，給股東分配紅利等。

　　清算銀行是怎樣滿足這些需要的呢?他們最關(guān)心的是確保錢(qián)柜里，或儲(chǔ)備有足夠的鈔票，迅速應(yīng)付可能發(fā)生的各種現(xiàn)金支取?？蛻綦S時(shí)可能從其賬戶上支取現(xiàn)金用于消費(fèi)，支付工資與薪酬，但是這些錢(qián)很快通過(guò)收到款項(xiàng)的商店和商人回到銀行，存入他們自己的銀行戶頭?，F(xiàn)金是銀行的備用金，沒(méi)有任何收益，還要花費(fèi)很大的代價(jià)去貯存，保管和運(yùn)送，因此，銀行盡可能保留極少的現(xiàn)金。

　　為了增補(bǔ)現(xiàn)金儲(chǔ)備，銀行以資產(chǎn)的形式保存另外很大一部分資金。這些資產(chǎn)可以迅速轉(zhuǎn)變成現(xiàn)金，沒(méi)有什么損失風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。這些“流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)”包括向貼現(xiàn)公司(貼現(xiàn)公司是倫敦貨幣市場(chǎng)的專(zhuān)業(yè)金融機(jī)構(gòu))發(fā)放的短期——通常是隔夜貸款。其他的流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)有商業(yè)票據(jù)和政府發(fā)行的國(guó)庫(kù)券。這些“有價(jià)證券”在貨幣市場(chǎng)上交易，并能迅速地賣(mài)出去。

　　銀行的短期資產(chǎn)能夠獲得利息，但與通過(guò)“投資”和“對(duì)客戶的預(yù)付款”所獲利息相比要少。銀行投資幾乎都是由英國(guó)政府發(fā)行或擔(dān)保的有價(jià)證券，并由股票交易所報(bào)價(jià)。這些有價(jià)證券和短期資產(chǎn)一樣，如果有市場(chǎng)需求，可以隨時(shí)出售，但價(jià)格時(shí)常有變化。

　　預(yù)付款是銀行貸給客戶的錢(qián)，所獲利息要高于銀行的其他資產(chǎn)。但我們也要看到，管理這些預(yù)付款要做大量工作，盡管銀行采取了各種預(yù)防措施，還是不能夠避免所有的損失。預(yù)付款和銀行的其他資產(chǎn)不一樣，不能夠那么方便、那么迅速地變現(xiàn)。