用英語(yǔ)說(shuō)中國(guó)秦朝歷史
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用英語(yǔ)說(shuō)中國(guó)秦朝：Second Emperor of Qin Dynasty 秦二世
During his reign Qin Shi Huang made five inspection trips around the country.
秦始皇在位期間曾有過五次巡視。
During the last trip with his second son Huhai (胡亥)in 210 BC, Qin Shi Huang died suddenly at Shaqiu prefecture.
最后一次巡視是在公元前210年與他的二兒子胡亥一起，秦始皇突然于沙丘縣去世。
Huhai, under the advice of two high officials---- the Imperial Secretariat Li Si (李斯) and the chief eunuch Zhao Gao, forged and altered Emperor's will.
在兩位高級(jí)官員——丞相李斯和太監(jiān)總管趙高的建議下，胡亥篡改并偽造了秦始皇的遺照。
The faked decree ordered Qin Shi Huang's first son, the heir Fusu (扶蘇), to commit suicide, instead naming Huhai as the next emperor.
假圣旨命令秦始皇的大兒子，公子扶蘇自盡，胡亥成為了下一任皇帝。
The decree also stripped the command of troops from Marshal Meng Tian (蒙括)----a faithful supporter of Fusu---- and sentenced Meng's family to death.
圣旨還剝奪了大將軍蒙恬——扶蘇的忠誠(chéng)支持者的軍權(quán)并誅滅蒙恬一家。
Zhao Gao step by step seized the power of Huhai, effectively making Huhai a puppet emperor.
趙高一步步奪取了胡亥的權(quán)利，成功地讓胡亥成為了一個(gè)傀儡皇帝。
用英語(yǔ)說(shuō)中國(guó)秦朝：Burning of Books and Burying of Scholars 焚書坑儒
According to the Records of the Grand Historian, after the First Emperor of Qin annexed the State of Qi and unified China in 221 BC, his Chancellor Li Si suggested suppressing the freedom of speech, unifying all thoughts and political opinions.
根據(jù)《史記》的記載，秦始皇吞并齊國(guó)并一統(tǒng)中國(guó)之后，他的丞相李斯建議壓制演講的自由，統(tǒng)一思想和政見。
This was justified by accusations that the intelligentsia sang false praise and raised dissent through libel.
這個(gè)建議被指責(zé)知識(shí)分子阿諛奉承和進(jìn)行文字誹謗的論點(diǎn)證明了它的合理性。
Beginning in 213 B.C, all classic works of the Hundred Schools of Thought----except those from his own, the school of philosophy known as Legalism----were subject to burning.
公元前213年開始，百家爭(zhēng)鳴的所有典籍，除了他所尊崇的法家學(xué)說(shuō)以外，全部被焚燒。
Li Si proposed that all histories in the imperial archives except those written by the Qin historians be burned;
李斯建議帝國(guó)檔案館里的所有史料，除去秦朝歷史學(xué)家所撰寫的，都應(yīng)該被燒毀;
that the Classic of Poetry, the Classic of History, and works by scholars of different schools be handed into the local authorities for burning;
包括《詩(shī)經(jīng)》、《書經(jīng)》和那些由諸子百家所寫的著作都應(yīng)被收至中央進(jìn)行焚燒;
that anyone discussing these two particular books be executed;
任何人談?wù)撨@兩本書都應(yīng)被處死，任何人用過去的例子來(lái)諷刺當(dāng)朝的政治都應(yīng)被處死，他們的家人也應(yīng)被行刑;
that those using ancient examples to satirize contemporary politics be put to death, along with their families;
朝廷中有任何人知情不報(bào)同樣該被治罪;
that authorities who failed to report cases that came to their attention were equally guilty;
那些沒有按圣旨在30天內(nèi)焚燒名單上書籍的人應(yīng)被發(fā)配到北疆和犯人們一起修建長(zhǎng)城。
and that those who had not burned the listed books within 30 days of the decree were to be banished to the north as convicts working on building the Great Wall.
在焚書期間唯一得以流傳的書籍是有關(guān)醫(yī)藥、農(nóng)業(yè)和占卜的。
The only books to be spared in the destruction were books on medicine, agriculture and divination.
2、坑儒
2. Burial of the scholars
自從在尋找長(zhǎng)生不老方法的過程中被兩個(gè)煉金術(shù)士欺騙，秦始皇在放逐他們的第二年就在都城活埋了超過460個(gè)儒家學(xué)者，不過2世紀(jì)時(shí)衛(wèi)宏又為這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)增加了700個(gè)人。
After being deceived by two alchemists while seeking prolonged life, the First Emperor of Qin ordered more than 460 of them in the capital to be buried alive in the second year of the proscription, though an account given by Wei Hong in the 2nd century added another 700 to the figure.
太子扶蘇勸諫說(shuō)，對(duì)于一個(gè)剛剛統(tǒng)一的國(guó)家，外敵還未平定，對(duì)尊崇孔子學(xué)說(shuō)的那些人采取這樣嚴(yán)酷的刑法會(huì)造成不穩(wěn)定。
The Crown Prince Fusu counseled that, with the country newly unified, and enemies still not pacified, such a harsh measure imposed on those who respect Confucius would cause instability.
但是，他不僅無(wú)法改變秦始皇的想法，甚至還被發(fā)配至邊疆充軍。
However, he was unable to change his father's mind, and instead was sent to guard the frontier in a de facto exile.
秦朝如此快速的覆滅就源于這些對(duì)于人權(quán)的剝奪。
The quick fall of the Qin Dynasty was attributed to this proscription.
儒學(xué)思想在之后的漢代復(fù)興并成為了中國(guó)封建社會(huì)的官方學(xué)說(shuō)。
Confucianism was revived in the Han Dynasty that followed, and became the official ideology of the Chinese imperial state.
然而，其他的思想學(xué)派卻消失了。
However, many of the other schools of thought disappeared.
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