英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法干貨：基本的語(yǔ)法形態(tài)，基礎(chǔ)的句子的類型
學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)我們需要注意語(yǔ)句結(jié)構(gòu)，語(yǔ)法的組成。下面就是小編給大家?guī)?lái)的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，希望能幫助到大家更好的記憶英語(yǔ)!
一、陳述句
陳述句(包括肯定的或否定的)用來(lái)敘述一項(xiàng)事實(shí)。陳述句的結(jié)構(gòu)分為肯定結(jié)構(gòu)和否定結(jié)構(gòu)兩種。
1、陳述句的肯定結(jié)構(gòu)
主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)的一致，句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上必須一致。如：
I was having dinner when he came in.
He is now working at a bank.
①謂語(yǔ)只跟主語(yǔ)的中心詞保持一致，修飾詞不影響主語(yǔ)的數(shù)：
The quality of this kind of bike is poor.
There be結(jié)構(gòu)和其他倒裝句中，謂語(yǔ)通常放在主語(yǔ)的前面，這時(shí)謂語(yǔ)是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，要依后面的主語(yǔ)而定，如：
There is no milk in the bottle.
There are no students iin the classroom.
?、凇皁ne of ……”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)該用單數(shù)。如：
One of the students is absent.
Making things is a good activity.
What hurt her most is his words.
③由and連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的名詞，由“both…and…”連接的兩個(gè)成分作主語(yǔ)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：
Susan and Sally like pop music.
The worker and the peasant are going to give us a talk.
?、軉螖?shù)名詞后面有下面詞語(yǔ)修飾時(shí)，主語(yǔ)不受這些詞或詞組的影響
with…. like…as well as…together with…
He, as well as his classmates, likes popular songs.
Mr Li, together with his wife and two songs, is on holiday these days.
?、萦蛇B詞“either…or…”,“neither…nor…”,“not only…but also…”,also, nor, or連接兩個(gè)名詞或代詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)與最近的主語(yǔ)保持一致
Neither I nor my brother is good at maths.
Either you or I’m wrong.
注意：表示數(shù)量、時(shí)間、距離、金錢等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。用于數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算的數(shù)字作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)通常也用單數(shù)形式。如：
Ten pounds is enough.
Two hours is a long time.
2、陳述句的否定形式
(1)帶有系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的肯定句，只要把not, never加在這些動(dòng)詞后面，就能把肯定句變?yōu)榉穸?，no通常否定名詞或動(dòng)名詞
I’m not a doctor.I haven’t got a camera.
I have never met him before.
(2)若謂語(yǔ)是行為動(dòng)詞，前面又沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，只要在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前加助動(dòng)詞do( does, did ) not就行。
I didn’t go to the concert yesterday.
He doesn’t speak English
(3)no修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。如果no修飾單數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)。如：
No men are admitted
No man is admitted.
(4)表示部分否定的詞有：not all, not everything, not everybody, not everywhere, not both, not always.
Not everybody enjoys fishing.
Not everything goes well.
二、疑問(wèn)句
疑問(wèn)句是用來(lái)提出疑問(wèn)的句子，疑問(wèn)句末尾用問(wèn)號(hào)“?”。疑問(wèn)句一般分為：一般疑問(wèn)句;特殊疑問(wèn)句;選擇疑問(wèn)句和反意疑問(wèn)句。
1、一般疑問(wèn)句
(1) 含有系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的陳述句改為疑問(wèn)句：要把這些動(dòng)詞提到主語(yǔ)的前面，句末用問(wèn)號(hào)。
Are you a policeman?Must I go now?
(2) 如果謂語(yǔ)是行為動(dòng)詞，它前面又沒(méi)有任何助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，這時(shí)就要用助動(dòng)詞do ( does, did )來(lái)構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句。
Does he often write to you ?
Did you enjoy yourself last Sunday?
2、特殊疑問(wèn)句
(1) 特殊疑問(wèn)句由“疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句”構(gòu)成，其中一般疑問(wèn)句又采取倒裝或部分倒裝的形式。
(2) 特殊疑問(wèn)句的疑問(wèn)詞通常分為疑問(wèn)代詞和疑問(wèn)副詞兩種。
3、選擇疑問(wèn)句
它的結(jié)構(gòu)是“一般疑問(wèn)句 + or + 一般疑問(wèn)句“，回答這類問(wèn)題時(shí)要選擇其中一種具體進(jìn)行回答。
Is her brother a doctor or a teacher?
Her brother a doctor.
4、反意疑問(wèn)句
反意疑問(wèn)句由一個(gè)陳述句和一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)略形式的疑問(wèn)句構(gòu)成，中間用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。通常有兩種形式：
?、?陳述句謂語(yǔ)用肯定形式 + 疑問(wèn)句謂語(yǔ)用否定形式;
He is stupid, isn’t he?
② 陳述句謂語(yǔ)用否定形式 + 疑問(wèn)句謂語(yǔ)用肯定形式;
He doesn’t like sports, does he?
(5) 如果陳述部分是主從復(fù)合句，那么疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)該跟主語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)所用形式一樣。
You never told us you are the headmaster, did you?
注意：
?、?used to用在句中時(shí)，也可用usen’t 或usedn’t來(lái)引起反意疑問(wèn)句。He used to swim in winter, didn’t he? =
He used to swim in winter, usen’t he?
?、?當(dāng)陳述句中的主語(yǔ)為everybody, everyone, anyone, nobody, none, no one時(shí)，疑問(wèn)部分通常要用they來(lái)代替。
Everybody admires him, don’t they?
③ 如果陳述句部分已經(jīng)用了表示否定意義的詞，如never, nothing, hardly,那么疑問(wèn)部分應(yīng)該使用肯定形式。
He never speaks loudly, does he?
?、?當(dāng)陳述句部分的主語(yǔ)為everything, nothing, anything, something時(shí)，疑問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)要用it.
Something is wrong with the machine, isn’t it?
Everything is in good order, isn’t it?
?、?祈使句的反意疑問(wèn)句部分要用shall, will。
Let’s表示第一人稱的祈使句，所以反意疑問(wèn)句為“shall we?”, let me 和let us表示第二人稱的祈使句，反意疑問(wèn)句為“will you?”，其他行為動(dòng)詞引起的祈使句，反意疑問(wèn)句都為“will you?”。祈使句的反意疑問(wèn)句通常只有肯定形式。
Let’s go for a walk, shall we?
Let’s stop for a rest, will you?
?、?感嘆句的反意疑問(wèn)句要用“be”的現(xiàn)在時(shí)，對(duì)人的感嘆，用“he”“you”等，對(duì)事物的感嘆，用“it”，而且疑問(wèn)部分必須用否定式。
What a clever boy, isn’t he?
What a wonderful lecture, isn’t it?
三、祈使句、感嘆句
祈使句表示請(qǐng)求、命令、建議等等，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一律用原形。句中通常不用主語(yǔ)，句末用驚嘆號(hào)或者句號(hào)。
1、肯定的祈使句
(1) 句型：動(dòng)詞原形……(省略主語(yǔ))。如：
Look at these holes!Please keep the classroom quiet.
(2) 有時(shí)，為了加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，可以在動(dòng)詞之前加do。
Do be quiet.Do study hard.
(3) 祈使句中如果有呼語(yǔ)，一定要用逗號(hào)“，”隔開(kāi)。放在句首或句尾。Come here, Li Ming.
2、否定的祈使句
(1) 句型：Don’g + 動(dòng)詞原形……
Don’t make the same mistake.
Don’t look out of the windows.
(2) 祈使句與陳述句的改寫(xiě)
祈使句=You must ……
Be quiet. = you must be quiet.
Don’t make any noise = You mustn’t make any noise.
Please + 祈使句 = Will you please ……?
Please read after me = Will you please read after me?
3、祈使句Let…句型
Let作為動(dòng)詞常常用于祈使句，但表達(dá)意義不相同
Let表示“建議”后面跟第一人稱代詞作賓語(yǔ)。
Let’s go to school together!Let me try again.
Let表示“間接命令或愿望”，后面接第三人稱代詞作賓語(yǔ)。
Let him work out the problem by himself.
Let Li Ping be monitor.
感嘆句表示說(shuō)話時(shí)的驚訝、喜悅、氣憤等情緒，帶有強(qiáng)烈的感情色彩。感嘆句主要有兩種：
What + 名詞詞組;
What a beautiful day it is!
How + 形容詞或副詞
How well they have learned English!
How well he swims!
注意：
What 修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，如果這一名詞有形容詞修飾，也可以用how來(lái)引導(dǎo)感嘆句，但是不定冠詞a, an要放在形容詞的后面。
What a beautiful park!
How beautiful a park it is!補(bǔ)充練習(xí)
按要求進(jìn)行句型轉(zhuǎn)換
1. We have many cakes for supper (變?yōu)榉穸ㄒ蓡?wèn)句)
2. I would like a cup of tea, please. (變?yōu)橐话阋蓡?wèn)句)
3. He is a teacher, (a student) (改為選擇疑問(wèn)句)
4. It is a nice box. (改為感嘆句)
5. The workers are working hard. (改為感嘆句)
6. Tom is sitting on the desk. (改為否定的祈使句)
7. Everything is ready, ___________ ? (以下改為反意疑問(wèn)句)
8. This isn’t your book, _____________ ?
9. Don’t look out of the window, _____________ ?