托業(yè)閱讀筆記：列舉題解題法
列舉題是托業(yè)考試閱讀中的其中一種題型，那么大家知道該如何去解答它嗎？下面小編給大家?guī)硗袠I(yè)閱讀筆記：列舉題解題法，希望大家喜歡！
托業(yè)閱讀筆記：列舉題解題法
TOEIC考試之托業(yè)閱讀筆記:列舉題解題法
一、問題形式列舉題，也叫排除列舉題，ETS稱之為“否定事實(shí)信息題”(negative factual information question)?；拘问饺缦拢篈ccording to the passage， which of the following is NOT true of X?
The author‘s description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT
二、解題技巧
列舉題的基本思路是排除，排除與原文相符的選項(xiàng)，與原文相矛盾的選項(xiàng)或原文未提到的選項(xiàng)是正確答案。注意問題中的否定詞Not 和EXCEPT.
1.列舉題的解題步驟1)看題干找關(guān)鍵詞問題中有關(guān)鍵詞的，可以根據(jù)它定位，然后將四個(gè)選項(xiàng)與定位的地方進(jìn)行比較。如果沒有關(guān)鍵詞，可以先定位于上一個(gè)問題對(duì)應(yīng)的段落之后的段落。
2) 閱讀四個(gè)選項(xiàng)題干中沒有線索的，可以閱讀四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，總結(jié)其中的共同點(diǎn)進(jìn)行定位，或者根據(jù)各個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞一一進(jìn)行定位。
3) 排除與原文相符的選項(xiàng)將各個(gè)選項(xiàng)與原文比較以后，排除其中符合原文意思的選項(xiàng)，剩下的一個(gè)選項(xiàng)，或者與原文相矛盾，或者在原文未提到，就是正確答案。例如，The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. These organisms tend to have big bodies， are long-lived， and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction. An oak tree is a good example of a competitor. A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more， outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil. The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins， a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms. The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. Although oaks produce thousands of acorns， the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves， trunk， and roots. Once an oak tree becomes established， it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire. A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time， and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events. It should be noted， however， that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature， as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum， exhibiting a blend of some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.
All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 7 as contributing to the longevity of an oak tree EXCEPT the capacity to create shade leaves containing tannin the ability to withstand mild droughts and fire the large number of acorns the tree produces本題對(duì)應(yīng)第七段(見上文)，其中前三個(gè)選項(xiàng)所說的條件(從第四句開始)都對(duì)oak tree的長壽有利，而第四個(gè)選項(xiàng)所說的“acorns的數(shù)量”并未與oak tree的壽命直接聯(lián)系在一起，因此為正確答案。
2.列舉的兩種形式1)集中列舉集中列舉的形式有：三個(gè)名詞或詞匯連續(xù)出現(xiàn)，各個(gè)名詞或詞匯之間以逗號(hào)隔開;三個(gè)短語連續(xù)出現(xiàn);三個(gè)句子連續(xù)出現(xiàn)。對(duì)于集中列舉，只需根據(jù)題干或選項(xiàng)定位原文，排除在原文的集中列舉之處出現(xiàn)的三個(gè)選項(xiàng)，剩下的一個(gè)選項(xiàng)為正確答案。例如，They used the pots they made for cooking， storing food， and carrying things from place to place. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a way that ancient people used pottery?
(A) To hold food.(B) To wash clothes.(C) To cook.(D) To transport objects. 2)分散列舉分散列舉的各項(xiàng)可能出現(xiàn)于同一段落之中，或分布于全文各段。對(duì)于分散列舉，需要根據(jù)題干或選項(xiàng)定位原文，將各個(gè)選項(xiàng)與所對(duì)應(yīng)的原文一一進(jìn)行比較，在原文未提到或與原文相矛盾的選項(xiàng)為正確答案。例如，
Perhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshness， its originality of perspective. Satire rarely offers original ideas. Instead it presents the familiar in a new form. Satirists do not offer the world new philosophies. What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish， harmful or affected. Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false. Don Quixote makes chivalry seem absurd， Brave New World ridicules the pretensions of science， A Modest Proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating cannibalism. None of these ideas is original. Chivalry was suspect before Cervantes， humanists objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley and people were aware of famine before Swift. It was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popular. It was the manner of expression the satiric method that made them interesting and entertaining. Satires are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art， not because they are morally wholesome or ethically instructive. They are stimulating and refreshing because with commonsense briskness they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions. With spontaneous irreverence， satire rearranges perspectives， scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.
Satire exists because there is need for it. It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus， an irreverent reminder that they lived in a world of platitudinous thinking， cheap moralizing， and foolish philosophy. Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth though rarely to any action on behalf of truth. Satire tends to remind people that much of what they see， hear， and read in popular media is sanctimonious， sentimental， and only partially true. Life resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of it. Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them， nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity. Intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not hear them expressed.
The various purposes of satire include all of the following EXCEPT(A) introducing readers to unfamiliar situations(B) brushing away illusions(C) reminding readers of the truth(D) exposing false values.
這道列舉題的選項(xiàng)分布于文中各處，是一道分散列舉題。其中選項(xiàng)(B)對(duì)應(yīng)第一段倒數(shù)第二句…they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions，選項(xiàng)(C)對(duì)應(yīng)第二段第三句：Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth though rarely to any action on behalf of truth，(D)對(duì)應(yīng)第一段第五句：Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false.(A)與原文第一段的意思“satire并無新意，只是表達(dá)獨(dú)特”相矛盾，符合題意，為正確答案。
托業(yè)閱讀考試中常見百句短語匯總
1. abide by(=be faithful to ; obey)忠于;遵守。 2. be absent from…. 缺席，不在 3. absence or mind(=being absent-minded) 心不在焉 4. absorb(=take up the attention of)吸引…的注意力(被動(dòng)語態(tài)):be absorbed in 全神貫注于…近:be engrossed in ; be lost in ; be rapt in ;be concentrated on ; be focused on ; be centered on 5. (be) abundant in(be rich in; be well supplied with) 富于,富有 6. access(to) (不可數(shù)名詞) 能接近,進(jìn)入,了解 7. by accident(=by chance, accidentally)偶然地,意外. without accident(=safely) 安全地, 8. of one's own accord(=without being asked; willingly; freely)自愿地 ,主動(dòng)地 9. in accord with 與…一致 . out of one's accord with 同….不一致 10. with one accord (=with everybody agreeing)一致地 11. in accordance with (=in agreement with) 依照,根據(jù) 12. on one's own account 1) 為了某人的緣故, 為了某人自己的利益 2)(=at one's own risk) 自行負(fù)責(zé) 3)(=by oneself)依靠自己 on account 賒賬; on account of 因?yàn)? on no account不論什么原因也不;of …account 有………重要性. 13. take…into account(=consider)把……考慮進(jìn)去 14. give sb. an account of 說明, 解釋 (理由) 15. account for (=give an explanation or reason for) 解釋, 說明. 16. on account of (=because of) 由于,因?yàn)? 17. on no account(=in no case, for no reason)絕不要,無論如何不要(放句首時(shí)句子要倒裝) 18. accuse…of…(=charge…with; blame sb. for sth. ; blame sth. on sb. ; complain about) 指控,控告 19. be accustomed to (=be in the habit of, be used to)習(xí)慣于. 20. be acquainted with(=to have knowledge of) 了解; (=to have met socially) 熟悉 21. act on 奉行,按照…行動(dòng); act as 扮演; act for 代理 22. adapt oneself to(=adjust oneself to) 使自己適應(yīng)于 23. adapt…(for) (=make sth. suitable for a new need) 改編, 改寫(以適應(yīng)新的需要) 24. in addition (=besides) 此外, 又, 加之 25. in addition to(=as well as, besides, other than)除…外 26. adhere to (=abide by, conform to, comply with, cling to, insist on, persist in, observe, opinion, belief ) 粘附; 堅(jiān)持, 遵循 27. adjacent(=next to, close to) 毗鄰的, 臨近的 28. adjust……(to) (=change slightly)調(diào)節(jié); 適應(yīng); 29. admit of (=be capable of, leave room for) …的可能，留有…的余地. 30. in advance (before in time) 預(yù)告, 事先. 31. to advantage 有利的,使優(yōu)點(diǎn)更加突出地. 32. have an advantage over 勝過. have the advantage of 由于…處于有利條件 have the advantage of sb.知道某人所不知道的事
托業(yè)閱讀理解指導(dǎo)
iraqi constitution may be postponed
the announcement came hours before the 71-member drafting committee was to say whether it would need an extension to finish the document. the committee chairman, humam hammoudi, said there was an "80 percent chance" his group would ask for a one-month extension.
the united states has been pushing the iraqis to meet the deadline to maintain political momentum seen as crucial to defeating the insurgency and enabling u.s. and other foreign troops to begin leaving iraq next year. main points in dispute include such issues as federalism, dual nationality and the role of islam.
"i believe, according to what i heard from the head of the drafting committee and other members, that there is big chance that what has been agreed upon will be drafted while points of disagreement will be postponed to a future date," spokesman laith kubba told reporters.
a sunni member of the committee, saleh al-mutlaq, suggested postponing a decision on the most troublesome issues until after the dec. 15 general elections.
"we will wait for drafting points of disagreement until there is a better atmosphere," kubba said. the constitution should be approved by parliament by aug. 15 and submitted to the voters in a referendum two months later.
framers of iraq’s new constitution expect to submit a draft in time for parliament to meet an aug. 15 deadline for approval, but decisions on some key points may be deferred until later, the government spokesman said sunday.
托業(yè)考試閱讀材料
Bart Lorang may be the best boss ever.
巴特-洛朗或許將成為老板。
The CEO of Denver-based internet start-up FullContact API said in a market that is competitive for top talent, he wants to keep his employees happy and refreshed.
美國丹佛的網(wǎng)絡(luò)初創(chuàng)公司FullContact API的總裁巴特-洛朗表示，在各家爭(zhēng)相雇傭人才的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)中，他想讓自己的員工心情愉快，充滿干勁。
The flip-flop wearing founder offers his employees ,500 for what he calls “paid, paid vacation,” however there are rules.
這位穿著夾趾涼拖的公司創(chuàng)始人向他的每位員工提供7500美元，用于“付費(fèi)帶薪休假”，但需遵守相關(guān)規(guī)定。
“One, you actually have to take a vacation to get the money,” Lorang said. “Two, you have to disconnect from work, so that means no calls, no emails, no tweets, no work of any kind.”
洛朗說：“首先，你必須去度假才能拿到這筆錢。其次，你必須切斷與工作的聯(lián)系，這意味著不接電話，不回電郵，不發(fā)推特，不做任何形式的工作?！?/p>
Even Lorang admitted he has trouble following his rules.
洛朗承認(rèn)他自己遵守這些規(guī)定也有困難。
“I suck at it,” he said.
他說：“我也沒能遵守?！?/p>
A picture of the CEO and his fiancee Sarah at Egypt’s great pyramids captured Lorang checking his email.
在洛朗和未婚妻薩拉在埃及金字塔拍攝的一張照片上，他正在查看電郵。
Not surprisingly, employees said they loved having the company pick up the tabfor their vacations.
公司為員工支付度假費(fèi)用，員工們當(dāng)然感到很開心。
“It’s a real break for your brain,” said Robbie Jack, a FullContact API employee. “You come back refreshed and reinvigorated and more excited about the stuff you were working on when you left.”
該公司員工羅比-杰克說：“這才能真正讓大腦放松。你回來工作時(shí)會(huì)精神抖擻，充滿活力，對(duì)之前的工作更加振奮。”
If the idea of having a boss pick up the tab for a dream vacation is tantalizing, good news: Lorang is hiring.
如果老板掏錢讓員工度假的主意非常誘人的話，那么還有個(gè)好消息：洛朗在招聘。
“We’re probably going to hire about 12 folks in the next six months,” he said.
他說：“在未來半年內(nèi)，我們大概要招聘12名員工。”
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