高考英語(yǔ)之復(fù)合句
名詞性從句又分：主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。大家按照這個(gè)思路就不會(huì)覺(jué)得手忙腳亂了。接下來(lái)，小編給大家準(zhǔn)備了高考英語(yǔ)之復(fù)合句,歡迎大家參考與借鑒。
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高考英語(yǔ)之復(fù)合句
在高考英語(yǔ)試題中，復(fù)合句占有較大的比例，復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)應(yīng)該注意：
1.倡發(fā)散思維，忌單向思維，考各種從屬句，常常是不同類型的連接詞語(yǔ)正誤連綴而至，如果不抓住這 一點(diǎn)，不從多方面思考選擇，就容易以偏概全，誤入歧途。
2.弄清主從復(fù)合句中的每一個(gè)從屬連接詞的意思、用法、主句與從句在時(shí)態(tài)上的呼應(yīng)、語(yǔ)氣、是否需要 倒裝、固定搭配及邏輯常識(shí)等。
3.熟記句型及特殊表達(dá)形式。
4.注意各分句之間的特點(diǎn)及區(qū)別。
5.注意有些連接詞的省略情況及省略后某些語(yǔ)序發(fā)生的變化。
總之在做習(xí)題時(shí)，不能生搬硬套，一成不變，要全方位的思考，摸清出題者的意圖，靈活機(jī)動(dòng)，隨著不同 的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境而變化。
什么是復(fù)合句：
從句子結(jié)構(gòu)上來(lái)說(shuō)，句子有三種：簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。簡(jiǎn)單句有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)或多個(gè)主語(yǔ)和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ);一個(gè)主語(yǔ)和多個(gè)謂語(yǔ)。并列句是由并列連詞連接的兩個(gè)或多個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。復(fù)合句指的是含有兩個(gè)或更多的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，其中有一個(gè)(或更多)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)句子的某一(些)成分，如主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)等。主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句都屬于復(fù)合句。
一、狀語(yǔ)從句：
狀語(yǔ)從句 Adverbial Clause，從句用作狀語(yǔ)稱為狀語(yǔ)從句。根據(jù)用途，狀語(yǔ)從句可分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、條件、方式、讓步、結(jié)果、目的等狀語(yǔ)從句。
I. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句表示時(shí)間，常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有when, until, as, after, before, once, since, as long as, whenever等等。
例: 1) When you cross a main road, you must be careful.
2) He went out to play football after he had finished his homework.
3) Wait until you are called.
4) I can't recognize you. You are so changed since last we met.
5) He didn't go to school until he was eleven.
You can use my house as long as you are careful.
He is so terrible once he is drunk1.
I listen to the radio while I walk every evening.
II. 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句
地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句表示地點(diǎn)，常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有where, wherever, anywhere等。
例如：1) Put it where you found it.
2) Sit down wherever you like.
3) Anywhere she goes, he goes too.
III. 原因狀語(yǔ)從句
原因狀語(yǔ)從句表示原因或理由，常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有because, as, since, in case等。
1) I eat ice-cream so much because I like sweet food.
2) As I didn't know the way, I asked a policeman.
3) Since you won't help me, I'll ask someone else.
I'll take my raincoat in case it rains. (in case it rains = because it may rain)我將帶上雨衣，以防下雨。
IV. 條件狀語(yǔ)從句
條件狀語(yǔ)從句表示真實(shí)的或現(xiàn)實(shí)的條件，引導(dǎo)從句所用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有if, unless, suppose, in case(that), in the event (that), as (so) long as等等。
1) If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.
You'll be late, unless you hurry.
3) Suppose we are late, what will he say? (suppose從句必須放在主句之前) 我們?nèi)绻t到了，他會(huì)說(shuō)什么?
4) In the event that our team wins, there will be a party.
5) In case it rains, do not expect me. 如果下雨，就不要等我了。
6) He will do anything as(so) long as it is interesting. 只要好玩，他什么都愿意做。
V. 方式狀語(yǔ)從句
方式狀語(yǔ)從句表示動(dòng)作的方式，回答How的問(wèn)題，常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞as, as if, as though, the way(that), in the way(that)等引導(dǎo)，一般置于主語(yǔ)之后。
Do as I say. I did just as you told me. 照我說(shuō)的去做。我就是照你說(shuō)的去做的。
He acts as if/as though he is the owner. 他行為舉止好象是這兒的主人似的。
They did it in a way that I had never seen before. 他們以我從沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)的方式行事。
I was never allowed to sing the way I wanted to. 我從未被允許用自己想用的方式唱歌。
VI. 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
讓步狀語(yǔ)從句表示“雖然、盡管、即使”等概念，使句子具有對(duì)比的因素。常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有although, though, even if, even though, not that(=although…not)等，置于主語(yǔ)之前或后。
1) Although you feel very ill right now, this is still a common disease2.
2) Though he has lived for years in London, he writes in French.
3) We intend to go U.S., even if air fares are expensive.
4) Even though fruits are good, you can't live with fruits only.
5) I'm OK now, not that I slept (although I did not sleep) very well last night.
VII. 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句
結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句表示結(jié)果， 常由連詞so…that, such(a/an)…that, so that, such that等引導(dǎo)，置于主語(yǔ)之后。
She was so frightened about the dog that she cried.
The news worried him so much that he didn't sleep at all for the whole night.
He is such a wonderful joker that you can't help laughing.
They are such wonderful players that no one can beat them.
We arrived early, so that we got good seats.
The weather was such that I couldn't go out.
VIII. 目的狀語(yǔ)從句
目的狀語(yǔ)從句表示目的，回答what for或 for what purpose的問(wèn)題，常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞so that, in order that等引導(dǎo)，一般置于主語(yǔ)之后。目的狀語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。
Ships carry lifeboats so that people can escape if the ship sinks.
They wrote the notice in several languages so that foreigners could understand it.
We carved their names on the stone in order that people should always remember them.
They risk their lives so that/in order that they may support their kids.
A.will finish B.shall finish C.finish D.finished
選C.在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，主句可能是祈使句、一般將來(lái)時(shí)或帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如 果主句是過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，從句可以用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。能夠引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連接詞，常見(jiàn)的 有：when,until(directly,unless,as long as,suppose等。如：
(1)Unless he comes,we won't be able to go.
(2)Suppose it goes on raining,what shall we do?
(3)Lu Xun often said,"As long as I am alive,I shall go on studying."
2.No sooner_____the news than they rushed out into the street.
A.they heard B.they had heard C.did they hear D.had they heard
選D.no sooner…than,hardly… when,scarcely… before表示"—…就"，主句一般用過(guò)去完成時(shí)(h ad+V-ed)，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，如果hardly,no sooner, scarcely放句首，主謂倒裝。
3.Although he is considered a great writer,____(MET'91)
A.his works3 are not widely read B.but his works are not widelyread
C.however his works are not widely read D.still his works arenot widely read
選A.這是一個(gè)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，主句與從句之間有一個(gè)從屬連詞although(though)，不能再加but,howeve r,still等，但可以和yet連用。
4.No matter how hard he worked,____(84年)
A.he could not do any better B.and he could not do any better
C.so he could do any bettes D.but he could not do any better
選A.由no matter引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，其主句也不能再用but,and,so等并列連接詞。
5.____he might,he failed,A.Try as B.As try C.Tried as D.As tried
選A.為了強(qiáng)調(diào)讓步的意義，表示出非常強(qiáng)烈的對(duì)照，用as或though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，從句的語(yǔ)序要 作部分調(diào)整，即把句子受強(qiáng)調(diào)的表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或動(dòng)詞原形置于從句的句首。如果表語(yǔ)是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，移置句首 時(shí)，名詞前不用冠詞。如：
(1)Much as I like it,I will not buy it.
(2)Child as she is,she knows a lot of English.
6.Did the two boys look so much alike____no one could tell them apart?
A.and B.that C.as D.so that
選B.目的狀語(yǔ)從句的表達(dá)："主+謂+that(so that,in order that)+主+may(might,can,could,sho uldn't等)+謂"。
7.____Mr Smith is well again,he can travel.
A.Now that B.But that C.And that D.Since that
選A.now that相當(dāng)于since。表示原因狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞常見(jiàn)的有because,as,since,now that,seeing that,considering that等。
8.It was____a hundred people looked lost in it.
A.so large a room that B.so large a room
C.such large a room that D.a such large room
選A.引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句：so+adj(adv)+that從句so+adj+a(an)+n+that從句such+a(an)+adj+n+that從句，表示"這樣……(一個(gè))……以至于……"。
9.The harder he worked,____he felt.
A.happier B.the happier C.the happy D.the happiest
選B.the+比較級(jí)+主+謂，the+比較級(jí)+主+謂，意思是"越…… 越……"。
二、定語(yǔ)從句
定語(yǔ)從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定語(yǔ)，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。
關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why等
1. 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1)who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想見(jiàn)的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ))
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ))
2) Whose 用來(lái)指人或物，(只用作定語(yǔ), 若指物，它還可以同of which互換)，例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人車壞了，大家都跑過(guò)去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3)which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等，例如： A prosperity4 which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ))
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ))
2. 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。
1)when, where, why 關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用.例如：
There are occasions5 when (on which) one must yield6. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候?！?Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2)that代替關(guān)系副詞that可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，在口語(yǔ)中that常被省略.例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.
他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely7 to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過(guò)的地方
3. 判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞
方法一： 用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無(wú)賓語(yǔ)，就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞;而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。
方法二： 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)，也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案：
例1 D，例2 A
例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分為賓語(yǔ)，而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語(yǔ)的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表語(yǔ)，又可做從句的賓語(yǔ)，可以省略關(guān)系代詞，所以應(yīng)選D。
而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語(yǔ)表地點(diǎn)，既可用副詞where，又因 in the museum詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對(duì)，所以選A。 關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，選擇關(guān)系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行詞在從句中做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 ( where 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，when 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，why 原因狀語(yǔ)) 。
4. 限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
1) 定語(yǔ)從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確;非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的附加說(shuō)明，去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month.
這是我們上個(gè)月買的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個(gè)月買的。(非限制性)
2) 當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí)，其后的定語(yǔ)從句通常是非限制性的，例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired8 last year.
查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching9.
這本小說(shuō)很動(dòng)人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。
3) 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎沒(méi)抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。
Liquid water changes to vapor10, which is called evaporation11.
液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。
說(shuō)明：關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
5. 介詞+關(guān)系詞
1)介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。
2)that前不能有介詞。
3) 某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因狀語(yǔ)的"介詞+關(guān)系詞"結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when 和where 互換。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
6. as, which 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句
由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，as和which可代整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking12 is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例題 1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此為非限定性從句，不能用 that修飾，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成為句子，兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子不能單以逗號(hào)連接。況且選he句意不通。
2)The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，it不為連詞，使由逗號(hào)連接的兩個(gè)句子并在一起在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法上行不通。
3)It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park.
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，這兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞都指主句所表達(dá)的整個(gè)意思，且在定語(yǔ)從句中都可以作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。但不同之處主要有兩點(diǎn)：
(1) as 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可置于句首，而which不可。
(2) as 代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)必須是系動(dòng)詞;若為行為動(dòng)詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which.?！?在本題中，prevent由于是行為動(dòng)詞，所以正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)為B。
As 的用法
例1. the same… as;such…as 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和……一樣……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常含有'正如'的意思。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是關(guān)系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語(yǔ);例2中，它充當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞know要用被動(dòng)式。
7. 先行詞和關(guān)系詞二合一
1)Whoever13 spits14 in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替)
8. what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever
1)what = the thing which;whatever = anything What you want has been sent here. Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who
(錯(cuò))Who breaks the law will be punished.
(錯(cuò))Whoever robbed15 the bank is not clear.
(對(duì))Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
(對(duì))Who robbed the bank is not clear.
3) that 和 what
當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí) ，通常用作關(guān)系代詞，而引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，是個(gè)不充當(dāng)任何成分的連接詞。賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句中的that?？墒÷?。What只能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句， 用作連接代詞，作從句的具體成分，且不能省略。
I think (that) you will like the stamps.
What we need is more practice.
9. 關(guān)系代詞that 的用法
1)不用that的情況
a) 在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。
(錯(cuò)) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介詞后不能用。
We depend on the land from that we get our food.(錯(cuò))
改為：We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作為定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況
a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b) 在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時(shí)，只用that，不用which。
c) 先行詞有the only, the very修飾時(shí)，只用that。
d) 先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，只用that。
e) 先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí),只用that。
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