教你精讀雅思閱讀文章
精讀文章是突破雅思閱讀高分的必經(jīng)途徑。但是我們要明確，雅思閱讀的精讀一定是在做完題目之后進(jìn)行的。目的為了查找漏洞單詞，理解長(zhǎng)難句和掌握文章結(jié)構(gòu)。而不是把精讀作為做閱讀得一種方法，因?yàn)榫x會(huì)耗費(fèi)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，需要逐句分析，考場(chǎng)上是不可能這樣做的，根本來(lái)不及，因此一旦養(yǎng)成了先精讀再做題的壞習(xí)慣，后果很嚴(yán)重。那下面就說(shuō)說(shuō)簡(jiǎn)答容易上手的精讀方法
4個(gè)步驟教你精讀雅思閱讀文章
1.摘抄單詞：準(zhǔn)備一本筆記本，把文章里不能迅速反應(yīng)中文意思的單詞全部記下來(lái)(當(dāng)然不包括專有名詞)尤其注意里面的詞組搭配，然后挨個(gè)去查字典。這個(gè)過(guò)程非常費(fèi)時(shí)，非常痛苦，但是千萬(wàn)不要偷懶，第一眼不能想到意思的單詞也要記下來(lái)，這說(shuō)明掌握的還不牢固;另外一定要改掉每個(gè)單詞只記一個(gè)意思的壞習(xí)慣，因?yàn)橐辉~多義也是雅思閱讀得一個(gè)考察重點(diǎn)。比如produce,同學(xué)們知道它有動(dòng)詞，生產(chǎn)的意思，但是在……produce is expensive.這道題中，produce卻是名詞農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的意思。
2. 摘抄替換：認(rèn)真分析每道題目在文章里的對(duì)應(yīng)句，可能是一句話也能是多句，把題目中的考點(diǎn)和原文中的同意替換都整理出來(lái)，列出一個(gè)表格。這類同意替換也是所有單詞中的重中之重，一定要整理下來(lái)重點(diǎn)記憶。
3.逐句理解，劃分成分：把每句話的句子結(jié)構(gòu)搞清楚，簡(jiǎn)單句找出主干，復(fù)雜句找出主從關(guān)系。先理解主干結(jié)構(gòu)，再理解修飾部分。如果這一部分不會(huì)做，就要加強(qiáng)相關(guān)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)。
舉個(gè)例子：
There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.
分析有插入語(yǔ)(however)的長(zhǎng)難句時(shí)，我們首先把插入語(yǔ)去掉或提前。然后我們可以看出句子真正的主干部分，是在no doubt后連接的從句中，而這個(gè)從句中有一個(gè)同學(xué)們?cè)谧x文章時(shí)不易識(shí)別的結(jié)構(gòu)：強(qiáng)調(diào)句(it is … that), 看出這個(gè)，那么這句話的主干就不難找出了，是the increasing number of applicants has led to the importance of the curriculum vitae, 即不斷增加的申請(qǐng)人數(shù)使簡(jiǎn)歷變得重要。看完主干后，緊接著看剩下的短語(yǔ)，我們看到applicants后面緊跟著with university education, 限定了applicants的條件，即具有大學(xué)學(xué)歷的申請(qǐng)者，再加上一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)的限制in the process of engaging staff, 即在員工錄入的過(guò)程中，通過(guò)這樣一系列的步驟后，整句話的意思就很清晰了。
4理清文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)，找出每個(gè)段落主題和細(xì)節(jié)：這一步是從微觀細(xì)節(jié)上升到宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)，大多數(shù)同學(xué)就是太關(guān)注細(xì)節(jié)，而缺少這種整體把控的能力和意識(shí)。段落結(jié)構(gòu)和文章結(jié)構(gòu)的有效理解對(duì)對(duì)于解heading題和段落信息匹配題尤為重要。
· 對(duì)于文章結(jié)構(gòu)，我們要知道它是按時(shí)間順序，還是提出問(wèn)題和解決方案，還是呈現(xiàn)不同人的觀點(diǎn)等等;
· 對(duì)于段落內(nèi)部，如果有主題句，理解主題句;如果沒有，嘗試體會(huì)重點(diǎn)要表達(dá)的意思。這對(duì)于標(biāo)題和信息匹配題目非常重要。
當(dāng)我們能把結(jié)構(gòu)理清，主題細(xì)節(jié)分辨好之后，我們真正需要閱讀的內(nèi)容就會(huì)大大縮短，對(duì)于我們閱讀速度的提高也是很有幫助的。
以上就是精讀的基本方法，重點(diǎn)針對(duì)“讀“這一個(gè)方面。如果有細(xì)心的同學(xué)對(duì)比過(guò)雅思閱讀和寫作的素材，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，雅思閱讀得文章也是很好的大作文的素材，比如lost of words(劍4)這篇文章就是大作文里語(yǔ)言保護(hù)話題得優(yōu)秀素材。所以同學(xué)們除了讀以外，還可以根據(jù)大作文的題目進(jìn)行摘抄的素材整理。
最后，精度要堅(jiān)持，要精不要量，兩本書就夠了，雖然一開始總結(jié)單詞很麻煩，但是理論上說(shuō)，如果每一篇單詞都掌握，那么下一篇中的陌生單詞就會(huì)越來(lái)越少，因?yàn)槟阏J(rèn)識(shí)的詞已經(jīng)越來(lái)越多了。所以精讀的速度也會(huì)越來(lái)越快，你考試看文章的速度也會(huì)越來(lái)越快。
雅思閱讀材料大集合：英國(guó)超辣漢堡致5人住院
Diners are being asked to sign a waiver before eating a fiery chilli burger - after it put five people in hospital.
英國(guó)一餐廳推出的熱辣漢堡已導(dǎo)致5人住院，現(xiàn)在再想吃這款“變態(tài)辣”漢堡要先簽署免責(zé)聲明。
The _X Hot Chilli Burger - dubbed the hottest dish in Britain - is served to over 18s only at Burger Off in Sussex.
這款被稱為英國(guó)最辣的熱辣漢堡，是蘇塞克斯郡漢堡店Burger Off 的料理，僅賣給18歲以上的成年人。
It is topped with chilli sauce worth a staggering 9.2million on the Scoville scale - a measure of the 'hotness' of foods. In contrast, the average chilli pepper comes in at just 500 Scoville Heat Units.
熱辣漢堡涂有“史高維爾辣度指標(biāo)”920萬(wàn)的辣椒醬?！笆犯呔S爾辣度指標(biāo)”是測(cè)量食物辣度的指標(biāo)，普通辣椒指數(shù)僅500。
One diner was taken to hospital with a suspected perforated bowel after eating the spicy dish, while four others were admitted for treatment on the same night for suspected anaphylactic shock.
一位顧客在吃了這款熱辣漢堡后疑似因腸穿孔被送往醫(yī)院救治，當(dāng)晚還有4位顧客疑似過(guò)敏休克入院。
Now, restaurant owner Nick Gambardella is asking customers to sign a legal disclaimer that prevents them from suing him if they fall victim to the red-hot burger.
漢堡店老板尼克·甘巴德拉為避免顧客用餐后出現(xiàn)不良反應(yīng)起訴自己，要求顧客只有在簽署了法律免責(zé)聲明后方可嘗試此熱辣漢堡。
The document reads: 'I the undersigned accept all responsibility for any effects incured due to the consumtion of the above mentioned _X Hot Chilli Burger and release Burger Off, its owner and staff from any liability.'
聲明中寫道：“我簽署同意，在Burger Off食用熱辣漢堡所帶來(lái)的一切后果責(zé)任由我個(gè)人承擔(dān)，餐廳和餐廳老板、服務(wù)員免責(zé)?！?/p>
Mr Gambardella, 55, said he was 'amazed' that he was allowed to sell such a spicy burger - adding: 'It has been a massive hit with the customers'.
55歲的甘巴德拉說(shuō)自己也很吃驚，居然得到了銷售此款熱辣漢堡的許可證，他補(bǔ)充道：“這在顧客中反響很大”。
'I have to admit I’ve not dared to try one of these burgers myself as they are so spicy,' he said. 'One guy came in and he was just a little bit cocky and when he left he was admitted to hospital because prior to eating the burger he had a stomach ulcerand we believe it perforated his bowel. He wasn’t in a good way but he pulled through.
“不得不承認(rèn)，連我自己都不敢嘗試這款熱辣漢堡，因?yàn)樗娴奶绷?。”他說(shuō)，“有位客人進(jìn)店的時(shí)候還自以為是，但是離開的時(shí)候就直接入院了。在吃熱辣漢堡之前這家伙就有胃潰瘍，我們覺得在吃了漢堡之后他可能腸穿孔了。他還沒有完全康復(fù)，但目前已經(jīng)度過(guò)了危險(xiǎn)期。”
The burger, which is on sale for only ￡3.90, features sauce based on a Piri Piri chilli concentrate, created through steaming and later infused with carbon dioxide.
這款熱辣漢堡售價(jià)僅3.9英鎊(約合人民幣39元)，其特色在于添加其中的皮爾皮爾辣椒醬，這種辣椒醬的制作方法是先氣蒸后注入二氧化碳。
So far, only 59 out of 3,000 challengers have succeeded in eating the entire dish. Many of the burger's conquerors have taken to Twitter and The Burger Off Facebook page to spread the word of their victory.
截至目前，3000名挑戰(zhàn)者僅有59位成功吃完整個(gè)漢堡。許多挑戰(zhàn)成功者在推特和Burger Off餐廳的臉書頁(yè)面上炫耀自己的勝利。
Mr Gambardella said the burger had caused customers to adopt a number of undignified coping mechanisms, including stripping naked, begging for mercy, punching windows and vomiting.
甘巴德拉說(shuō)，顧客在吃熱辣漢堡時(shí)言行舉止十分不雅，有的大脫衣服、有的跪地求饒、還有的捶窗嘔吐。
It has also left many diners suffering from anaphylactic shock - a severe allergic reaction that can cause swelling, rashes and difficulty breathing.
大量顧客吃了熱辣漢堡后過(guò)敏性休克，這種嚴(yán)重的過(guò)敏反應(yīng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致腫脹、發(fā)疹和呼吸困難。
'The burgers are cooked properly - it’s the sauce that is maybe too hot to handle,' said Mr Gambardella.
甘巴德拉說(shuō)：“其實(shí)漢堡烹飪是合理的。熱辣漢堡這么辣，都是辣醬惹的禍。”
雅思閱讀材料大集合：電影院里的騙局
In 2013, China achieved a record-breaking high for its film industry's box-office revenues, which officially register at 21.769 billion yuan (.59 billion). But according to Wang Changtian, CEO of Enlight, that was at least 5 billion yuan short of the real number. Other experts put the gap at 2.4 billion, explaining the reported box-office figure at 10 percent less than the real one. That gap is someone's windfall, illegally pocketed by cinema owners and operators, professionally known as film exhibitors. And the regulating agency is getting tough on this kind of theft.
Wang Changtian has reasons to be angry. Over the Lunar New Year season that has recently wound down, he received on his microblog numerous audience reports, complete with photos, of tickets to Dad, Where Are We Going?, a runaway hit his company distributes. The tickets had no movie title printed on them or the prices printed were lower than what was actually paid by the moviegoers - all signs that the movie's revenues were not correctly registered.
The earliest manifestation of the shady practice of "box-office stealing" loomed a few years ago when individual moviegoers posted suspicious tickets online. Tickets of this type usually had movie title "A" computer-printed on it, but the printed title was scratched out by hand and title "B" written in. Fingers were pointed at the producer or distributor of title A, but more likely it was the movie theater that was behind it. The reason could be simple: Film A gives the exhibitor a larger share of the revenue than film B.
However, this is just the tip of the iceberg. Industry insiders reveal it was much worse before computer systems were installed in the nation's cinemas, and of course, before social media websites turned everyone into a potential reporter of such business deceit. As a matter of fact, some cinema investors were not even aware that they had to split their revenue with other parties. "This phenomenon started from the age of planned economy," says Mao Yu, deputy director of the Film Bureau, a branch of the regulating agency.
But it may have turned from guerrilla tactics to larger-scale con games. For group purchases, violators would not even issue tickets, essentially not reporting a single cent of revenue from a whole screening. Since a representative of the group usually deals with the cinema, unless he or she specifically demands a printed ticket for each member of the group, all of them would be in the dark about income reporting from the cinema to the distributor.
Another trick lies in membership dues, which are often collected up front. When a paid member reimburses for a ticket, it may have only the screening room on it, and the exhibitors can choose to credit it to any movie they like, or not to any movie, in which case they pocket 100 percent of the revenue.
Some cinemas would go as far as investing in a separate point-of-sale computer system so that each ticket buyer gets the right ticket, but none of the data shows up on the centralized system. Instead, another set of credible purchase data would be put in the correct system, but with lower attendance.
Both distributors and exhibitors that I spoke to agree that cheating is much less rampant than before, say a dozen years ago, and now is mostly limited to third and fourth-tier cities. China Film Group, the nation's largest film production and distribution company, heads a consortium with several major private companies that hires 1,000 people to monitor cinemas nationwide, and Huaxia, another State-owned company, has a smaller army of 800.
However, there are situations even these sharp-eyed monitors can do little about. For example, if a cinema sells a ticket for 80 yuan, which is normal for primetime, but gives away a free popcorn, it may attribute as much as 60 yuan of the ticket price to the popcorn, leaving only 20 as the ticket price. But it can argue that 20 yuan is the minimum price for this particular film agreed upon by both sides and therefore it does not violate any rule.
A similar scheme was employed when Transformers 3 was bundled with Yang Shanzhou, a very small film with little box-office potential, making the latter into a strange film with eye-popping revenue (79 million yuan) but disproportionately fewer people who actually bothered to see it. There were sporadic online complaints about the practice even though consumers did not pay more for the package deal.
The State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television, the regulating agency, announced measures in late January to curb under-reporting and cheating on box-office revenues. A special fund is set up to subsidize the upgrading of computer software at point of sale. The current system was installed in 2005 and "cannot keep up with the new situation", in the words of Jiang Tao, director of the fund. "The new system will fix loopholes and shorten the reporting window to only 10 minutes after a sale is made instead of waiting till next noon, which is the current reporting lapse in time, which leaves room for manipulation. The national platform will be ready by May and the cinema side will complete their upgrading by October."
Apart from putting a stamp of authorization on all sales systems, SAPPRFT insists that all film tickets carry correct prices and movie admission. But conspicuously absent are concrete penalties for violations. The software upgrade will certainly be a great help, admit distributors and exhibitors, but it may not be enough.
"The cost of violation is still too low. If you're caught under-reporting 10 tickets, all you need to do is make up for the shortfall," says Huang Ziyan, vice-president of Le Vision Pictures in charge of sales.
Cao Yong, a manager with the Huaxing UME cinema chain, suggests that violators should have their business license revoked. "Cinemas invest tens of millions of yuan and, with punishment of this severity, it would not make sense for them to steal 80,000 or 100,000 yuan from the box office."
Other ideas have been floated such as the use of an infra-red camera that automatically scans a movie theater for attendance. The technology has been available for eight or nine years and it claims to have 95 percent accuracy. But it has never been put into use.
Filmmakers are reluctant to stand firm when they become victims because they do not want to offend the exhibition branch of the business chain - the branch that deals directly with end users. Some say they are no longer sad at the irregularity, but have come to the stage of despair.
This time it's for real, and "we'll cleanse the industry of this illegal and irregular behavior", says Zhang Hongsen, director of SAPPRFT's Film Bureau.
2013年，中國(guó)電影行業(yè)票房收入創(chuàng)下歷史新高，據(jù)官方統(tǒng)計(jì)，收入達(dá)217.69億元人民幣(35.9億美元)。據(jù)光線傳媒總裁王長(zhǎng)田透露，這一數(shù)字比實(shí)際數(shù)字少了至少50億元。還有專家認(rèn)為二者之間相差24億元，票房上報(bào)數(shù)字與實(shí)際數(shù)字之間相差至少10%。其中的差額，進(jìn)了一些人的腰包，成為了放映方，即影院所有人和經(jīng)營(yíng)者的非法收入。監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)開始對(duì)此類事件進(jìn)行嚴(yán)肅管理。
王長(zhǎng)田的氣憤是有理由的。在剛剛結(jié)束的春節(jié)檔期，他的微博上收到許多觀眾留言，并附上電影《爸爸去哪兒》的電影票照片。這部電影是光線傳媒公司發(fā)行的熱門影片。有的電影票上沒有電影的名字，而一些電影票上標(biāo)出的價(jià)格要低于觀眾實(shí)際購(gòu)票的價(jià)格。這些都說(shuō)明上報(bào)的電影收入并不真實(shí)。
幾年以前，就有觀眾將可疑的電影票上傳到網(wǎng)上，那時(shí)候就出現(xiàn)了“偷票房”的惡劣行為。電腦打出的電影票上往往標(biāo)記為A電影，但后來(lái)被涂改成B。有人指責(zé)A電影出品人和發(fā)行人，而幕后的操作者更有可能是影院方面的人員。原因很簡(jiǎn)單。相比B電影而言，放映方從A影片中得到的收入更多。
但這只是冰山一角。業(yè)內(nèi)人士透露，在中國(guó)電影院尚未安裝電腦系統(tǒng)，社交網(wǎng)站還沒有讓所有人都成為此類商業(yè)騙行的潛在報(bào)道者之前，這類事件要更加嚴(yán)重。事實(shí)上，部分電影投資者甚至根本不知道，其他人在分享他們的收入。電影監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)、國(guó)家新聞出版廣電總局電影局副局長(zhǎng)毛羽說(shuō)，"計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代就出現(xiàn)了這種現(xiàn)象"。
但是，這已經(jīng)從零散的現(xiàn)象，變成了規(guī)模巨大的騙局。違反規(guī)定的人甚至不會(huì)給團(tuán)購(gòu)觀眾發(fā)放電影票，在整場(chǎng)放映中基本不上報(bào)一分錢的收入。只有團(tuán)購(gòu)代表會(huì)與電影院直接打交道，所以如果他沒有提出特殊要求，為每一位成員打印電影票，在電影院上報(bào)給發(fā)行方的收入報(bào)告中，是不會(huì)顯示團(tuán)購(gòu)情況的。
在會(huì)費(fèi)方面也會(huì)耍手腕，因?yàn)闀?huì)費(fèi)是提前收取的。會(huì)員的電影票上只顯示在幾號(hào)放映廳，放映方可以將電影票任意對(duì)應(yīng)到別的影片上，或者根本不記錄會(huì)員看過(guò)電影，這樣他們就可以私吞所有的收入。
一些影院投資了單獨(dú)的零售電腦系統(tǒng)，可以讓購(gòu)票者買到正確的電影票，同時(shí)不會(huì)讓中央系統(tǒng)中顯示任何數(shù)據(jù)。而另外一組可信的購(gòu)買數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)被輸入正確的系統(tǒng)中，但顯示的上座率較低。
我了解到的發(fā)行商和放映方都認(rèn)為如今的欺騙行為較從前，就是十幾年前，收斂了很多;現(xiàn)在只有三、四線城市會(huì)出現(xiàn)這樣的行為。中國(guó)的電影制作和發(fā)行公司中國(guó)電影集團(tuán)同數(shù)家大型私人公司共同組建并領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了一個(gè)協(xié)會(huì)，雇傭1000人監(jiān)督全國(guó)的影院。另一家國(guó)有電影公司華夏電影公司也擁有一支八百人的隊(duì)伍。
但是，即使是這些精明的監(jiān)督者也有力所不及的情況。例如，影院出售一張80元的電影票(熱映電影的正常票價(jià))，同時(shí)贈(zèng)送免費(fèi)的爆米花。這時(shí)候，爆米花可能占去票價(jià)中的60元，而電影票只能占票價(jià)中的20元。電影院聲稱，雙方商議的影片價(jià)格就是20元，因此影院沒有違反任何規(guī)定。
《變形金剛3》同票房潛力很小的小制作電影《楊善洲》捆綁，讓后者取得了令人震驚的票房收入(7900萬(wàn)元)，但是這一數(shù)字同極少量的觀影人數(shù)并不相符。這是一種類似的手段。雖然消費(fèi)者不會(huì)為這樣的捆綁交易多付錢，但網(wǎng)上還是有一些對(duì)這類行為的投訴。
作為監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)，國(guó)家新聞出版廣電總局一月底公布了治理虛報(bào)、謊報(bào)票房收入的辦法。成立專門基金，補(bǔ)貼銷售點(diǎn)電腦軟件的升級(jí)。國(guó)家電影專資辦主任姜濤表示，安裝于2005年的現(xiàn)行系統(tǒng)“跟不上新情況”。
“新系統(tǒng)會(huì)修補(bǔ)漏洞，銷售結(jié)束十分鐘以后即結(jié)束上報(bào)窗口，而不再等到第二天中午”，延緩上報(bào)時(shí)間，會(huì)為弄虛作假留下空間。五月即將建成平臺(tái)，影院方面將于十月完成升級(jí)。
除了對(duì)所有銷售系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行管理，國(guó)家新聞出版廣電總局堅(jiān)持要求所有電影票顯示正確的價(jià)格和入場(chǎng)費(fèi)。但沒有對(duì)違反規(guī)定的具體處罰措施。發(fā)行方和放映方承認(rèn)，軟件更新一定會(huì)提供很大幫助，但幫助可能不夠。
“違反規(guī)定的代價(jià)還是太低了。如果被發(fā)現(xiàn)虛報(bào)了10次票價(jià)，只需要補(bǔ)上缺口即可，”樂視影業(yè)市場(chǎng)副總裁黃紫燕說(shuō)。
華星UME影城的經(jīng)理曹勇建議吊銷違反規(guī)定的單位的營(yíng)業(yè)執(zhí)照。“電影院的投資上千萬(wàn)，這樣嚴(yán)厲的懲罰，會(huì)讓他們覺得為了8萬(wàn)、10萬(wàn)的票房受這樣的懲罰劃不來(lái)。”
還有人想到其他辦法，如運(yùn)用可以自動(dòng)掃描影院放映廳上座率的紅外攝像機(jī)。未來(lái)8到9年，將可以利用這項(xiàng)技術(shù)，據(jù)稱這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的準(zhǔn)確率為95%。但現(xiàn)在這項(xiàng)技術(shù)尚未得到使用。
電影制作方在受到損失時(shí)，不愿意太過(guò)嚴(yán)厲，因?yàn)樗麄儾幌氲米锓庞撤?，原因在于在商業(yè)鏈上放映方所處的環(huán)節(jié)直接接觸終端用戶。一些人說(shuō)不再為這樣的不規(guī)矩行為感到難過(guò)，而是開始失望。
這一次真的要采取行動(dòng)，“我們要肅清行業(yè)中的這類非法，違規(guī)行為”，國(guó)家新聞出版廣電總局電影局局長(zhǎng)張宏森說(shuō)。
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