雅思閱讀模擬題：經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)化論

雅思模擬試題在雅思備考過程中所起的作用不可小覷，通過模擬練習(xí)題，我們可以很直接地了解到自己的備考狀況，從而可以更有針對性地進(jìn)行之后的復(fù)習(xí)。學(xué)習(xí)啦為大家準(zhǔn)備了雅思閱讀模擬題：經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)化論.希望以下內(nèi)容能夠?qū)Υ蠹业难潘紓淇加兴鶐椭?

雅思閱讀模擬題：經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)化論

Economic Evolution

A Living along the Orinoco River that borders Brazil and Venezuela are the Yanomam people, hunter-gatherers whose average annual income has been estimated at the equivalent of per person per year. Living along the Hudson River that borders New York State and New Jersey are the Manhattan people, consumer traders whose average annual income has been estimated at ,000 per person per year. That dramatic difference of 400 times, however, pales in comparison to the differences in Stock Keeping Units (SKUs, a measure of the number of types of retail products available), which has been estimated at 300 for the Yanomam and 10 billion for the Manhattans, a difference of 33 million times.

B How did this happen? According to economist Eric D. Beinhocker, who published these calculations in his revelatory work The Origin of Wealth (Harvard Business School Press, 2006), the explanation is to be found in complexity theory. Evolution and economics are not just analogous to each other, but they are actually two forms of a larger phenomenon called complex adaptive systems, in which individual elements, parts or agents interact, then process information and adapt their behavior to changing conditions. Immune systems, ecosystems, language, the law and the Internet are all examples of complex adaptive systems.

C In biological evolution, nature selects from the variation produced by random genetic mutations and the mixing of parental genes. Out of that process of cumulative selection emerges complexity and diversity. In economic evolution, our material economy proceeds through the production and selection of numerous permutations of countless products. Those 10 billion products in the Manhattan village represent only those variations that made it to market, after which there is a cumulative selection by consumers in the marketplace for those deemed most useful:VHS over Betamax, DVDs over VHS, CDs over vinyl records, flip phones over brick phones, computers over typewriters, Google over Altavista, SUVs over station wagons, paper books over e-books (still), and Internet news over network news (soon).Those that are purchased “survive” and "reproduce" into the future through repetitive use and remanufacturing.

D As with living organisms and ecosystems, the economy looks designed—so just as humans naturally deduce the existence of a top-down intelligent designer, humans also (understandably) infer that a top-down government designer is needed in nearly every aspect of the economy. But just as living organisms are shaped from the bottom up by natural selection, the economy is molded from the bottom up by the invisible hand. The correspondence between evolution and economics is not perfect, because some top-down institutional rules and laws are needed to provide a structure within which free and fair trade can occur. But too much top-down interference into the marketplace makes trade neither free nor fair. When such attempts have been made in the past they have failed—because markets are far too complex, interactive and autocatalytic to be designed from the top down. In his 1922 book, Socialism, Ludwig Von Mises spelled out the reasons why, most notably the problem of “economic calculation” in a planned socialist economy. In capitalism, prices are in constant and rapid flux and are determined from below by individuals freely exchanging in the marketplace. Money is a means of exchange, and prices are the information people use to guide their choices. Von Mises demonstrated that socialist economies depend on capitalist economies to determine what prices should be assigned to goods and services. And they do so cumbersomely and inefficiently. Relatively free markets are, ultimately, the only way to find out what buyers are willing to pay and what sellers are willing to accept.

E Economics helps to explain how Yanomam-like hunter-gatherers evolved into Manhattan-like consumer-traders. In the Nineteenth century French economist Frederic Bastiat well captured the principle: “Where goods do not cross frontiers, armies will." In addition to being fierce warriors, the Yanomam are also sophisticated traders, and the more they trade the less they fight. The reason is that trade is a powerful social adhesive that creates political alliances. One village cannot go to another village and announce that they are worried about being conquered by a third, more powerful village—that would reveal weakness. Instead they mask the real motives for alliance through trade and reciprocal feasting. And, as a result, not only gain military protection but also initiate a system of trade that—in the long run—leads to an increase in both wealth and SKUs.

F Free and fair trade occurs in societies where most individuals interact in ways that provide mutual benefit. The necessary rules weren't generated by wise men in a sacred temple, or lawmakers in congress, but rather evolved over generations and were widely accepted and practiced before the law was ever written. Laws that fail this test are ignored. If enforcement becomes too onerous, there is rebellion. Yet the concept that human interaction must, and can be controlled by a higher force is universal. Interestingly, there is no widespread agreement on who the "higher force" is. Religious people ascribe good behavior to god's law. They cannot conceive of an orderly society of atheists. Secular people credit the government. They consider anarchy to be synonymous with barbarity. Everyone seems to agree on the concept that orderly society requires an omnipotent force. Yet, everywhere there is evidence that this is not so. An important distinction between spontaneous social order and social anarchy is that the former is developed by work and investment, under the rule of law and with a set of evolved morals while the latter is chaos. The classical liberal tradition of von Mises and Hayek never makes the claim that the complete absence of top-down rules leads to the optimal social order. It simply says we should be skeptical about our ability to manage them in the name of social justice, equality, or progress.

Questions 1-5

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement if false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

SKUs is a more precise measurement to demonstrate the economic level of a community.

No concrete examples are presented when the author makes the statement concerning economic evolution.

Evolution and economics show a defective homolog.

Martial actions might be taken to cross the borders if trades do not work.

Profit is the invisible hand to guide the market.

Questions 6-8

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet.

6 What ought to play a vital role in each field the economy?

A a strict rule

B a smart strategy

C a tightly managed authority

D a powerful legislation

7-8 Which two of the following tools are used to pretend to ask for union according to one explanation from the perspective of economics

A an official announcement

B a diplomatic event

C the exchange of goods

D certain written correspondence

E some enjoyable treatment in a win-win situation

Questions 9-13

Summary

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

In response to the search of reasons for the phenomenon shown by the huge difference in the income between two groups of people both dwelling near the rivers, several researchers made their effort and gave certain explanations. One attributes 9 to the interesting change claiming that it is not as simple as it seems to be in appearance that the relationship between 10 which is a good example of 11 , which involve in the interaction of separate factors for the processing of information as well as the behavioral adaptation to unstable conditions. As far as the biological transformation is concerned, both 12 and the blend of genes from the last generation bring about the difference. The economic counterpart shows how generating and choosing the 13 of innumerable goods moves forward the material-oriented economy.

雅思閱讀文章來源有哪些?文章結(jié)構(gòu)有哪些?

一、雅思閱讀題源有哪些

我們知道雅思閱讀文章都是考官從世界著名的網(wǎng)站、報(bào)刊、雜志等上挑選出來，再精心改編而成的。所以，如果同學(xué)們發(fā)現(xiàn)劍橋做完，找不到合適的閱讀文章的話，可以瀏覽一下題源里的文章。

雅思閱讀常見的題源有New Scientist，這個(gè)網(wǎng)站是考官最青睞的;The Economist很多社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)類的文章都是從這里選取的;American Scientist和Scientific American更加側(cè)重科學(xué)類的文章;National Geographic多是雅思G類閱讀的題源文章。更多雅思閱讀題源請參考雅思閱讀備考要多瀏覽一下題源文章

雅思閱讀題源文章的備考方法：首先就是對文章進(jìn)行一個(gè)快速的閱讀，了解文章大意、段落主旨，弄清文章結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯順序;然后就是細(xì)讀文章，分類總結(jié)一下文章中出現(xiàn)的高頻詞匯或者不認(rèn)識的詞組，可以在零碎時(shí)間多記憶多背誦，提高大家的基礎(chǔ)能力;最后，就是將文章進(jìn)行一下分類，看看相同題材的文章都是怎么謀篇布局的，同時(shí)再次鞏固拓展了這類題材的背景知識。同學(xué)們不要小看背景知識，它對大家做題大有幫助。至于具體的分類方法，大家可以參考一下雅思閱讀背景知識如何分類

二、雅思閱讀文章結(jié)構(gòu)有哪些

我們都知道，雅思閱讀文章結(jié)構(gòu)常見的就那么幾種，如果了解這幾類文章結(jié)構(gòu)，那么做題時(shí)遇到類似的文章，就可以快速掌握它們的結(jié)構(gòu)，提高大家的做題速度。那么，雅思閱讀文章結(jié)構(gòu)該如何掌握呢?

雅思閱讀文章主要分為兩大類——說明文和議論文。說明文顧名思義主要就是介紹說明類的文章。議論文包括兩種結(jié)構(gòu)類型的文章：問題解決類和實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果類。這三類文章的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)是：

介紹說明類文章主要包括三個(gè)部分：第一部分引出一個(gè)概念或者現(xiàn)象;第二部分講述歷史淵源、闡述現(xiàn)在的概念;第三部分就是結(jié)論，可以是對前面的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行概括或者展望未來。問題解決類的文章第一部分引出一個(gè)話題或者一個(gè)問題;第二部分對這個(gè)問題進(jìn)行回顧，然后分析產(chǎn)生的原因，找出其他的證據(jù)來論述自己的觀點(diǎn);第三部分多為一些建議。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果類的文章第一部分多是闡述實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的;第二部分為實(shí)驗(yàn)的對象、條件、過程及結(jié)果的闡述;第三部分就是對結(jié)果進(jìn)行一些分析。想要更為具體的了解三類文章，大家可以參考雅思閱讀文章的三類精品結(jié)構(gòu)

雅思閱讀備考的四個(gè)原則

一，充分了解自己

充分了解自己是考生在備考雅思閱讀的時(shí)候要遵守的第一條原則，因?yàn)榭忌挥幸庾R到自己的英語水平，這樣才能、決定在雅思閱讀備考上要投入多少精力。還要了解自己的細(xì)節(jié)情況，才能制定貼身的學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃，決定自己要重點(diǎn)突破的方向。

有些考生在不知不覺中養(yǎng)成了不太科學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣。比如：白天的學(xué)習(xí)效率沒有夜晚高——這很危險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)檠潘荚诎滋炜?。有些考生做閱讀理解要借助電子詞典——這也不行，會(huì)掩蓋自己詞匯量的欠缺。有些考生平時(shí)做題從來不檢查。凡此種.種，一定要及早發(fā)現(xiàn)，及早改進(jìn)。

二，勤于基礎(chǔ)積累

積累基礎(chǔ)是雅思閱讀備考原則中最為重要的一條，因?yàn)檠潘奸喿x考試考的是大家的語言應(yīng)用能力，沒有基礎(chǔ)，何談應(yīng)用?而且重要的是要積累基礎(chǔ)語法知識。語法盡管在雅思閱讀考試中不直接考察，但閱讀離不開扎實(shí)的語法基礎(chǔ)。考生應(yīng)在語法復(fù)習(xí)中要培養(yǎng)概念意識和考點(diǎn)意識。扎實(shí)的語法基礎(chǔ)是理解文章的重要保證。其次要積累核心詞匯和詞組。雅思詞匯書應(yīng)該隨身攜帶，以便可以隨時(shí)抽空背誦。

三，注重做題過程

雅思閱讀備考中，考生應(yīng)該特別注重雅思做題的過程，尤其是雅思各種題型的做題的過程和方法，不斷練習(xí)從而找到最適合自己的做題方法和過程。并且在平時(shí)的練習(xí)中總結(jié)方法，做好筆記，加強(qiáng)對雅思考試的理解，更好的適應(yīng)考試的強(qiáng)度和難度

四，培養(yǎng)英語思維習(xí)慣

培養(yǎng)英語思維習(xí)慣是中最為核心的一條原則。對于想在雅思考試中取得高分的同學(xué)來說，養(yǎng)成英語思維的習(xí)慣必不可少。閱讀英語文章時(shí)不能先把文章翻譯成漢語，再進(jìn)行理解。閱讀過程中對信息的捕獲、處理是和閱讀同時(shí)發(fā)生的。英語思維習(xí)慣的培養(yǎng)不可一蹴而就，須日積月累。要抓住一切訓(xùn)練的時(shí)機(jī)，要給自己足夠的耐心。

雅思閱讀的考點(diǎn)分類

雅思閱讀題的考點(diǎn)分兩大類，對詞匯的掌握和對文章整體的理解。

首先，雅思閱讀中最重要的考點(diǎn)之一就是考生的詞匯掌握情況。其中包括同義近義詞(Paraphrasing)的轉(zhuǎn)換、識別能力，以及對一詞多義的掌握程度。

雅思閱讀文章常常會(huì)有許多專業(yè)詞匯，但專業(yè)詞匯大多都是文章載體或作為定位詞存在，絕不會(huì)以考點(diǎn)的形式存在，考的是都是一些常用的高頻詞匯。

一詞多義也是雅思閱讀對詞匯的一個(gè)考點(diǎn)。比如在劍5 Johnson’s Dictionary一文的題目中就出現(xiàn)過shade一詞，除了表示蔭涼處之外，它還有表示微小、細(xì)微的意思，原文正是取了shade的第二種也是考生不太知道的意思，在文章中和subtlety進(jìn)行了替換。

同義近義轉(zhuǎn)換，可能是詞與詞之間、短語和短語之間，也可能是句子與句子之間的。想要能更好地熟悉和把握這些詞匯，重在日常積累。新東方在線網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂雅思老師建議大家在做完練習(xí)之后，把文中特別是真題中的文章和題目中出現(xiàn)的同義近義轉(zhuǎn)化進(jìn)行對比分析，整理成文以便復(fù)習(xí)，一詞多義也是同樣的道理。長此以往，一定會(huì)對題目中的考點(diǎn)詞相當(dāng)熟悉和敏感，快速把題目信息和文章內(nèi)容對應(yīng)起來。

其次，雅思閱讀的第二大考點(diǎn)是考查考生對文章、對問題的結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容的整體把握及應(yīng)用能力。

從真題中我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，絕大多細(xì)節(jié)題是可以通過定位詞直接定位的，但是也有部分題目定位詞并不明顯。遇到后面這種情況，建議考生應(yīng)該立即改變解題策略，從文章結(jié)構(gòu)上下功夫，通過文章內(nèi)容的組織特點(diǎn)和題目意思進(jìn)行定位。文章性質(zhì)決定文章結(jié)構(gòu)。雅思閱讀文章的學(xué)術(shù)性雖然決定了它的深度，但另一方面也決定了相對固定的文章結(jié)構(gòu)。因?yàn)閷W(xué)術(shù)是嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)模谛问缴纤幸惶讎?yán)格的規(guī)范，如果能準(zhǔn)確把握各類文章的布局思路和特點(diǎn)的話，必能舉一反三，事半功倍。

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