托福閱讀細(xì)節(jié)題解題方法有哪些
托福閱讀細(xì)節(jié)題解題方法有哪些
考生在做托福閱讀的時候,對細(xì)節(jié)題的解題方法沒有把握好,導(dǎo)致失分。拿下閱讀細(xì)節(jié)題,有哪些解題方法?下面就是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理的托福閱讀細(xì)節(jié)題解題方法,希望對你有用!
托福閱讀細(xì)節(jié)題解題方法
細(xì)節(jié)題是托福閱讀考試中可能占到最大比重的一種托福閱讀題型題型,托福閱讀考試一般是每篇文章12-14道題,如果一篇文章中出現(xiàn)了6道細(xì)節(jié)題,這個比例還是非常引人注目的。而且細(xì)節(jié)題可以說是能屈能伸的一種題型,就是說,它要容易,可以很容易,它要想難,可以非常難。所以考生復(fù)習(xí)到后期,進(jìn)行錯題統(tǒng)計(jì)的時候會發(fā)現(xiàn),錯的最多的竟然還是細(xì)節(jié)題,非常令人糾結(jié)!所以做閱讀還是要攻克細(xì)節(jié)題。那么托福閱讀細(xì)節(jié)題怎樣攻克?希望接下來的內(nèi)容能夠給大家的托??荚噦淇紟硪恍椭?
細(xì)節(jié)題從考查能力的角度上來說,主要考查的是提取關(guān)鍵詞和在文章中定位有用解題信息的能力。細(xì)節(jié)題的問題一般就是純粹的事實(shí)層面上的問題,主要問作者說了什么? 哪些信息是真的? 解題的時候,80%左右的細(xì)節(jié)題都只需要閱讀文章中一兩個關(guān)鍵的句子就足夠解題了。所以我們要根據(jù)題干中提供的關(guān)鍵詞,回到原文中精準(zhǔn)地找到解題的關(guān)鍵句子。
細(xì)節(jié)題的解法
a.提取題干中關(guān)鍵詞(keywords)定位原文段落中關(guān)鍵詞所在的所有句子。分析題干中的關(guān)鍵詞及短語,關(guān)鍵詞包括題干中出現(xiàn)的大寫的單詞、人名、地名、物名、年代以及句子中的核心名詞。
b. 閱讀定位句。閱讀關(guān)鍵詞所在的所有句子。
c.正確選項(xiàng)是正確定位句的同義轉(zhuǎn)述或者同義改寫或同義轉(zhuǎn)述,簡述。必須在意思上和語言邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)上完全符合定位句。但是很多正確選項(xiàng)通常體現(xiàn)出概括,抽象,表達(dá)含蓄等等特點(diǎn);或者從另一個邏輯層面對此問題進(jìn)行描述。遇到這樣的情況,就用排除法,找出錯誤選項(xiàng)。
細(xì)節(jié)的題的錯誤選項(xiàng)
a.該選項(xiàng)的全部或者局部出現(xiàn)了該段落根本就沒有涉及的信息,概念,特有名詞,無中生有。
b.該選項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)了定位句范圍以外的信息,盡管段落中提及這些信息。
c. 選項(xiàng)過于絕對,是否擴(kuò)大或縮小了條件。
d. 與原文意思相矛盾。
e. 單純重復(fù)原文信息,并沒有回答問題。
托福閱讀細(xì)節(jié)題解題步驟
第一步:分清題型
考生們要對托福的各類題型,有了基本的辨認(rèn)能力之后,才能真正進(jìn)行細(xì)節(jié)題的練習(xí),因?yàn)橹挥嗅槍︻}型的訓(xùn)練才是最有效果的。因此第一步就要做到:辨認(rèn)題型。盡管看起來簡單,但是卻是最重要的第一步。
第二步:理解問題
在確認(rèn)完題型之后,考生一定要理解題目,用簡潔的語言告訴自己,這個問題問的是什么內(nèi)容。這直接關(guān)系到后面的一步,定位。有些考生做題時,可能讀著讀著,就忘了題目問什么,要找什么細(xì)節(jié)了。然后重新讀一遍題目,浪費(fèi)時間。這是由于有些題目比較長,又全是單詞,要全部記住很難。因此,考生要理解題目的問題,然后簡單告訴自己,這個是問“什么事”、“什么原因”,然后記下來,去原文中找答案。
第三步:文章定位
在分清題型和理解了問題之后,考生們才能開始到原文中找相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)描述。其中,同義改寫是難點(diǎn)。小編建議大家,在題海中,選取單詞和句子難度大,內(nèi)容難度大的文章,比如說心理學(xué)文章,整合一起,專門進(jìn)行細(xì)節(jié)題的查讀定位,同時把你找不到位置的題目全都標(biāo)出來,給自己做一個總結(jié)。總結(jié)之后,考生對于這類題型就會有心得體會了。
第四步:確定答案
有時候考生的第一次定位不一定準(zhǔn)確,在根據(jù)文章,排除錯誤選項(xiàng)后,繼續(xù)到文中尋找細(xì)節(jié)描述,第二輪定位之后,再確定答案,既保證了準(zhǔn)確率,也不會浪費(fèi)寶貴的時間。
如何讓托福閱讀內(nèi)容快速定位
一:細(xì)節(jié)題考查精確定位
托福閱讀中的細(xì)節(jié)題其實(shí)不難,但前提是定位的點(diǎn)要對,比如下面這個例題:
Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?
A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.
B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.
C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.
D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.
這是一個典型的細(xì)節(jié)題,在該題題干中,有的考生會選擇Puget Sound作為關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位,因?yàn)樗菍S忻~,在文中會比較顯眼。但是如果一旦選擇了這個地名,勢必會定位在該段的第一句話,托福細(xì)節(jié)題往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找答案,這樣的話考生是選不出正確答案的,因?yàn)槎ㄎ徊痪_。其實(shí)正確的關(guān)鍵詞應(yīng)該是white-tailed deer,這個用連字符連接的詞在文章中也是比較醒目的,按該詞定位應(yīng)是該段最后一句話。所以根據(jù)它的意思應(yīng)該選D項(xiàng)。其中A項(xiàng)與原句意思不符,B和C都與定位句信息無關(guān)。我們再來看另外一個否定事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的例子:
Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their structure depends on the particular history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?
A. They occur at the end of a succession.
B. They last longer than any other type of community.
C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change
D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.
這個題大家都會選擇用climax communities去定位,但在定位過程中會出現(xiàn)很多問題。首先考生要學(xué)會跳躍式定位,即根據(jù)文章中特殊的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號以及最醒目的詞來搜索我們真正需要的關(guān)鍵詞。文中的particular是加了陰影的,succession是在引號里面的,都非常醒目,通過看這兩個詞我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)它們附近沒有我們需要的東西;再比較突出的就是數(shù)字及破折號,在500的上方有a climax community,但它是單數(shù),與題干關(guān)鍵詞不完全匹配,細(xì)節(jié)題講究的是精確定位,所以我們應(yīng)該選擇500斜下方的Climax communities,即該段的最后一句話。否定事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的出題思路有兩種:一是無中生有,即根據(jù)定位點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容,四個選項(xiàng)只有一個沒有提到,這種思路多適用于選項(xiàng)比較簡短的題目;二是張冠李戴,即根據(jù)定位點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容表述,只有一個選項(xiàng)與之矛盾,這種思路多適應(yīng)于選項(xiàng)比較長的題目。就這個例題而言,根據(jù)定位的最后一句話,從表述上來說跟它相關(guān)的只有C和D兩個選項(xiàng),D項(xiàng)的意思與原句相符,而C項(xiàng)與原句矛盾,所以正確答案是C。綜上所述,做新托福閱讀的細(xì)節(jié)題,最重要的一點(diǎn)就是要盡量地去精確定位。
二:無方向中隱藏方向。
新托福閱讀考試中絕大部分題目都是對應(yīng)具體段落的,這會為考生節(jié)省很多時間。但是也不排除有少量題目的范圍比較大或比較模糊,考生在尋找答案時難免一頭霧水,費(fèi)時費(fèi)力。其實(shí)這些看似沒有明確定位方向的題目都是暗藏玄機(jī)的。下面我們就來看一個例子:
Wind power has a significant cost advantage over nuclear power and has become competitive with coal-fired power plants in many places. With new technological advances and mass production, projected cost declines should make wind power one of the world’s cheapest ways to produce electricity. In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is less than peak demand for electricity. The hydrogen gas could then be fed into a storage system and used to generate electricity when additional or backup power is needed.
Wind power is most economical in areas with steady winds. In areas where the wind dies down, backup electricity from a utility company or from an energy storage system becomes necessary. Backup power could also be provided by linking wind farms with a solar cell, with conventional or pumped-storage hydropower, or with efficient natural-gas-burning turbines. Some drawbacks to wind farms include visual pollution and noise, although these can be overcome by improving their design and locating them in isolated areas.
Based on the information in paragraph 3 and paragraph 4, what can be inferred about the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas mentioned at the end of paragraph 1?
A.They rely largely on coal-fired power plants.
B.They contain remote areas where the winds rarely die down.
C.Over 1 percent of the electricity in these states is produced by wind farms.
D.Wind farms in these states are being expanded to meet the power needs of the United States.
這個題目的題干涉及到三個段落,而事實(shí)上考生根本不需要去看第一段的內(nèi)容,因?yàn)榇鸢敢罁?jù)的是第三、四段的信息,但是這兩個段落如果都看的話內(nèi)容也不少,從應(yīng)試的角度來說太費(fèi)時間。正確的做法應(yīng)該是從選項(xiàng)中挖掘一下方向。A項(xiàng)里大家一般都會選擇有連字符的coal-fired作為關(guān)鍵詞去定位,B項(xiàng)沒有比較顯眼的詞就只能選名詞短語remote areas,C項(xiàng)選1 percent,D項(xiàng)選the United States。選完關(guān)鍵詞我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)除了B項(xiàng)不大好定位以外,其他三個選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞都很醒目。經(jīng)過定位,A項(xiàng)應(yīng)該去比對第3段的第一句話,意思明顯矛盾;B項(xiàng)不好找,可以暫且跳過;C項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞在這兩段都找不到,這就屬于新托福閱讀中推理題的錯誤答案設(shè)計(jì)方法之一無中生有。所以雖然我們沒有去驗(yàn)證B項(xiàng)的說法是否正確,但經(jīng)過排除也只能選B了。這樣的做題方法就會省時省力,且答案也是正確的。在考試中,這種情況往往會影響考生的心情,進(jìn)而影響水平的發(fā)揮,但是只要我們了解了ETS出題的套路就能把它們輕松搞定。
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