值得背誦的英語(yǔ)文章
值得背誦的英語(yǔ)文章
在國(guó)際政治、軍事、經(jīng)濟(jì)、科技、文化、貿(mào)易、交通運(yùn)輸?shù)阮I(lǐng)域，英語(yǔ)是一個(gè)重要的交際工具。學(xué)好英語(yǔ)具有重要大的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義和深遠(yuǎn)的歷史意義。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編帶來(lái)的值得背誦的英語(yǔ)文章，歡迎閱讀!
值得背誦的英語(yǔ)文章1
Henry Ford
Although Henry Ford’s name is closely associated with the concept of mass production, he should receive equal credit for introducing labor practices as early as 1913 that would be considered advanced even by today’s standards. Safety measures were improved, and the work day was reduced to eight hours, compared with the ten-or twelve-hour day common at the time. In order to accommodate the shorter work day, the entire factory was converted from two to three shifts.
In addition, sick leaves as well as improved medical care for those injured on the job were instituted. The Ford Motor Company was one of the first factories to develop a technical school to train specialized skilled laborers and an English language school for immigrants. Some efforts were even made to hire the handicapped and provide jobs for former convicts.
The most widely acclaimed innovation was the five-dollar-a-day minimum wage that was offered in order to recruit and retain the best mechanics and to discourage the growth of labor unions. Ford explained the new wage policy in terms of efficiency and profit sharing. He also mentioned the fact that his employees would be able to purchase the automobiles that they produced – in effect creating a market for the product. In order to qualify for the minimum wage, an employee had to establish a decent home and demonstrate good personal habits, including sobriety, thriftiness, industriousness, and dependability. Although some criticism was directed at Ford for involving himself too much in the personal lives of his employees, there can be no doubt that, at a time when immigrants were being taken advantage of in frightful ways, Henry Ford was helping many people to establish themselves in America.
亨利.福特
盡管亨利.福特的名字和大生產(chǎn)的概念相連，但他在勞工保護(hù)上得到同樣的贊譽(yù)，因?yàn)樗缭?913年便實(shí)行了用今天的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)衡量依然是先進(jìn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。安全措施得到改進(jìn)，日工作時(shí)間從當(dāng)時(shí)普遍的10或12小時(shí)減少到8小時(shí)。為了適應(yīng)更短的日工作時(shí)間，整個(gè)工廠從雙班變成了三班。
而且，病假和改善了的工傷醫(yī)療得以制度化。福特汽車公司是最早建立技術(shù)學(xué)校來(lái)培訓(xùn)專門技工和為移民開設(shè)英語(yǔ)學(xué)校的工廠之一。公司甚至為雇傭殘疾人和有前科的人而作出了一些努力。
最受廣泛稱贊的革新是實(shí)行五美元一天的最低工資。其目的是招收和留住那些最好的技工并阻礙工會(huì)的發(fā)展。福特從效率和利潤(rùn)分享的角度來(lái)解釋這項(xiàng)新的工資政策。他也提到這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，他的員工可以買他們生產(chǎn)的汽車--這實(shí)際上是為其產(chǎn)品另開辟了一個(gè)市場(chǎng)。為了夠資格得到最低工資，員工必須建立一個(gè)得體的家庭并顯示出良好的個(gè)人習(xí)慣，包括節(jié)制、儉省、勤勉和可靠。雖然有人批評(píng)福特過(guò)多地干涉了員工的私人生活，但毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，在移民們被用惡劣的方式剝削的時(shí)代，亨利.福特卻幫助了許多人在美國(guó)扎下根來(lái)。
值得背誦的英語(yǔ)文章2
he origin of Refrigerators
By the mid-nineteenth century, the term “icebox” had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War( 1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half of the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.
Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
But as early as 1803, and ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.
冰箱的由來(lái)
直到19世紀(jì)中期，"冰箱"這個(gè)名詞才進(jìn)入了美國(guó)語(yǔ)言，但冰僅僅只是開始影響美國(guó)普通市民的飲食。冰的買賣隨著城市的發(fā)展而發(fā)展。冰被用在旅館、酒館、醫(yī)院以及被一些有眼光的城市商人用于肉、魚和黃油的保鮮。內(nèi)戰(zhàn)(1861-1865)之后，冰被用于冷藏貨車，同時(shí)也進(jìn)入了民用。甚至在1880年前，半數(shù)在紐約、費(fèi)城和巴爾的摩銷售的冰，三分之一
在波士頓和芝加哥銷售的冰進(jìn)入家庭使用，因?yàn)橐环N新的家庭設(shè)備，冰箱，即現(xiàn)代冰箱的前身，被發(fā)明了。
制造一臺(tái)有效率的冰箱不像我們想象的那么簡(jiǎn)單。19世紀(jì)早期，關(guān)于對(duì)冷藏科學(xué)至關(guān)重要的熱物理知識(shí)是很淺陋的。認(rèn)為最好的冰箱應(yīng)該防止冰的融化這樣一個(gè)普遍的觀點(diǎn)顯然是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)檎潜娜诨鹆酥评渥饔?。早期為?jié)省冰的努力，包括用毯子把冰包起來(lái)，使得冰不能發(fā)揮它的作用。直到近19世紀(jì)末，發(fā)明家們才成功地找到有效率的冰箱所需要的精確的隔熱和循環(huán)的精確平衡。
但早在1803年，一位有發(fā)明天才的馬里蘭農(nóng)場(chǎng)主，托馬斯莫爾，找到了正確方法。他擁有一個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)，離華盛頓約20英里，那里的喬治鎮(zhèn)村莊是集市中心。當(dāng)他用自己設(shè)計(jì)的冰箱運(yùn)送黃油去市場(chǎng)時(shí)，他發(fā)現(xiàn)顧客們會(huì)走過(guò)裝在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者桶里那些迅速融化的黃油，而給他比市價(jià)更高的價(jià)格買他仍然新鮮堅(jiān)硬、整齊地切成一磅一塊的黃油。莫爾說(shuō)他的冰箱的一個(gè)好處是使得農(nóng)民們不必在夜里上路去市場(chǎng)以保持他們產(chǎn)品的低溫。
值得背誦的英語(yǔ)文章3
Scientific Theories
In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A theory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.
A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experiments to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientist’s predictions, the theory is supported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.
Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said, “Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.”
Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem are formulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses.
In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist’s thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes observations to test hypotheses. Without hypothesis, further investigation lacks purpose and direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.
科學(xué)理論
在科學(xué)中，理論是對(duì)所觀察到的相關(guān)事件的合理解釋。理論通常包含一個(gè)虛構(gòu)的模型，這個(gè)模型幫助科學(xué)家構(gòu)想所觀察到的事件是如何發(fā)生的。分子運(yùn)動(dòng)理論便是我們能找到的一個(gè)很好的例子。在這個(gè)理論中，氣體被描繪成由許多不斷運(yùn)動(dòng)的小顆粒組成。
一個(gè)有用的理論，除了能夠解釋過(guò)去的觀測(cè)，還有助于預(yù)測(cè)那些未被觀測(cè)到的事件。一個(gè)理論公開后，科學(xué)家們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)檢驗(yàn)這個(gè)理論。如果觀察證實(shí)了科學(xué)家的預(yù)言，這個(gè)理論則得到了驗(yàn)證。如果觀察不能證實(shí)科學(xué)家的預(yù)言，科學(xué)家就必須進(jìn)一步的研究?；蛟S是實(shí)驗(yàn)存在錯(cuò)誤，或許是這個(gè)理論必須被修改或拋棄。
科學(xué)家除了收集信息和操作實(shí)驗(yàn)外還需要想象能力和創(chuàng)造性思維。事實(shí)本身并不是科學(xué)。正如數(shù)學(xué)家喬斯亨利波恩克爾所說(shuō)："科學(xué)建立在事實(shí)之上，就像房子用磚砌成一樣。但事實(shí)的收集不能被稱作科學(xué)，就像一堆磚不能被叫作房子一樣。”
"多數(shù)科學(xué)家通過(guò)找出別的科學(xué)家在一個(gè)特定問(wèn)題上的所知來(lái)開始研究。在收集了已知事實(shí)之后，科學(xué)家開始了研究中需要相當(dāng)想象力的部分。他們爾后擬訂對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的可行的解決方法。這些可行的解決方式被稱為假設(shè)。在某種意義上，任何假設(shè)都是向未知的跳躍。它使科學(xué)家的思維超越已知事實(shí)?？茖W(xué)家計(jì)劃實(shí)驗(yàn)、計(jì)算、觀測(cè)以檢驗(yàn)假定。若沒(méi)有假設(shè)，進(jìn)一步的研究便缺乏目的和方向。當(dāng)假設(shè)被證實(shí)了，就成為理論的一部分。