參考文獻(xiàn)英文范文
參考文獻(xiàn)是在學(xué)術(shù)研究過(guò)程中，對(duì)某一著作或論文的整體的參考或借鑒。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理的參考文獻(xiàn)英文范文，供大家參閱!
參考文獻(xiàn)英文范文：英文參考文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式
一、參考文獻(xiàn)的類(lèi)型
參考文獻(xiàn)(即引文出處)的類(lèi)型以單字母方式標(biāo)識(shí)，具體 如下：
--專(zhuān)著,著作
[C]--論文集(一般指會(huì)議發(fā)表的論文續(xù)集，及一些專(zhuān)題論文集，如《***大學(xué)研究生學(xué)術(shù)論文集》
[N]-- 報(bào)紙文章
[J]--期刊文章：發(fā)表在期刊上的論文，盡管有時(shí)我們看到的是從網(wǎng)上下載的(如知網(wǎng))，但它也是發(fā)表在期刊上的，你看到的電 子期刊僅是其電子版
[D]--學(xué)位論文 ：不區(qū)分碩士還是博士論文
--報(bào)告：一般在標(biāo)題中會(huì)有"關(guān)于****的報(bào)告"字樣
[S]-- 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
[P]--專(zhuān)利
[A]--文章：很少用，主要是不屬于以上類(lèi)型的文章
[Z]--對(duì)于不屬于上述的文獻(xiàn)類(lèi)型，可用字 母"Z"標(biāo)識(shí)，但這種情況非常少見(jiàn)
常用的電子文獻(xiàn)及載體類(lèi)型標(biāo)識(shí)：
[DB/OL] --聯(lián)機(jī)網(wǎng)上數(shù)據(jù)(database online)
[DB/MT] --磁帶數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(database on magnetic tape)
[M/CD] --光盤(pán)圖書(shū)(monograph on CDROM)
[CP/DK] --磁盤(pán)軟件(computer program on disk)
[J/OL] --網(wǎng)上期刊(serial online)
[EB/OL] --網(wǎng)上電子公告(electronic bulletin board online)
很顯然，標(biāo)識(shí)的就是該資源的英文縮寫(xiě)，/前面表示類(lèi)型，/后面表示資源的載體，如OL表示在線(xiàn)資源
二、參考文獻(xiàn)的格式 及舉例
1.期刊類(lèi)
【格式】[序號(hào)]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷號(hào)(期號(hào))起止頁(yè)碼.
【舉例】
[1] 周融，任志國(guó)，楊尚雷，厲星星.對(duì)新形勢(shì)下畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)管理工作的思考與實(shí)踐[J].電氣電子教學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)，2003(6):107-109.
[2] 夏魯惠.高等學(xué)校畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)教學(xué)情況調(diào)研報(bào)告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52.
[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67.
2.專(zhuān)著類(lèi)
【格式】[序號(hào)]作者.書(shū)名.出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止頁(yè)碼.
【舉例】
[4] 劉國(guó)鈞,王連成.圖書(shū)館史研究.北京:高等教育出版社,1979:15-18,31.
[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature . London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.
3.報(bào)紙類(lèi)
【格 式】[序號(hào)]作者.篇名[N].報(bào)紙名,出版日期(版次).
【舉例】
[6] 李大倫.經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日?qǐng)?bào)，1998-12-27(3).
[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).
4.論文集
【格式】[序號(hào)]作者.篇名 [C].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始頁(yè)碼.
【舉例】
[8] 伍蠡甫.西方文論選[C]. 上海:上海譯文出版社,1979:12-17.
[9] Spivak,G. "Can the Subaltern Speak?"[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.
[10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher's knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78.
5. 學(xué)位論文
【格式】[序號(hào)]作者.篇名[D].出版地:保存者,出版年份:起始頁(yè)碼.
【舉例】
[11] 張筑生.微分半動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)的不變集[D].北京:北京大學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)系數(shù)學(xué)研究所, 1983:1-7.
6.研究報(bào)告
【格式】[序號(hào)]作者. 篇名.出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始頁(yè)碼.
【舉例】
[12] 馮西橋.核反應(yīng)堆壓力管道與壓力容器的LBB分析.北京:清華大學(xué)核能技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)研究院, 1997:9-10.
7.專(zhuān)利
【格 式】[序號(hào)]專(zhuān)利所有者.題名[P].國(guó)別:專(zhuān)利號(hào),發(fā)布日期.
【舉例】
[13] 姜錫洲.一種溫?zé)嵬夥笏幹苽浞桨竅P].中國(guó)專(zhuān)利:881056073, 1989 07 26.
8.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
【格式】[序號(hào)]標(biāo)準(zhǔn)編 號(hào),標(biāo)準(zhǔn)名稱(chēng)[S].
【舉例】
[14] GB/T 16159-1996, 漢語(yǔ)拼音正詞法基本規(guī)則 [S].
9.條例
【格 式】[序號(hào)]頒布單位.條例名稱(chēng).發(fā)布日期
【舉例】
[15] 中華人民共和國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)委員會(huì).科學(xué)技術(shù)期刊管理辦法[Z].1991-06-05
10.電子文獻(xiàn)
【格式】[序號(hào)]主要責(zé)任者.電子 文獻(xiàn)題名.電子文獻(xiàn)出處[電子文獻(xiàn)及載體類(lèi)型標(biāo)識(shí)].或可獲得地址，發(fā)表或更新日期/引用日期.
【舉例】
[16] 王明亮.關(guān)于中國(guó)學(xué)術(shù)期刊標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)系統(tǒng)工程的進(jìn)展[EB/OL].http: //www.cajcd.edu.cn/pub/wml.txt/980810 2.html, 1998 08 16/1998 10 04.
[17] 萬(wàn)錦.中國(guó)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)論文文摘(1983 1993).英文版 [DB/CD]. 北京: 中國(guó)大百科全書(shū)出版社, 1996.
11.各種未定 義類(lèi)型的文獻(xiàn)
【格式】[序號(hào)] 主要責(zé)任者.文獻(xiàn)題名[Z].出版地:出版者, 出版年.
特別說(shuō)明：凡出現(xiàn)在"參考文獻(xiàn)"項(xiàng)中的標(biāo)點(diǎn) 符號(hào)都失去了其原有意義，且其中所有標(biāo)點(diǎn)必須是半角,如果你的輸入法中有半角/全解轉(zhuǎn)換,則換到半角狀態(tài)就可以了,如果你的輸入法中沒(méi)有這一轉(zhuǎn)換功能,直 接關(guān)閉中文輸入法,在英文輸入狀態(tài)下輸入即可.
其實(shí)，很多輸入法(如目前比較流行的搜狐輸入法)都提供了四種組合：
(1)中文標(biāo)點(diǎn)+ 全角：這時(shí)輸入的標(biāo)點(diǎn)是這樣的，：【1】-(而這時(shí)，我沒(méi)有找到哪個(gè)鍵可以輸入 / 符號(hào))也就是說(shuō)，這些符號(hào)是一定不能出現(xiàn)在"參考文獻(xiàn)"中的;
(2) 中文標(biāo)點(diǎn)+半角：這時(shí)輸入的標(biāo)點(diǎn)是這樣的，：【1】-(這時(shí)，我還是沒(méi)有找到哪個(gè)鍵可以輸入 / 符號(hào))也就是說(shuō)，這些符號(hào)也不能出現(xiàn)在"參考文獻(xiàn)"中的;
上面列出的符號(hào)，中間沒(méi)有任何的空格，你能看出它們有什么區(qū)別嗎?我看只是-的寬度有 一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)不同，其它都一樣
(3)英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)+全角：這時(shí)輸入的標(biāo)點(diǎn)是這樣的，.：[1]-/
(4)英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)+半角：這時(shí)輸入的標(biāo)點(diǎn)是這樣 的,.:[1]-/
從這兩項(xiàng)可以明顯的看出，半角和全角其實(shí)最大的差別是所占的寬度不一樣，這一點(diǎn)對(duì)于數(shù)字來(lái)說(shuō)最為明顯，而英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)明顯要比 中文標(biāo)點(diǎn)細(xì)小很多(也許因?yàn)橛⑽闹?，?biāo)點(diǎn)的功能沒(méi)有中文那么復(fù)雜，就是說(shuō)英文中標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的能力沒(méi)有中文那么強(qiáng)大)
所以，很多人在寫(xiě)"參考文獻(xiàn)" 時(shí)，總是覺(jué)得用英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)+半角很不清楚，間距也太小，其實(shí)這點(diǎn)完全不用擔(dān)心如果你覺(jué)得真的太小不好看，就用英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)+全角吧而在[1] 之后，一般也都有一個(gè)空格
對(duì)于英文參考文獻(xiàn)，還應(yīng)注意以下兩點(diǎn)：
?、僮髡咝彰捎?quot;姓在前名在后"原 則，具體格式是：姓,名字的首字母. 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 應(yīng)為：Cowley, M.R.，如果有兩位作者，第一位作者方式不變，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 與Irving Gordon應(yīng)為：Norris, F. & I.Gordon.
?、跁?shū)名、報(bào)刊名使用斜體字，如：Mastering English Literature,English Weekly.
三、注釋
注釋是對(duì)論文正文中某一特定內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步解釋或補(bǔ) 充說(shuō)明注釋?xiě)?yīng)置于本頁(yè)頁(yè)腳，前面用圈碼①、②、③等標(biāo)識(shí)
參考文獻(xiàn)英文范文：英文論文參考文獻(xiàn)格式寫(xiě)法
Learning Advice Centre
your in the author/date system) and, for law students or in dissertations, the numeric system. Different subject areas use slight variations of these systems (and other systems do exist) so you must consult your course/module handbook for clarification of the specific conventions that you are expected to use within your subject area(s).
References need to appear in two places:
1. within the body of your writing include: author‟s surname, year of publication and, if quoting, the exact page number from which the quote is taken;
2. in the bibliography include at least: author‟s surname, initial(s), year of publication, title of text/chapter, edition, publisher & place of publication; see page 3 for specific details that apply to referencing different sources. There are two ways in which you can reference, or cite, another person's work: a) by paraphrasing; this shows you have fully interpreted what you have read - see Learning Skills Help Sheet on How to Paraphrase;
1.1 References within the body of the text - Harvard System
b) by quoting directly; follow with a comment to show relevance/understanding If the direct quotation is more than two lines, you should indent it as a separate paragraph e.g.:
As Cottrell (2003, p.148) points out
“Our views of what is „intelligent‟ can prevent us from developing our minds to their full potential. People who feel they are „not very bright‟ or „not very creative‟ probably will fulfil that estimation of themselves. On the other hand, positive thinking and constructive mental activity develop the mind.”
Citing secondary sources:
If you are referencing a work cited by the author of the text you are reading, you should cite the original work as being within a secondary source i.e. what what the writer of the book you are reading has read, using the following method: According to De Bono (1994, cited in Cottrell, 2003, p.148), “clever people are often hampered by their apparent intelligence in two ways:” they are good at arguing and defending their point of view; they indulge in negative criticism which is a quick, easy and dramatic way of proving someone wrong.
Cont'd
You can make an appointment with the Learning Advisor if you wish to receive more individual advice on your independent learning skills. Email or phone 020 7911 5000 ext. 2364.
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reference appears as a footnote at the bottom of the page e.g.: There were many changes in the British diet in the period after 1870. Fruit
became more common, especially in the form of fruit jam. Even the fish-and-chip shop dates from the same period.1
(Note: See bottom of this page for associated footnote.)
To insert footnotes using Word, click on the place
in your document where you want to insert the
footnote.
Then click on the Insert menu, select Reference,
then click on Footnote.
Another window will then open that will allow you to format the
footnotes manually, if you require.
Once the footnote has been inserted in the text and it appears
at the bottom of the page, click next to the number at the
bottom to add the reference details: author surname, initial(s),
publication year, title of work/article, page number, etc.
Once you have referenced an author for the first time using the numeric system you do not have to repeat that same reference in full again. If the same work is referenced consecutively on the same page use: ibid. = (from the Latin „ibidem‟, meaning „the same‟) or
op.cit. = (from the Latin „opere citado‟ meaning „in the work already cited‟)
If the same work is referenced on another page, list the author‟s surname, initials and date of publication again followed by op.cit. and the page number.
Different page numbers for the citations you use must be listed with each footnote (see example below).2
Hobsbawm, H., (1990), The Eating Habits of the British People, p. 162 2 ibid., p. 163
1
Learning Advice Centre according to
Books Heinz, E., (2000), A History of Baked Beans, Arnold, London If there are two authors you must list both authors‟ names e.g.: Heinz, E., and McDonald, R., (2001), A History of Baked Beans, Arnold, London If there are more than two authors, name the first author followed by ‘et al’ (Latin meaning „and others‟) e.g.:
Heinz, E., et al., (2002), The Bean and Other Legumes, Routledge, New York If the book has more than one edition, you must state which edition you have used e.g.:
Heinz, E., and McDonald, R., (2006), A History of Baked Beans, (2nd Ed.), Arnold, London
An article in a book Johnson, S., (1998a), The Cornflake in History, In: Jennings, N., (Ed.) Food for Thought, Edinburgh University Press, UK
Journal articles Johnson, S., (1998b), „Deconstructing the pre-millennial diet: Special K and postmodernism‟, Cultural Studies 11, 1: pp.32–44
This means that an article by Sarah Johnson called „Deconstructing the pre-millennial diet: Special K and postmodernism‟ was published in the journal Cultural Studies, volume 11, number 1, on pages 32 to 44. This issue of the journal was published in 1998.
Where you have referenced two or more separate works by the same author that were published in the same year, add alphabetical notation after the publication year in both the text and bibliography to distinguish between the works. (See examples above.)
E-journal articles Jimenez, R., (2003), „Sex Differences in L2 Vocabulary Learning Strategies‟, International Journal of Applied Linguistics 13, 1, pp.54-77, [online], available from: [Accessed 13/10/2006]
For e-journals/books you must state that it is an online resource, cite the URL and include the date you accessed it at the end in addition to including the journal volume/number and the publication year, as above.
Learning Advice Centre acceptable title and state the date you accessed the site e.g.: Holmes, A., (2000), Greenpeace wins media war, [online], available from: [Accessed 25/10/2006].
If you cannot find & state the author‟s name, use the name of the organisation, e.g.: BBC, (2007), Northern Ireland: The Troubles, [online], available from:
[Accessed 30/04/2007].
Newspaper articles
List the writer‟s surname and initial(s), year of publication, title of article, title of newspaper followed by the full date of publication, section of the paper and page number, e.g.: Ratner, C., (2000), „Magazine sparks love feud‟, The Independent, 10 October 2000, Thursday Review: p.14
Reference to a Thesis
List the surname, initials, year, title, type of thesis, name of institution submitted to: Smith, J., (2005), Linguistic Significance of Teenage Slang in the UK, (PhD), University of Westminster
TV Programmes
Following the series title list the number and title of the episode, year, transmitting channel followed by the full date and time, if known, of transmission. Venice, Episode 4; Death, (2004), BBC 2, 12/12/2004
Contributions in Programmes
Individual speakers or contributors to programmes should be referenced by name followed by year, programme title, channel and date of transmission e.g.: Brown, G., (2007), Live Treasury Questions, BBC Parliament, 29/03/2007 DVD/Video
List the title, year of production, format, Director‟s name, production place and organisation, e.g.: Dogma, (1999), VHS, Directed by Kevin Smith, View Askew
Learning Advice Centre
o create a bibliographic list that can be imported into your word document
To log in to RefWorks use your Athens username and password.
NOTE: before you start to use RefWorks it is highly advisable that you either look at the guidance on the library home page or work through the online tutorials. RefWorks is not a tool that can be learned in 5 minutes and used as a last minute quick fix if you are behind on an assignment.
Remember, as with any assignment, you should ensure that once you have imported your bibliography you edit and format it to match your departmental protocol; bibliographical information created using RefWorks may be formatted in an alternative way.
References:
Cottrell, S., (2003), Skills for Success; The Personal Development Planning Handbook, Palgrave Macmillan, UK Holland, M., (2006), Citing References, Academic Services, Bournemouth University,
參考文獻(xiàn)英文范文：英文參考文獻(xiàn)格式
英文文獻(xiàn)采用“APA格式”：
單一作者著作的書(shū)籍：
姓，名字首字母.(年). 書(shū)名(斜體). 出版社所在城市：出版社.
Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.
兩位作者以上合著的書(shū)籍：
姓，名字首字母., & 姓，名字首字母.(年). 書(shū)名(斜體). 出版社所在城市：出版社. Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press.
文集中的文章：
Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.
期刊中的文章(非連續(xù)頁(yè)碼)：
Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.
期刊中的文章(連續(xù)頁(yè)碼)：
姓，名字首字母.(年). 題目. 期刊名(斜體). 第幾期，頁(yè)碼.
Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.
月刊雜志中的文章：
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.